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An overview of renewable energy commercialization in India
Pergamon PII:
Renewable Energy, Vol.10,No. 213, pp.3477353, 1997 Copyright01996Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed inGreatBritain. All rights reserved so%&1481(%)wo!J1-2 096~1481/97 $15.00+0.00
AN OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE
COMMERCIALIZATION
ENERGY
IN INDIA
BY PADMASHREE RAKESH BAKSHI M.I.E, L.M.1.M.A CHAIRMAN RRB CONSULTANTS & ENGINEERS NEW DELHI
PVT LTD
Copyright 0 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 1.
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Energy is a major infrastructural requirement for any developing or developed country. For this reason, India should ensure rapid development on the energy front if it is to emerge as a global industrial power. From the installed generating capacity for 20,300 MW in 1950-51 the total generation capacity in 1992-93 was estimated at 79,000 MW. India's additional requirement of power by the turn of the century is estimated at around 11,191 MW. Sutpendous efforts have to be made if this target is to be met. By the year 2006 it is estimated that India would require over 450 million tonnes of coal, 94 million tonnes of oil and 220 million units of electricity. This in turn would involve at present day cost an investment of approx. Rs.17,63,430 millions towards developing energy resources over the next 10 years. As convetional sources of energy cannot be stepped up to meet this huge demand, we have necessarily to explore other avenues of power generation such as Solar Power, Wind Power etc. For about 300 days in the year India receives on an average 5 KWH/Sq.m. of solar radiant energy. The Indian continent as a 15 whole receives total solar radiant energy of around 5 x 10 KWH per annum. The potential of some of the main New and Renewable Energy (NRSE) technologies in India is as follows: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Mini-Micro/Small Hyde1 Wind Power Bio-mass/Bio energy Ocean/Thermal Energy Tidal Power
10,000 20,000 17,000 50,000 9.000
347
MW MW MW MW MW
Sources of
P. R. BAKSHI
348
In view of the tremendous potential for harnessing NRSE technologies in India, the Government of India, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) revised its proposed targets for harnessing of various forms of New and Renewable Sources of Energy during its Five Year Plan. The 8th Plan envisages a capacity addition of around 2000 MW from New and Generation of power from NRSE Renwable Sources of Enerqy. -_ sources is estimated as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Small Hyde1 Power Wind Power Biomass/Bio Energy Solar Thermal Power Solar Photovoltaic
The feasibility herein.
600 500 500 30 25
MW MW MW MW MW
of these targets are considered briefly
2.0
SMALL HYDRO POWER
2.1
Potential -__--__-The potential for small hydro power projects in the country is estimated at around 10,000 MW. Approx. 2000 potential sites have been identified.
2.2
Market opportunities -______---_--_--__-During the 8th Five Year Plan period upto 1997 it is estimated that around 600 MW capacity could be created through Small Hydro projects. Around 1000 sites with a potential of about 4000 MW have also been identified in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Orissa.
3.0
WIND POWER _-----_--_ The installed capacity of Wind Energy in India as on 31st March 1996 is approx. 732 MW. The Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources has estimated the potential of Wind Energy in India to be around 20,000 MW and it is envisaged that this potential when harnessed will become a major contributor to the national grid net-works.
3.1
Potential ____-__-In 1995, the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (now known as Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) started an extensive wind data collection programme comprising wind This monitoring, wind mapping and complex terrain projects. The wind programme covers 22 States/Union Territories. resource potential in the country as estimated by MNES is around 20,000 MW.
An overview of renewable
3. 2
energy
Market opportunities -----_---_----_--_-_ The 0th Plan period i.e. 1992-97 envisages a capacity of around 500 MW to be added to the national grids from Wind Power. Wind mapping and monitoring services sponsored by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources have identified over 100 suitable sites for installation of wind electric generators. Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are considered to be front line States having excellent sites for harnessing of Wind Energy specially in the coastline areas. Andhra Pradesh, Karntaka and Kerala also have potential areas where the wind regime has been found to be fairly good. The hilly regions of Northeast and Himachal Pradesh have complex terrains but it is felt that good wind sites could be located at many places in these States. Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh also have areas with good wind regimes. Apart from Government agencies, even corporate bodies find it advantageous to set up wind farms for captive power generation. Power tarrifs from conventional sources are increasing year after year and the corporate sector is turning towards wind energy as an alternate/supplementary source of power generation. The short gestation period for installing a Wind Power Project coupled with other advantages such as its modular structure and non-polluting nature of the technology augur well for the widespread use of wind power by the Corporate sector in the context of the widegap in the demand-supply graph.
