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An on-land management and valorisation approach for biomass associated with landing obligation compliance
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Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol
An on-land management and valorisation approach for biomass associated with landing obligation compliance Ricardo I. Pérez-Martína,∗, Luis T. Antelob, J.A. Vázquezc, Jesús Mirónc a
Grupo de Bioquímica de Alimentos. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain Grupo de Ingeniería de Bioprocesos (GEPRO). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain c Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Discards Landing obligation Biomass Valorisation Marine biorefinery
In compliance with the new legal framework defined as the landing obligation (LO), established in Article 15 of the Common Fisheries Policy by the EU, all the individuals of species subject to the total allowable catches regulation must be kept on-board, landed, and quantified against their corresponding quota. In addition, specimens with a size below the minimum legal size cannot be used for direct human consumption. Therefore, appropriate solutions should be implemented to accordingly manage this new biomass as well as to avoid its waste, making the best possible use by designing value chains to valorise it. To select the best valorisation alternative in each case, it is necessary to know in advance a set of relevant aspects such as the number of different species and the quantities that will actually arrive at port, the existence of available infrastructures in the proximity of fishing ports, and the real market possibilities of the products obtained. In this work, an integrated on-land management and valorisation approach is presented for new marine biomass that lands in 2019 when the LO is fully implemented. The facility in this approach is called the Integral Discards Valorisation Point. The processes executed in this pilot plant were performed by applying a bio-refinery concept for management and upgrade.
1. Introduction The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Commission, approved in 2013 [1], proposes a discard mitigation strategy that states that all catches of species subjected to Total Allowed Catches (TACs) regulation, even those specimens below minimum conservation reference size (MCRS), will have to be landed and counted. This so-called landing obligation (LO) has been gradually implemented between 2015 and 2019. Now, all EU fisheries are required to land all catches. This new fractions represent, based on the data obtained during pilot tests on-board trawlers operating in ICES areas VIIIc and IXa, from approximately 100 kg up to 3 tons per trip and vessel. This new legal framework suggests that, from 2019, two new situations should be considered after landings: 1 The presence, at certain times, of a large number of a given species subject to TACs, and with individuals of a size greater than the legal one, which cannot be totally absorbed by the market demand and
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whose average price can be considerably reduced. Until the new regulation became effective, some boats discarded part of their catch to not induce a negative impact on the sale price at the fish market and to also reserve quota to continue fishing. 2 Quite a large number of individuals with a size below the minimum legal size of various species subject to TACs are going to be landed and cannot be used for direct human consumption. Thus, they have to be properly managed following a commercialization/management route that must be different from a conventional one. Therefore, in a scenario that is in full-compliance with this regulation, the objective is to propose a new fishery management both onboard as well as on-land aimed at: i) reducing fish discards, for instance, by improving selectivity [2] or by avoiding areas where a large amount of unwanted catch is concentrated, either because they are a species of sensitive sizes or because the species have no commercial value [3,4] and; ii) to make the best possible use of previously discarded biomass that cannot be avoided, as it is inherent to fishing activities [5,6],
Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (R.I. Pérez-Martín).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010 Received 12 November 2018; Received in revised form 4 April 2019; Accepted 9 April 2019 0308-597X/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín, et al., Marine Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010
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through landing and appropriate valorisation. Stakeholders are required to investigate and put into practice different strategies to minimize the impact that full compliance with the LO may have on the harbours and local economies owing to high additional costs for fleets in terms of extra personnel times/costs on-board to retain this new catch and in terms of required on-land handling costs to carry out proper management of the new biomass that must be landed [7–9]. Besides, the new legal framework could suppose an important reduction of the quotas of commercial species for some fishing fleets, risking their future sustainability. In order to propose effective solutions that can address this new situation, it is essential to first know what species will be present in the new biomass fractions that will be obtained in compliance with the LO, their quantities, their fluctuations over time (throughout the months of a year and throughout the next years) and the possibilities of valorisation. For specimens that are above the MCRS and with quality sufficient enough for them to be being directly commercialised, and which, however, were previously discarded for economic reasons (price was too low), there is a need to create new food products that prevent a high influx of fish in the market and cause a fall in prices. There are several solutions that consider innovation in food products. For those specimens above the MCRS whose quality is not high enough to be sold or for those below the MCRS, a wide range of available technological alternatives exist [10]; however, not all of them are equally feasible. In addition, many other factors must be taken into consideration to analyse possible management solutions, such as: i) the dispersion of landing points in a certain geographical area; ii) the distance between these points; iii) the possibility of concentrating these fractions in the same treatment plant; iv) the appropriate infrastructure and logistics to handle and to absorb all or part of these quantities and species onshore may not exist in every location or might be ineffectively or inefficiently set up towards using these fish; v) the treatment and logistics costs; vi) the existence of a market for potentially obtainable products, among others and; vii) the existence of fish processing industries in the surroundings of landing points (i.e. ports) that are generating by-products that could be used as complementary raw material in a new facility for the treatment of the new biomass landed. This last point is an important consideration as the overriding objective of the new discard rules summarized in Ref. [1] is to reduce unwanted catches as far as possible. Further, as unwanted catches are anticipated to be reduced (through described actions such as enhancements in fishing gear selectivity and changing fishing patterns and behaviour), the supply of this fish has the potential to decrease over time. Considering the problems and uncertainties described above, it is