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Air pollution, brain and neurocognitive development in healthy children in Mexico City
Abstracts / Int. J. Devl Neuroscience 47 (2015) 1–131
ISDN2014 0147 The use of broccoli sprouts as a neuropreventative agent in a neonatal rat model of the fetal inflammatory response Antoinette Nguyen 1,∗ , Tremayne Peart 1 , Ashley Bahry 1 , Edward Armstrong 1 , Po-Yin Cheung 1,2,3 , Richard Schulz 1,2 , Jerome Y. Yager 1 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Canada 3 Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Canada
Introduction: Infection and inflammation during late pregnancy leads to a fetal inflammatory response (FIR), characterized by enhanced production of cytokines and oxidative stress. Newborns exposed to a FIR may develop brain damage leading to neurodevelopmental disabilities and cerebral palsy. Currently, no preventative intervention exists to deter brain injury caused by the FIR. However, studies have shown that broccoli sprouts (BrSp) contain powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and in our hands, have reduced developmental delays associated with FIR. Thus, we hypothesized that BrSp dietary supplementation will reduce the inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Dams received intraperitoneal injections of either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 g/kg) every 12 h on gestational days 19 and 20. BrSp are added to their diet beginning at the third trimester, gestational day 14, and continued until delivery. Experimental groups included: (1) saline (control), (2) saline + BrSp, (3) LPS, and (4) LPS + BrSp. Newborn pups were weighed, sexed, and euthanized on the day of birth. Brain tissues were harvested to evaluate cytokines, oxidative stress, and cell death. Results: Compared to control, the LPS group showed increased IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and significantly reduced KC/GRO (p < 0.05) (neutrophil activating protein) 3. Compared to LPS, LPS + BrSp decreased IL-10 and significantly reduced IL-1 (p < 0.05). Compared to LPS, LPS + BrSp pups showed reduced concentrations of oxidized glutathione and increased concentrations of reduced glutathione. Furthermore, LPS + BrSp supplementation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the GSSG/GSH ratio compared to LPS. To further evaluate oxidative stress, matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and 9 are presently being analyzed. Conclusions: The results indicate subtle changes in inflammation and oxidative stress induced by our FIR model, and suggest that the reduction in prenatal brain injury by BrSp may be related to this effect. These alterations may occur, however over a short timeframe following LPS exposure. Further experiments are underway to determine the evolution of these changes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.121 ISDN2014 0148 Socioeconomic status, brain development and neuroethics: Evidence-based agendas for next decade’s developmental neuroscience Amedeo D’Angiulli Department of Neuroscience & Child Studies Programme, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University, Canada This talk will be based on research conducted over the last fifteen years concerning neuroethical issues implied by research on
43
the developmental cognitive social neuroscience of socioeconomic status, poverty and social gradients. The general purpose of the talk will be starting a reflective debate on the implicit and explicit conceptual and methodological assumptions underlying the current neurocognitive research on social inequality. This is intended as a criticism of the field targeting no one in particular and including the present author! Particular attention will be given to the ethical issues surrounding the use and consumption of “neuroimages” – currently one of the most important and controversial fields in neuroethics. The talk will first consist in a comprehensive but encapsulated (concise) review the state of the art in this field including neuroimaging, genetic and behavioral studies, among other types of research sourcing evidence in this newborn interdisciplinary field. Then, the key following topical aspects will be addressed in detail: challenges in research interpretations of current data. The problems associated with the “deficit attribution” in identifiable groups of vulnerable children and the “cart before the horse” interventions. Ethical paradoxes implied by current research. Media divulgation of current findings. And finally the practice and realities of “neuroimages” when working with children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. The talk will be concluded with a discussion of why theory is so badly needed and practically essential to propel the field forward and free us from dead-end scientific pathways. The latter conclusive discussion will not just be demagogic and rhetorical, concrete recommendations, criteria and suggestions of possible alternative approaches based on current developmental sciences will be presented as viable options to advance the field. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.122 ISDN2014 0149 Air pollution, brain and neurocognitive development in healthy children in Mexico City Amedeo D’Angiulli 1,∗ , Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas 2 1 2
Carleton University, Canada University of Montana, Canada
Millions of children in polluted cities are showing brain detrimental effects. Urban children exhibit brain structural and volumetric abnormalities, systemic inflammation, olfactory, auditory, vestibular and cognitive deficits vs. low-pollution controls. Neuroinflammation and blood–brain-barrier breakdown target the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and brainstem, but are diffusely present throughout the brain. Urban adolescent Apolipoprotein E4 carriers significantly accelerate Alzheimer pathology. Neurocognitive effects of air pollution are permanent, apparent across all populations, and potentially clinically relevant as early evidence of evolving neurodegenerative changes. The diffuse nature of the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration forces to employ a weight of evidence approach incorporating current clinical, cognitive, neurophysiological, radiological and epidemiological research. Pediatric air pollution research requires extensive multidisciplinary collaborations to accomplish a critical goal: to protect exposed children through multidimensional interventions having both broad impact and reach. Protecting children and teens from neural effects of air pollution should be of pressing importance for public health. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.123