4.
0
BIOMASS/B10
ENERGY
4.
1
Potential ---__---The total power generation using Agricultural, Agro industrial residues and Energy plantations on wastelands is estimated to be around 17,000 MW. The target set in the 8th Plan from this source is 500 MW.
4.
2
Market opportunities ------_----_-~----~New technologies for biomass energy with the aid of high pressure boilers are providing an avenue of extra income for industry and at the same time contributing to bridge the gap between demand and supply in the national scenario of chronic power shortage. Many industries in India such as Sugar, Paper and Textiles are already implementing cogeneration of power Sugar industries seem to be an area from industrial wastes. where maximum potential for generation of surplus electricity exists.
349
P. R. BAKSHI
350
5.0
SOLAR THERMAL POWER
5.1
Potential _----__-15 It is estimated that in a year 5 x 10 KWH/year of solar thermal energy is received in India. The Solar radiation per Sq. meter per day received in most parts of India is about 4-7 KWH. India has about 250-300 clear sunny days in a year. Solar Water Heating systems and solar cookers have already been commercialised in India. The products are in many cases standardized by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) _ Product innovation and cost reduction have to be carried out in order to make solar thermal devices market-oriented. The proposed targets for installation field upto 1997 are as follows: (i)
Solar Thermal Systems
(ii)
Solar Cookers
in the solar thermal
ll,OO,OOO Sq.mtrs 7,00,000 Nos.
(iii) Solar Thermal Power
30 MW
The approximate installed capacity as on 31.03.96 as against the above proposed targets are as follows :
5.2
(i)
Solar Thermal Systems
6,50,000 Sq.mtrs.(Approx.)
(ii)
Solar Cookers
5,00,000 Nos.
(Approx.)
(iii) Solar Crop drying units
90 Nos.
(Approx.)
(iv)
Solar timber kilns
95 Nos.
(Approx.)
(v)
Solar distillation
25,000 Nos.
(Approx.)
units
Market opportunities
India has a tremendous potential for solar thermal systems for water heating, space heating, desalination, drying, refrigeration and power generation. A Solar Thermal Power Plant project of about 30 MW is proposed to be established as a demonstration project by the Government of India in Rajasthan. In addition installation of solar water heating systems in various Government buildings is being made mandatory.
351
An overview of renewable energy
6.0
SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAICS
6.1
Potential -_---_--Solar Photovoltaics have two distinct market segments in India. The first segment is the Government sector and the second segment in PV is commercial in nature being mostly used for meeting essential load requirements for data logging, telecommunications, transmissions and for various applications in Railways etc. Rural and tribal villages of India have an estimated potential requirement of SO million solar PV lanterns. SPV Power Plants ~----_--~------The Ministry of Non-convetional Energy Sources has invited proposals from the private sector for establishing grid interactive SPV power generating plants each of 2 MW capacity or more on a "Build, Own and operate" basis. SPV Water Pumping Systems ___-__--__--__---_---__-_ SPV water pumping systems have been found to be successful for shallow well pumping in rural areas. The high initial cost of the system prevent large scale application. SPV systems with a PV array capacity of 560 to 900 watts and DC/AC submersible pumps have been successfully tested by a few manufacturers. It is projected that about 50,000 SPV water systems will be installed in the country by 1997. About 1000 SPV systems are currently being installed under a demonstration project undertaken by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources.
6.2
Market Opportunities ------------~--~~--~ Area Application
Sl. Typical ratings No. ______________________-_______-___-_______-_______________~_______ I3W - Few KW 1. TV, Radio, Night Schools Community for Adult Education Centres Health Care Centre. 2.
Health Care
Refrigeration, Vaccine Storage, Powering of Medical Equipments, Emergency Lights, Small water Heaters.
300 W - 1 KW
3.
Water Pumping
Shallow and Deep level Pumps for Micro-irrigation.
300 W - 3 KW
4.
Cathodic Protection
Protection of Petroleum and Gas Pipe lines, Special Cables, etc. from effects of corrosion
upto 500 w
.
352
P. R. BAKSHI
5.
Railways
Distant Signalling Interlocking systems, Track Circuits, Unmanned Level Crossings, Guide Boards, Wayside stations-remote control from grids.
6.
Power Plants
Central Power Plants for small community centres in remote places. Grid connected PV Power Plants.
EW-
7ow
5 W - 30 KW
Upto few 100 KW
7.