difficult to determine a single solution that resolves issues associated with the LO everywhere. Instead, each case will be required to be analysed individually. It is clear that the most feasible solution involves the joint collection of all new biomasses and their transport to a fishmeal and fish oil factory. If such a facility already exists, it would be necessary to consider whether it could absorb all this new raw material or whether it would require an expansion of its production capacity or an intermediate storage. Currently, fishmeal and oil are well-appreciated products in different markets and their processing technology is well established. However, in our opinion, the generated added value could be considered low for this type of industry. As reflected in Refs. [7,10], undersized fishes can be sold to fishmeal plants for 65–170 €/t while the lowest value of species sold at the human consumption market is approximately 500 €/t. Alternatively, we consider that there exist other processing options that can maximize the manufacture of compounds with diverse applications and of high commercial interest from this new raw material. In this context, multiple fish discards and by-products of the fishing industry are an appropriate material for manufacturing, the following products by applying different biotechnological and
physicochemical processes: i) fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) [11,12]; ii) specific bio-compounds such as collagen, gelatine, mineral supplement, enzymes, and glycosaminoglycan. [13–15]; iii) soups or broths; iv) food ingredients (aromas, flavourings, etc.) [16]. To manufacture many of these products, it would be necessary to introduce an initial stage that involves the separation of different parts of the fish (head, viscera, skin, spine, etc.). Under these premises, and with the aim to reduce related environmental and socio-economic impacts, a new approach to manage the new landed biomass is presented in the next section of this paper. 2. A new on-land management approach using the BIO-REFINERY concept The cases of valorisation studied in the present work were developed under the LIFE iSEAS (Knowledge-Based Innovative Solutions to Enhance Adding-Value Mechanisms towards Healthy and Sustainable EU Fisheries, co-founded by the LIFE Programme of the DG Environment of the EC) project in which an Integral Discards Valorisation Point (iDVP) was defined and established. To overcome the drawbacks and limitations described above and to demonstrate that an integrated on-land management model of the biomass related to the full compliance with the LO based on the valorisation processes is feasible, one of the main objectives of the LIFE iSEAS project was the analysis of this new situation considering the case study of coastal trawlers operating in the waters of Galicia and northern Portugal. After evaluating the species and quantities that could be landed in full compliance with the new regulation scenario, two pilot plants (iDVP1 and iDVP3) have been designed and built, where various processes have been conducted to treat the new fractions of landings in order to recover, isolate, purify, or produce materials and compounds of medium–high added value from discards and fishery by-products. The processes executed in this pilot plant were performed by applying the bio-refinery concept to manage and upgrade the new marine biomass. The pilot plant is divided into three different rooms: a) a chilled room for storage; b) a food processing area (iDVP1, Fig. 1) and; c) Non-food product processing room (iDVP3, Fig. 1). In Table 1, the main characteristics of equipment installed at the iDVP are listed. The aim is to determine the costs associated with different productions, the characteristics of the obtained products, and their marketing possibilities, i.e. a demonstration plant considering different alternatives at the pre-industrial level can be very useful during decision-making stages for specific cases. Hereafter, FHC is used to represent the fraction of the landed catch composed of legal sized individuals of species, regardless whether they are subject to the TAC regulation, that can be used for direct human consumption but, for commercial reasons, do not generate interest for direct sale at the fish market. This fraction will be treated at iDVP1 for the production of minced fish blocks (Fig. 2). These blocks can be used later as a raw material for the production of food (restructured products) for human consumption or for pet food. Similarly, FNHC is used to represent the fraction of individuals below the MCRS of any species subject to the TAC; this fraction will be managed differently from the rest of the catch and processed at the iDVP3 plant together with by-products generated at iDVP1 (head, viscera, skin, and bone) and industrial fish by-products [17], minimizing the impacts of a possible lack of supply of undersized specimens as a raw material. iDVP3 includes production lines to obtain valuable biocompounds (Fig. 2), such FPHs, mineral supplements, collagen/gelatine, fish oil, marine peptones, chondroitin sulphate or chitin/chitosan, among others. It can be concluded that this proposed management approach will allow the ship-owners to comply with the LO, reducing the above mentioned economic impacts but without generating an incentive for using discards as raw material for new economic activities. 2
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Fig. 1. iDVP1 (left) and iDVP 3 (right) installed in the Port of Marín (Galicia, NW Spain).
for gurnard; and nearly 34% for scorpionfish (owing to its morphology and large number of spines and bones). Therefore, these obtained yields make the proposed process a proper alternative for direct human consumption to manage/valorise: i) fractions of biomass related to the compliance of the new legal framework owing to an excess in the offer and; ii) species not subject to quota with no or low commercial interest. Once the fish muscle was obtained, the manufacturing process of frozen mince blocks could begin. A detailed description of the processes involved together with the main chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the obtained products are presented in a recent work [18]. Briefly, the main steps to obtain frozen mince blocks are: i) washing on cool water to eliminate the lipid fraction in fatty fish and haemoglobin in fish rich in red muscle, while avoiding the denaturation of muscular proteins (Fig. 3C). For this, the mince blocks were inserted in the tank with water in a ratio of 1:3 (w/v); ice was added to the water and the mixture was continuously agitated for 20 min, after which the flocculent fat was removed from the surface [19,20]; ii) pressing of this wet mince to remove excess water and; iii) final addition of a natural antioxidant agent (tocopherol) and a cryoprotector (sorbitol) to prevent the physicochemical spoilage of fish muscle in the freezing process (Fig. 3D and E). Organoleptic features of fish mince obtained from the analysed species were tested in a standard sensory panel room; the test results were promising [18]. Moreover, performed tests were used to manufacture three restructured marketable products suitable to the consumer: nuggets, burgers, and fingers (Fig. 3F). Various culinary demonstrations of these restructured products were carried out and the products received positive remarks from end-users and consumers. In addition, the commercial interest of fish blocks was validated by five important fish processors that put into the light the importance of homogeneity in chopping, a mild flavour of fish, and the preference for white fish.