ISDN2014 0147 The use of broccoli sprouts as a neuropreventative agent in a neonatal rat model of the fetal inflammatory response Antoinette Nguyen 1,∗ , Tremayne Peart 1 , Ashley Bahry 1 , Edward Armstrong 1 , Po-Yin Cheung 1,2,3 , Richard Schulz 1,2 , Jerome Y. Yager 1 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Canada 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Canada 3 Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Canada
Introduction: Infection and inflammation during late pregnancy leads to a fetal inflammatory response (FIR), characterized by enhanced production of cytokines and oxidative stress. Newborns exposed to a FIR may develop brain damage leading to neurodevelopmental disabilities and cerebral palsy. Currently, no preventative intervention exists to deter brain injury caused by the FIR. However, studies have shown that broccoli sprouts (BrSp) contain powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and in our hands, have reduced developmental delays associated with FIR. Thus, we hypothesized that BrSp dietary supplementation will reduce the inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Dams received intraperitoneal injections of either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200 g/kg) every 12 h on gestational days 19 and 20. BrSp are added to their diet beginning at the third trimester, gestational day 14, and continued until delivery. Experimental groups included: (1) saline (control), (2) saline + BrSp, (3) LPS, and (4) LPS + BrSp. Newborn pups were weighed, sexed, and euthanized on the day of birth. Brain tissues were harvested to evaluate cytokines, oxidative stress, and cell death. Results: Compared to control, the LPS group showed increased IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and significantly reduced KC/GRO (p < 0.05) (neutrophil activating protein) 3. Compared to LPS, LPS + BrSp decreased IL-10 and significantly reduced IL-1 (p < 0.05). Compared to LPS, LPS + BrSp pups showed reduced concentrations of oxidized glutathione and increased concentrations of reduced glutathione. Furthermore, LPS + BrSp supplementation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the GSSG/GSH ratio compared to LPS. To further evaluate oxidative stress, matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and 9 are presently being analyzed. Conclusions: The results indicate subtle changes in inflammation and oxidative stress induced by our FIR model, and suggest that the reduction in prenatal brain injury by BrSp may be related to this effect. These alterations may occur, however over a short timeframe following LPS exposure. Further experiments are underway to determine the evolution of these changes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.121 ISDN2014 0148 Socioeconomic status, brain development and neuroethics: Evidence-based agendas for next decade’s developmental neuroscience Amedeo D’Angiulli Department of Neuroscience & Child Studies Programme, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University, Canada This talk will be based on research conducted over the last fifteen years concerning neuroethical issues implied by research on
43
the developmental cognitive social neuroscience of socioeconomic status, poverty and social gradients. The general purpose of the talk will be starting a reflective debate on the implicit and explicit conceptual and methodological assumptions underlying the current neurocognitive research on social inequality. This is intended as a criticism of the field targeting no one in particular and including the present author! Particular attention will be given to the ethical issues surrounding the use and consumption of “neuroimages” – currently one of the most important and controversial fields in neuroethics. The talk will first consist in a comprehensive but encapsulated (concise) review the state of the art in this field including neuroimaging, genetic and behavioral studies, among other types of research sourcing evidence in this newborn interdisciplinary field. Then, the key following topical aspects will be addressed in detail: challenges in research interpretations of current data. The problems associated with the “deficit attribution” in identifiable groups of vulnerable children and the “cart before the horse” interventions. Ethical paradoxes implied by current research. Media divulgation of current findings. And finally the practice and realities of “neuroimages” when working with children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. The talk will be concluded with a discussion of why theory is so badly needed and practically essential to propel the field forward and free us from dead-end scientific pathways. The latter conclusive discussion will not just be demagogic and rhetorical, concrete recommendations, criteria and suggestions of possible alternative approaches based on current developmental sciences will be presented as viable options to advance the field. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.122 ISDN2014 0149 Air pollution, brain and neurocognitive development in healthy children in Mexico City Amedeo D’Angiulli 1,∗ , Lilian Calderon-Garciduenas 2 1 2
Carleton University, Canada University of Montana, Canada
Millions of children in polluted cities are showing brain detrimental effects. Urban children exhibit brain structural and volumetric abnormalities, systemic inflammation, olfactory, auditory, vestibular and cognitive deficits vs. low-pollution controls. Neuroinflammation and blood–brain-barrier breakdown target the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex and brainstem, but are diffusely present throughout the brain. Urban adolescent Apolipoprotein E4 carriers significantly accelerate Alzheimer pathology. Neurocognitive effects of air pollution are permanent, apparent across all populations, and potentially clinically relevant as early evidence of evolving neurodegenerative changes. The diffuse nature of the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration forces to employ a weight of evidence approach incorporating current clinical, cognitive, neurophysiological, radiological and epidemiological research. Pediatric air pollution research requires extensive multidisciplinary collaborations to accomplish a critical goal: to protect exposed children through multidimensional interventions having both broad impact and reach. Protecting children and teens from neural effects of air pollution should be of pressing importance for public health. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.123