Telecommunications
Rural Radio Phones, Microwave Repeaters, Small Telephone Exchanges.
Various
8.
Lighting
Street Lights, Outdoor Signs, Garden Lights, Tower Lights, Portable Lanterns.
11 w
- 400
w
9.
Domestic Appliances
Flourescent Lamps, Radio, TV, Small Water Pumps.
70 w
- 700
w
10.
Others
Aviation Lights, Navigation Buoys, Petrol Pumps, Shock Fencing, Roof/Facades.
Various
7.0
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
7.1
Potential -_---_--_ The long coastline of India presents an estimated overall potential of around 50,000 MW of Ocean Thermal Energy.
7.2
Market opportunities _---_-_--_----~_---M/s Sea Solar Power of U.S. has proposed to set up the first Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power plant off the coast of Tamil Nadu. The capacity of the power plant is expected to be around 100 MW. It is expected that taking into consideration the vast potential available a number of other companies would be setting up Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants for power generation.
An overview of renewable energy
8.0
TIDAL POWER
8.1
Potential --_-_--_The long coastline of India provides an estimated potential of around 9000 MW. Out of 9000 MW potential of Tidal Power it is estimated that 7000 MW is in the Gulf of Cambay, 1000 MW in the Gulf of Kachchh and 100 MW in the Sunderbans.
CONCLUSION ---~----~In the present scenario of nationwide shortage in power supply, it is but appropriate that the strategy to be adopted is to make the optimum use of all available sources of power and as such it is felt that the New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) would contribute significantly towards Power generation in the country in the years to come. Technology advancement and development in this sector has lead to rapid commercialization of a number of NRSE technologies and with the growing awareness of the necessity to reduce carbon emissions it is strongly felt that NRSE technologies will play a major role in Power generation in the years to come.
353
Renewable Energy, Vol.10,No. 213, pp.3477353, 1997 Copyright01996Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Printed inGreatBritain. All rights reserved so%&1481(%)wo!J1-2 096~1481/97 $15.00+0.00
AN OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE
COMMERCIALIZATION
ENERGY
IN INDIA
BY PADMASHREE RAKESH BAKSHI M.I.E, L.M.1.M.A CHAIRMAN RRB CONSULTANTS & ENGINEERS NEW DELHI
PVT LTD
Copyright 0 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 1.
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Energy is a major infrastructural requirement for any developing or developed country. For this reason, India should ensure rapid development on the energy front if it is to emerge as a global industrial power. From the installed generating capacity for 20,300 MW in 1950-51 the total generation capacity in 1992-93 was estimated at 79,000 MW. India's additional requirement of power by the turn of the century is estimated at around 11,191 MW. Sutpendous efforts have to be made if this target is to be met. By the year 2006 it is estimated that India would require over 450 million tonnes of coal, 94 million tonnes of oil and 220 million units of electricity. This in turn would involve at present day cost an investment of approx. Rs.17,63,430 millions towards developing energy resources over the next 10 years. As convetional sources of energy cannot be stepped up to meet this huge demand, we have necessarily to explore other avenues of power generation such as Solar Power, Wind Power etc. For about 300 days in the year India receives on an average 5 KWH/Sq.m. of solar radiant energy. The Indian continent as a 15 whole receives total solar radiant energy of around 5 x 10 KWH per annum. The potential of some of the main New and Renewable Energy (NRSE) technologies in India is as follows: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Mini-Micro/Small Hyde1 Wind Power Bio-mass/Bio energy Ocean/Thermal Energy Tidal Power
10,000 20,000 17,000 50,000 9.000
347
MW MW MW MW MW
Sources of
P. R. BAKSHI
348
In view of the tremendous potential for harnessing NRSE technologies in India, the Government of India, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) revised its proposed targets for harnessing of various forms of New and Renewable Sources of Energy during its Five Year Plan. The 8th Plan envisages a capacity addition of around 2000 MW from New and Generation of power from NRSE Renwable Sources of Enerqy. -_ sources is estimated as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Small Hyde1 Power Wind Power Biomass/Bio Energy Solar Thermal Power Solar Photovoltaic
The feasibility herein.
600 500 500 30 25
MW MW MW MW MW
of these targets are considered briefly
2.0
SMALL HYDRO POWER
2.1
Potential -__--__-The potential for small hydro power projects in the country is estimated at around 10,000 MW. Approx. 2000 potential sites have been identified.