Table 1 Characteristics of operation units installed in iDVP 1 and iDVP 3. iDVP1 Equipment
Flow processing* (kg/ h) or Volume (L)
Number
Cutter/grinding device Spine Separator JM-301 Tank for cooling and differential separation of fatty material Filter press
100-250* 200-400* 100
1 1 1
50-100*
1
Equipment
Flow processing* (L/h) or Volume (L)
Number
Reactor with internal filter and agitation, temperature, pH, and reagent addition control Filtration system Ultrafiltration system Plastic tanks for reagents storage Plastic tanks for storing and heating water Plastic tanks for reagents dosage Oven dryer Spray dryer Vertical Centrifuge Odour extractors
750
3
100-200* 100-200* 1000 800 50 2-5* 5-7* 1000-1500* –
1 1 4 3 3 1 1 1 3
iDVP 3
2.1. Products for direct human consumption: iDVP1 As described above, the production line implemented in this facility targets the manufacture of fish mince using the FHC as raw material. This mince is the main ingredient that is required to further obtain restructured fish products for direct human consumption. The development of this type of product aims to develop foods with textures, smells, tastes, colours, and attractive appearances for consumers of different markets. The iDVP1 facility (Fig. 1) includes a separation and grinding device (Fig. 3A) that separates the muscles of different degutted and beheaded species from their skin and bones (Fig. 3B). These by-products, together with the viscera and heads, are used as a raw material for the production of FPHs and marine peptones at iDVP3, while the muscles are washed and compacted in a press; the liquid effluent of which, rich in proteins and lipids, can be also incorporated to iDVP3 valorisation lines. Working with initial loads of 50–150 kg of beheaded and eviscerated fresh fish per batch, the obtained yields with respect to muscle separation by processing whole fish specimens of different species were very high, with their values being near or up to 50% of the total weight of the fish [18] for blue whiting, pout, and Atlantic mackerel; up to 40%
2.2. Production of bio-compounds: iDVP3 Different processes were studied at iDVP3 in order to valorise fish by-products obtained at iDVP1 (viscera, heads, skins, and bones), byproducts from the fish industry, and undersized specimens (the FNHC fraction) by manufacturing bio-products and bio-compounds such as FPHs, marine peptones, and glycosaminoglycans (Fig. 2). For primary production, several species (blue whiting, mackerel, megrim, boarfish, blue shark, small spotted catshark, tuna, and hake, including specimens with legal landing sizes) were used to produce high-quality FPHs. These FPHs, rich in soluble proteins and with a high digestibility, can be employed as ingredients of aquaculture and pet foods, peptones for microbial productions. FPHs were generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of whole fish or by-products from iDVP1 (heads, viscera, skin, and bones) mediated by commercial proteases (alcalase or esperase). Optimal conditions of operation were previously established at a laboratory 3
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Fig. 2. Valorising processes integrated in iDVP1 and iDVP3 (raw materials and final products obtained).
yield of recovered CS was in accordance with the batches executed at the lab scale of 5L-reactor. The final CSs obtained, with purities in the range of 88–95% and molecular weights in the range of 40–60 kDa, have wide applications in nutraceutical formulations. In addition, CSs of higher purities (> 98%) from ray, catshark, and blue shark cartilages [21–23] were also isolated to an inferior scale (5L-reactor), and they are used as therapeutic agents and ingredients for composite devices [24–26]. c) Chitin was obtained from Henslow's swimming crab (Polybius henslowii). The following sequential steps were performed to produce chitin in the iDVP3 [27,28]: alcalase deproteinization, acid demineralization, alkaline hydrolysis, and oven drying. The isolated chitin has a purity greater than 70%. Because chitin deacetylation could not be carried out in the iDVP3 (temperature of at least 80°C is required for the alkaline treatment), a lab reactor was used for the production of α-chitosan. At this scale, β-chitosan from squid pen by-products of Illex argentinus and Loligo opalescens were also recovered [14,27]. In all cases, highly purified (> 90%) and deacetylated (> 90%) chitosans with molecular weights in the range of 143–339 kDa were obtained. d) Marine peptones were obtained after the thermal processing (using autoclaving) and centrifugation of FPHs obtained from discards (megrim, blue whiting, hake, etc.) The obtained supernatants, rich in peptides and proteins (marine peptones), were analysed in terms of amino acids, total nitrogen, and soluble protein. Thirty marine peptones were generated: ten from skin-FPHs, ten from head-FPHs, and ten from whole body-FPHs. They were used as a source of organic nitrogen in the formulation of low-cost nutritive media to culture microorganisms. In this context, we are evaluating the capacity of these marine peptones to support the growth of several lactic acid bacteria, marine probiotic bacteria and the production of microbial hyaluronic acid and bacteriocins. The detailed results of this research are presented in a recently published work [29]. e) Collagen from the skins of blue shark and catshark were also isolated at the lab scale (5L-reactor). For the selective recovery of acid soluble collagen (ASC), first, alkaline treatment was carried out to remove non-collagen components, followed by collagen extraction in acetic acid, diafiltration at 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off, and
scale using 5 L reactors [12]. In all cases, the obtained FPHs (Fig. 4) showed levels of soluble protein higher than 33 g/L with more than 93% of in vitro digestibilities. The maximum degree of hydrolysis of FPHs was always greater than 30% and the liquefactions of the solid fish substrates to the liquid FPHs (digestion of organic material) were higher than 90%. Further, other added-value compounds of interest such as a fish oil fraction (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) together with solid bones, that can be used as mineral supplement (rich in calcium and phosphorus) for food/feed applications, are obtained. In this context, particular attention must be paid to the oil recovered from the enzymatic hydrolysis of tuna heads owing to the fact that the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, the most valuable omega-3 fatty acid) was greater than 25%. With respect to the other bio-compounds shown in Fig. 2, several pilot productions combined with specific steps at a laboratory scale (using 5L-reactors) were carried out. A representation of the isolated products is depicted in Fig. 5 and the corresponding products are summarized as follows: a) Gelatine was obtained from the skins of tuna and blue shark by following an optimized set of steps [13] based on different washes in acid and alkali solutions, thermal extraction, adsorbent and membrane (ultrafiltration-diafiltration, UF-DF) purification, and final drying. This led to a recovery yield of up to 13% of dried gelatine in relation to the initial wet skin (similar values were obtained at the lab scale). The final gelatines obtained from tuna and blue shark skin showed strengths higher than 168 blooms, levels of proline + hydroxyproline > 18%, and molecular weights in the range of 60–220 kDa (these properties are similar to that of bovine commercial gelatines). Skins of several fish discards (pouting, mackerel, etc.) were also studied at the lab scale (processing initial loads of skins of 1 kg), using the previously mentioned production scheme; however, the extractive yields were low and not very satisfactory to be implemented at the pilot plant scale. b) Chondroitin sulphate (CS) from blue shark and catshark cartilages was isolated according to the optimized stages of enzyme proteolysis followed by alkaline treatment and UF-DF purification [15]. The 4
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Fig. 3. Production of fish mince and restructured fish products (burgers, nuggets, and fingers) from whole discarded specimens. A) Headless and eviscerated fish discards for processing; B) Separation of fish mince from skins and bones; C) Fish mince wash on cool water; D) Addition of tocopherol for fish mince storage; E) Frozen fish mince; and F) Nuggets, fingers, and burgers produced using fish mince from discards.
Fig. 4. Steps of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish discards to produce FPH and oil in iDVP3.
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Fig. 5. FPH obtained in iDVP3 (left) and a set of valuable compounds that can be produced using the implemented processes (right).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
lyophilization [30]. High pure collagens from several batches have been obtained and they are being used as components of the different scaffolds for tissue regenerative applications [31,32].
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010.
3. Conclusions
References
By the full application of the LO as of January 2019, significant quantities of fish, which were previously discarded at sea, will reach port, and they must be managed properly. In the present work, a series of alternatives are proposed for this purpose. Many of these alternatives have been tested at the pilot plant level. Among them, the production lines implemented in the iDVP1 are based on the use of fish muscles for food purposes, including a line of restructured products. Moreover, the iDVP3 includes production lines to obtain valuable bio-compounds such as collagen/gelatine, chondroitin sulphate or chitin/chitosan, among others, using as raw material iDVP1 fish wastes and undersized specimens, which cannot be directly consumed by humans according to the CFP. For the complete industrial implementation of the proposed valorisation strategies, a potential iDVP2 could be defined to obtain different food grade products from fish side-streams/biomasses that maintain the food grade characteristics (not category 3). The obtained products can be used as food ingredients or nutraceutical products. In addition, note that if the target products obtained in the iDVP are requested by markets with a different/more restrictive regulations (pharmaceutic, medical sectors), both raw material handling and the developed facilities should be redefined accordingly. To choose the best alternative in each case, it is necessary to know a prior set of relevant aspects, such as the number of different species, quantities that will actually arrive at port, existence of available infrastructures in the proximity of fishing ports, as and the real market possibilities of the obtained products.
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Declarations of interest None. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr. Javier Fraguas Cadavid, Mrs. María Blanco Comesaña, and Ms. Patricia Ramos Ariza for their excellent technical assistance. Authors also acknowledge the funding received from EU LIFE+ program (Project LIFE iSEAS - LIFE13 ENV/ES/000131) and from POCTEP INTERREG Programme of the EU (CVMar + I 0302_CVMAR_I_1_P, POCTEP 2015) and the work carried by the different groups involved in these project's consortiums. 6
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canicula, Prionace glauca and Raja clavata: a valuable source of predominantly 6S sulfated chondroitin sulfate, Carbohydr. Polym. 157 (2017) 31–37. J. Valcarcel, R. Novoa-Carballal, R.I. Pérez-Martín, R.L. Reis, J.A. Vázquez, Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents, Biotechnol. Adv. 35 (2017) 711–725. V.R.A. Ferreira, M.A. Azenha, M.T. Mêna, C. Moura, C.M. Pereira, R.I. Pérez-Martín, J.A. Vázquez, A.F. Silva, Cationic imprinting of Pb(II) within composite networks based on bovine or fish chondroitin sulfate, J. Mol. Recognit. 31 (2018) e2614. J.A. Vázquez, D. Noriega, P. Ramos, J. Valcarcel, R. Novoa-Carballal, L. Pastrana, R.L. Reis, R.I. Pérez-Martín, Optimization of high purity chitin and chitosan production from Illex argentinus pens by a combination of enzymatic and chemical processes, Carbohydr. Polym. 174 (2017) 262–272. J.A. Vázquez, P. Ramos, J. Mirón, J. Valcárcel, C.G. Sotelo, R.I. Pérez-Martín, Production of chitin from Penaeus vannamei by-products to pilot plant scale using a combination of enzymatic and chemical processes and subsequent optimization of the chemical production of chitosan by response surface methodology, Mar. Drugs 15 (2017) 180. J.A. Vázquez, A. Fernández-Compás, M. Blanco, I. Rodríguez-Amado, H. Moreno, J. Borderías, R.I. Pérez-Martín, Development of bioprocesses for the integral valorisation of fish discards, Biochem. Eng. J. 144 (2019) 198–208. C.G. Sotelo, M.B. Comesaña, P.R. Ariza, R.I. Pérez-Martín, Characterization of collagen from different discarded fish species of the West coast of the Iberian Peninsula, J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 25 (2016) 388–399. S. Fernandes-Silva, J. Moreira-Silva, T.H. Silva, R.I. Perez-Martin, C.G. Sotelo, J.F. Mano, A.R. Duarte, R.L. Reis, Porous hydrogels from shark skin collagen crosslinked under dense carbon dioxide atmosphere, Macromol. Biosci. 13 (2013) 1621–1631. G.S. Diogo, E. López-Senra, R.P. Pirraco, R.F. Canadas, E.M. Fernandes, J. Serra, R.I. Pérez-Martín, C.G. Sotelo, A.P. Marques, P. González, J. Moreira-Silva, T.H. Silva, R.L. Reis, Marine collagen/apatite composite scaffolds envisaging hard tissue applications, Mar. Drugs 16 (2018) 269.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Marine Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol
An on-land management and valorisation approach for biomass associated with landing obligation compliance Ricardo I. Pérez-Martína,∗, Luis T. Antelob, J.A. Vázquezc, Jesús Mirónc a
Grupo de Bioquímica de Alimentos. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain Grupo de Ingeniería de Bioprocesos (GEPRO). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain c Grupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL). Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), C/ Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo, 36208, Galicia, Spain b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Discards Landing obligation Biomass Valorisation Marine biorefinery
In compliance with the new legal framework defined as the landing obligation (LO), established in Article 15 of the Common Fisheries Policy by the EU, all the individuals of species subject to the total allowable catches regulation must be kept on-board, landed, and quantified against their corresponding quota. In addition, specimens with a size below the minimum legal size cannot be used for direct human consumption. Therefore, appropriate solutions should be implemented to accordingly manage this new biomass as well as to avoid its waste, making the best possible use by designing value chains to valorise it. To select the best valorisation alternative in each case, it is necessary to know in advance a set of relevant aspects such as the number of different species and the quantities that will actually arrive at port, the existence of available infrastructures in the proximity of fishing ports, and the real market possibilities of the products obtained. In this work, an integrated on-land management and valorisation approach is presented for new marine biomass that lands in 2019 when the LO is fully implemented. The facility in this approach is called the Integral Discards Valorisation Point. The processes executed in this pilot plant were performed by applying a bio-refinery concept for management and upgrade.
1. Introduction The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Commission, approved in 2013 [1], proposes a discard mitigation strategy that states that all catches of species subjected to Total Allowed Catches (TACs) regulation, even those specimens below minimum conservation reference size (MCRS), will have to be landed and counted. This so-called landing obligation (LO) has been gradually implemented between 2015 and 2019. Now, all EU fisheries are required to land all catches. This new fractions represent, based on the data obtained during pilot tests on-board trawlers operating in ICES areas VIIIc and IXa, from approximately 100 kg up to 3 tons per trip and vessel. This new legal framework suggests that, from 2019, two new situations should be considered after landings: 1 The presence, at certain times, of a large number of a given species subject to TACs, and with individuals of a size greater than the legal one, which cannot be totally absorbed by the market demand and
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whose average price can be considerably reduced. Until the new regulation became effective, some boats discarded part of their catch to not induce a negative impact on the sale price at the fish market and to also reserve quota to continue fishing. 2 Quite a large number of individuals with a size below the minimum legal size of various species subject to TACs are going to be landed and cannot be used for direct human consumption. Thus, they have to be properly managed following a commercialization/management route that must be different from a conventional one. Therefore, in a scenario that is in full-compliance with this regulation, the objective is to propose a new fishery management both onboard as well as on-land aimed at: i) reducing fish discards, for instance, by improving selectivity [2] or by avoiding areas where a large amount of unwanted catch is concentrated, either because they are a species of sensitive sizes or because the species have no commercial value [3,4] and; ii) to make the best possible use of previously discarded biomass that cannot be avoided, as it is inherent to fishing activities [5,6],
Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (R.I. Pérez-Martín).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010 Received 12 November 2018; Received in revised form 4 April 2019; Accepted 9 April 2019 0308-597X/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Please cite this article as: Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín, et al., Marine Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010
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through landing and appropriate valorisation. Stakeholders are required to investigate and put into practice different strategies to minimize the impact that full compliance with the LO may have on the harbours and local economies owing to high additional costs for fleets in terms of extra personnel times/costs on-board to retain this new catch and in terms of required on-land handling costs to carry out proper management of the new biomass that must be landed [7–9]. Besides, the new legal framework could suppose an important reduction of the quotas of commercial species for some fishing fleets, risking their future sustainability. In order to propose effective solutions that can address this new situation, it is essential to first know what species will be present in the new biomass fractions that will be obtained in compliance with the LO, their quantities, their fluctuations over time (throughout the months of a year and throughout the next years) and the possibilities of valorisation. For specimens that are above the MCRS and with quality sufficient enough for them to be being directly commercialised, and which, however, were previously discarded for economic reasons (price was too low), there is a need to create new food products that prevent a high influx of fish in the market and cause a fall in prices. There are several solutions that consider innovation in food products. For those specimens above the MCRS whose quality is not high enough to be sold or for those below the MCRS, a wide range of available technological alternatives exist [10]; however, not all of them are equally feasible. In addition, many other factors must be taken into consideration to analyse possible management solutions, such as: i) the dispersion of landing points in a certain geographical area; ii) the distance between these points; iii) the possibility of concentrating these fractions in the same treatment plant; iv) the appropriate infrastructure and logistics to handle and to absorb all or part of these quantities and species onshore may not exist in every location or might be ineffectively or inefficiently set up towards using these fish; v) the treatment and logistics costs; vi) the existence of a market for potentially obtainable products, among others and; vii) the existence of fish processing industries in the surroundings of landing points (i.e. ports) that are generating by-products that could be used as complementary raw material in a new facility for the treatment of the new biomass landed. This last point is an important consideration as the overriding objective of the new discard rules summarized in Ref. [1] is to reduce unwanted catches as far as possible. Further, as unwanted catches are anticipated to be reduced (through described actions such as enhancements in fishing gear selectivity and changing fishing patterns and behaviour), the supply of this fish has the potential to decrease over time. Considering the problems and uncertainties described above, it is difficult to determine a single solution that resolves issues associated with the LO everywhere. Instead, each case will be required to be analysed individually. It is clear that the most feasible solution involves the joint collection of all new biomasses and their transport to a fishmeal and fish oil factory. If such a facility already exists, it would be necessary to consider whether it could absorb all this new raw material or whether it would require an expansion of its production capacity or an intermediate storage. Currently, fishmeal and oil are well-appreciated products in different markets and their processing technology is well established. However, in our opinion, the generated added value could be considered low for this type of industry. As reflected in Refs. [7,10], undersized fishes can be sold to fishmeal plants for 65–170 €/t while the lowest value of species sold at the human consumption market is approximately 500 €/t. Alternatively, we consider that there exist other processing options that can maximize the manufacture of compounds with diverse applications and of high commercial interest from this new raw material. In this context, multiple fish discards and by-products of the fishing industry are an appropriate material for manufacturing, the following products by applying different biotechnological and
physicochemical processes: i) fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) [11,12]; ii) specific bio-compounds such as collagen, gelatine, mineral supplement, enzymes, and glycosaminoglycan. [13–15]; iii) soups or broths; iv) food ingredients (aromas, flavourings, etc.) [16]. To manufacture many of these products, it would be necessary to introduce an initial stage that involves the separation of different parts of the fish (head, viscera, skin, spine, etc.). Under these premises, and with the aim to reduce related environmental and socio-economic impacts, a new approach to manage the new landed biomass is presented in the next section of this paper. 2. A new on-land management approach using the BIO-REFINERY concept The cases of valorisation studied in the present work were developed under the LIFE iSEAS (Knowledge-Based Innovative Solutions to Enhance Adding-Value Mechanisms towards Healthy and Sustainable EU Fisheries, co-founded by the LIFE Programme of the DG Environment of the EC) project in which an Integral Discards Valorisation Point (iDVP) was defined and established. To overcome the drawbacks and limitations described above and to demonstrate that an integrated on-land management model of the biomass related to the full compliance with the LO based on the valorisation processes is feasible, one of the main objectives of the LIFE iSEAS project was the analysis of this new situation considering the case study of coastal trawlers operating in the waters of Galicia and northern Portugal. After evaluating the species and quantities that could be landed in full compliance with the new regulation scenario, two pilot plants (iDVP1 and iDVP3) have been designed and built, where various processes have been conducted to treat the new fractions of landings in order to recover, isolate, purify, or produce materials and compounds of medium–high added value from discards and fishery by-products. The processes executed in this pilot plant were performed by applying the bio-refinery concept to manage and upgrade the new marine biomass. The pilot plant is divided into three different rooms: a) a chilled room for storage; b) a food processing area (iDVP1, Fig. 1) and; c) Non-food product processing room (iDVP3, Fig. 1). In Table 1, the main characteristics of equipment installed at the iDVP are listed. The aim is to determine the costs associated with different productions, the characteristics of the obtained products, and their marketing possibilities, i.e. a demonstration plant considering different alternatives at the pre-industrial level can be very useful during decision-making stages for specific cases. Hereafter, FHC is used to represent the fraction of the landed catch composed of legal sized individuals of species, regardless whether they are subject to the TAC regulation, that can be used for direct human consumption but, for commercial reasons, do not generate interest for direct sale at the fish market. This fraction will be treated at iDVP1 for the production of minced fish blocks (Fig. 2). These blocks can be used later as a raw material for the production of food (restructured products) for human consumption or for pet food. Similarly, FNHC is used to represent the fraction of individuals below the MCRS of any species subject to the TAC; this fraction will be managed differently from the rest of the catch and processed at the iDVP3 plant together with by-products generated at iDVP1 (head, viscera, skin, and bone) and industrial fish by-products [17], minimizing the impacts of a possible lack of supply of undersized specimens as a raw material. iDVP3 includes production lines to obtain valuable biocompounds (Fig. 2), such FPHs, mineral supplements, collagen/gelatine, fish oil, marine peptones, chondroitin sulphate or chitin/chitosan, among others. It can be concluded that this proposed management approach will allow the ship-owners to comply with the LO, reducing the above mentioned economic impacts but without generating an incentive for using discards as raw material for new economic activities. 2
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Fig. 1. iDVP1 (left) and iDVP 3 (right) installed in the Port of Marín (Galicia, NW Spain).
for gurnard; and nearly 34% for scorpionfish (owing to its morphology and large number of spines and bones). Therefore, these obtained yields make the proposed process a proper alternative for direct human consumption to manage/valorise: i) fractions of biomass related to the compliance of the new legal framework owing to an excess in the offer and; ii) species not subject to quota with no or low commercial interest. Once the fish muscle was obtained, the manufacturing process of frozen mince blocks could begin. A detailed description of the processes involved together with the main chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the obtained products are presented in a recent work [18]. Briefly, the main steps to obtain frozen mince blocks are: i) washing on cool water to eliminate the lipid fraction in fatty fish and haemoglobin in fish rich in red muscle, while avoiding the denaturation of muscular proteins (Fig. 3C). For this, the mince blocks were inserted in the tank with water in a ratio of 1:3 (w/v); ice was added to the water and the mixture was continuously agitated for 20 min, after which the flocculent fat was removed from the surface [19,20]; ii) pressing of this wet mince to remove excess water and; iii) final addition of a natural antioxidant agent (tocopherol) and a cryoprotector (sorbitol) to prevent the physicochemical spoilage of fish muscle in the freezing process (Fig. 3D and E). Organoleptic features of fish mince obtained from the analysed species were tested in a standard sensory panel room; the test results were promising [18]. Moreover, performed tests were used to manufacture three restructured marketable products suitable to the consumer: nuggets, burgers, and fingers (Fig. 3F). Various culinary demonstrations of these restructured products were carried out and the products received positive remarks from end-users and consumers. In addition, the commercial interest of fish blocks was validated by five important fish processors that put into the light the importance of homogeneity in chopping, a mild flavour of fish, and the preference for white fish.
Table 1 Characteristics of operation units installed in iDVP 1 and iDVP 3. iDVP1 Equipment
Flow processing* (kg/ h) or Volume (L)
Number
Cutter/grinding device Spine Separator JM-301 Tank for cooling and differential separation of fatty material Filter press
100-250* 200-400* 100
1 1 1
50-100*
1
Equipment
Flow processing* (L/h) or Volume (L)
Number
Reactor with internal filter and agitation, temperature, pH, and reagent addition control Filtration system Ultrafiltration system Plastic tanks for reagents storage Plastic tanks for storing and heating water Plastic tanks for reagents dosage Oven dryer Spray dryer Vertical Centrifuge Odour extractors
750
3
100-200* 100-200* 1000 800 50 2-5* 5-7* 1000-1500* –
1 1 4 3 3 1 1 1 3
iDVP 3
2.1. Products for direct human consumption: iDVP1 As described above, the production line implemented in this facility targets the manufacture of fish mince using the FHC as raw material. This mince is the main ingredient that is required to further obtain restructured fish products for direct human consumption. The development of this type of product aims to develop foods with textures, smells, tastes, colours, and attractive appearances for consumers of different markets. The iDVP1 facility (Fig. 1) includes a separation and grinding device (Fig. 3A) that separates the muscles of different degutted and beheaded species from their skin and bones (Fig. 3B). These by-products, together with the viscera and heads, are used as a raw material for the production of FPHs and marine peptones at iDVP3, while the muscles are washed and compacted in a press; the liquid effluent of which, rich in proteins and lipids, can be also incorporated to iDVP3 valorisation lines. Working with initial loads of 50–150 kg of beheaded and eviscerated fresh fish per batch, the obtained yields with respect to muscle separation by processing whole fish specimens of different species were very high, with their values being near or up to 50% of the total weight of the fish [18] for blue whiting, pout, and Atlantic mackerel; up to 40%
2.2. Production of bio-compounds: iDVP3 Different processes were studied at iDVP3 in order to valorise fish by-products obtained at iDVP1 (viscera, heads, skins, and bones), byproducts from the fish industry, and undersized specimens (the FNHC fraction) by manufacturing bio-products and bio-compounds such as FPHs, marine peptones, and glycosaminoglycans (Fig. 2). For primary production, several species (blue whiting, mackerel, megrim, boarfish, blue shark, small spotted catshark, tuna, and hake, including specimens with legal landing sizes) were used to produce high-quality FPHs. These FPHs, rich in soluble proteins and with a high digestibility, can be employed as ingredients of aquaculture and pet foods, peptones for microbial productions. FPHs were generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of whole fish or by-products from iDVP1 (heads, viscera, skin, and bones) mediated by commercial proteases (alcalase or esperase). Optimal conditions of operation were previously established at a laboratory 3
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Fig. 2. Valorising processes integrated in iDVP1 and iDVP3 (raw materials and final products obtained).
yield of recovered CS was in accordance with the batches executed at the lab scale of 5L-reactor. The final CSs obtained, with purities in the range of 88–95% and molecular weights in the range of 40–60 kDa, have wide applications in nutraceutical formulations. In addition, CSs of higher purities (> 98%) from ray, catshark, and blue shark cartilages [21–23] were also isolated to an inferior scale (5L-reactor), and they are used as therapeutic agents and ingredients for composite devices [24–26]. c) Chitin was obtained from Henslow's swimming crab (Polybius henslowii). The following sequential steps were performed to produce chitin in the iDVP3 [27,28]: alcalase deproteinization, acid demineralization, alkaline hydrolysis, and oven drying. The isolated chitin has a purity greater than 70%. Because chitin deacetylation could not be carried out in the iDVP3 (temperature of at least 80°C is required for the alkaline treatment), a lab reactor was used for the production of α-chitosan. At this scale, β-chitosan from squid pen by-products of Illex argentinus and Loligo opalescens were also recovered [14,27]. In all cases, highly purified (> 90%) and deacetylated (> 90%) chitosans with molecular weights in the range of 143–339 kDa were obtained. d) Marine peptones were obtained after the thermal processing (using autoclaving) and centrifugation of FPHs obtained from discards (megrim, blue whiting, hake, etc.) The obtained supernatants, rich in peptides and proteins (marine peptones), were analysed in terms of amino acids, total nitrogen, and soluble protein. Thirty marine peptones were generated: ten from skin-FPHs, ten from head-FPHs, and ten from whole body-FPHs. They were used as a source of organic nitrogen in the formulation of low-cost nutritive media to culture microorganisms. In this context, we are evaluating the capacity of these marine peptones to support the growth of several lactic acid bacteria, marine probiotic bacteria and the production of microbial hyaluronic acid and bacteriocins. The detailed results of this research are presented in a recently published work [29]. e) Collagen from the skins of blue shark and catshark were also isolated at the lab scale (5L-reactor). For the selective recovery of acid soluble collagen (ASC), first, alkaline treatment was carried out to remove non-collagen components, followed by collagen extraction in acetic acid, diafiltration at 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off, and
scale using 5 L reactors [12]. In all cases, the obtained FPHs (Fig. 4) showed levels of soluble protein higher than 33 g/L with more than 93% of in vitro digestibilities. The maximum degree of hydrolysis of FPHs was always greater than 30% and the liquefactions of the solid fish substrates to the liquid FPHs (digestion of organic material) were higher than 90%. Further, other added-value compounds of interest such as a fish oil fraction (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) together with solid bones, that can be used as mineral supplement (rich in calcium and phosphorus) for food/feed applications, are obtained. In this context, particular attention must be paid to the oil recovered from the enzymatic hydrolysis of tuna heads owing to the fact that the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, the most valuable omega-3 fatty acid) was greater than 25%. With respect to the other bio-compounds shown in Fig. 2, several pilot productions combined with specific steps at a laboratory scale (using 5L-reactors) were carried out. A representation of the isolated products is depicted in Fig. 5 and the corresponding products are summarized as follows: a) Gelatine was obtained from the skins of tuna and blue shark by following an optimized set of steps [13] based on different washes in acid and alkali solutions, thermal extraction, adsorbent and membrane (ultrafiltration-diafiltration, UF-DF) purification, and final drying. This led to a recovery yield of up to 13% of dried gelatine in relation to the initial wet skin (similar values were obtained at the lab scale). The final gelatines obtained from tuna and blue shark skin showed strengths higher than 168 blooms, levels of proline + hydroxyproline > 18%, and molecular weights in the range of 60–220 kDa (these properties are similar to that of bovine commercial gelatines). Skins of several fish discards (pouting, mackerel, etc.) were also studied at the lab scale (processing initial loads of skins of 1 kg), using the previously mentioned production scheme; however, the extractive yields were low and not very satisfactory to be implemented at the pilot plant scale. b) Chondroitin sulphate (CS) from blue shark and catshark cartilages was isolated according to the optimized stages of enzyme proteolysis followed by alkaline treatment and UF-DF purification [15]. The 4
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Fig. 3. Production of fish mince and restructured fish products (burgers, nuggets, and fingers) from whole discarded specimens. A) Headless and eviscerated fish discards for processing; B) Separation of fish mince from skins and bones; C) Fish mince wash on cool water; D) Addition of tocopherol for fish mince storage; E) Frozen fish mince; and F) Nuggets, fingers, and burgers produced using fish mince from discards.
Fig. 4. Steps of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish discards to produce FPH and oil in iDVP3.
5
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Fig. 5. FPH obtained in iDVP3 (left) and a set of valuable compounds that can be produced using the implemented processes (right).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
lyophilization [30]. High pure collagens from several batches have been obtained and they are being used as components of the different scaffolds for tissue regenerative applications [31,32].
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.04.010.
3. Conclusions
References
By the full application of the LO as of January 2019, significant quantities of fish, which were previously discarded at sea, will reach port, and they must be managed properly. In the present work, a series of alternatives are proposed for this purpose. Many of these alternatives have been tested at the pilot plant level. Among them, the production lines implemented in the iDVP1 are based on the use of fish muscles for food purposes, including a line of restructured products. Moreover, the iDVP3 includes production lines to obtain valuable bio-compounds such as collagen/gelatine, chondroitin sulphate or chitin/chitosan, among others, using as raw material iDVP1 fish wastes and undersized specimens, which cannot be directly consumed by humans according to the CFP. For the complete industrial implementation of the proposed valorisation strategies, a potential iDVP2 could be defined to obtain different food grade products from fish side-streams/biomasses that maintain the food grade characteristics (not category 3). The obtained products can be used as food ingredients or nutraceutical products. In addition, note that if the target products obtained in the iDVP are requested by markets with a different/more restrictive regulations (pharmaceutic, medical sectors), both raw material handling and the developed facilities should be redefined accordingly. To choose the best alternative in each case, it is necessary to know a prior set of relevant aspects, such as the number of different species, quantities that will actually arrive at port, existence of available infrastructures in the proximity of fishing ports, as and the real market possibilities of the obtained products.
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Declarations of interest None. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr. Javier Fraguas Cadavid, Mrs. María Blanco Comesaña, and Ms. Patricia Ramos Ariza for their excellent technical assistance. Authors also acknowledge the funding received from EU LIFE+ program (Project LIFE iSEAS - LIFE13 ENV/ES/000131) and from POCTEP INTERREG Programme of the EU (CVMar + I 0302_CVMAR_I_1_P, POCTEP 2015) and the work carried by the different groups involved in these project's consortiums. 6
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