2.2
Market opportunities -______---_--_--__-During the 8th Five Year Plan period upto 1997 it is estimated that around 600 MW capacity could be created through Small Hydro projects. Around 1000 sites with a potential of about 4000 MW have also been identified in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Orissa.
3.0
WIND POWER _-----_--_ The installed capacity of Wind Energy in India as on 31st March 1996 is approx. 732 MW. The Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources has estimated the potential of Wind Energy in India to be around 20,000 MW and it is envisaged that this potential when harnessed will become a major contributor to the national grid net-works.
3.1
Potential ____-__-In 1995, the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (now known as Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) started an extensive wind data collection programme comprising wind This monitoring, wind mapping and complex terrain projects. The wind programme covers 22 States/Union Territories. resource potential in the country as estimated by MNES is around 20,000 MW.
An overview of renewable
3. 2
energy
Market opportunities -----_---_----_--_-_ The 0th Plan period i.e. 1992-97 envisages a capacity of around 500 MW to be added to the national grids from Wind Power. Wind mapping and monitoring services sponsored by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources have identified over 100 suitable sites for installation of wind electric generators. Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are considered to be front line States having excellent sites for harnessing of Wind Energy specially in the coastline areas. Andhra Pradesh, Karntaka and Kerala also have potential areas where the wind regime has been found to be fairly good. The hilly regions of Northeast and Himachal Pradesh have complex terrains but it is felt that good wind sites could be located at many places in these States. Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh also have areas with good wind regimes. Apart from Government agencies, even corporate bodies find it advantageous to set up wind farms for captive power generation. Power tarrifs from conventional sources are increasing year after year and the corporate sector is turning towards wind energy as an alternate/supplementary source of power generation. The short gestation period for installing a Wind Power Project coupled with other advantages such as its modular structure and non-polluting nature of the technology augur well for the widespread use of wind power by the Corporate sector in the context of the widegap in the demand-supply graph.
4.
0
BIOMASS/B10
ENERGY
4.
1
Potential ---__---The total power generation using Agricultural, Agro industrial residues and Energy plantations on wastelands is estimated to be around 17,000 MW. The target set in the 8th Plan from this source is 500 MW.
4.
2
Market opportunities ------_----_-~----~New technologies for biomass energy with the aid of high pressure boilers are providing an avenue of extra income for industry and at the same time contributing to bridge the gap between demand and supply in the national scenario of chronic power shortage. Many industries in India such as Sugar, Paper and Textiles are already implementing cogeneration of power Sugar industries seem to be an area from industrial wastes. where maximum potential for generation of surplus electricity exists.
349
P. R. BAKSHI
350
5.0
SOLAR THERMAL POWER
5.1
Potential _----__-15 It is estimated that in a year 5 x 10 KWH/year of solar thermal energy is received in India. The Solar radiation per Sq. meter per day received in most parts of India is about 4-7 KWH. India has about 250-300 clear sunny days in a year. Solar Water Heating systems and solar cookers have already been commercialised in India. The products are in many cases standardized by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) _ Product innovation and cost reduction have to be carried out in order to make solar thermal devices market-oriented. The proposed targets for installation field upto 1997 are as follows: (i)
Solar Thermal Systems
(ii)
Solar Cookers
in the solar thermal
ll,OO,OOO Sq.mtrs 7,00,000 Nos.
(iii) Solar Thermal Power
30 MW
The approximate installed capacity as on 31.03.96 as against the above proposed targets are as follows :
5.2
(i)
Solar Thermal Systems
6,50,000 Sq.mtrs.(Approx.)
(ii)
Solar Cookers
5,00,000 Nos.
(Approx.)
(iii) Solar Crop drying units
90 Nos.
(Approx.)
(iv)
Solar timber kilns
95 Nos.
(Approx.)
(v)
Solar distillation
25,000 Nos.
(Approx.)
units
Market opportunities
India has a tremendous potential for solar thermal systems for water heating, space heating, desalination, drying, refrigeration and power generation. A Solar Thermal Power Plant project of about 30 MW is proposed to be established as a demonstration project by the Government of India in Rajasthan. In addition installation of solar water heating systems in various Government buildings is being made mandatory.
351
An overview of renewable energy
6.0
SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAICS
6.1
Potential -_---_--Solar Photovoltaics have two distinct market segments in India. The first segment is the Government sector and the second segment in PV is commercial in nature being mostly used for meeting essential load requirements for data logging, telecommunications, transmissions and for various applications in Railways etc. Rural and tribal villages of India have an estimated potential requirement of SO million solar PV lanterns. SPV Power Plants ~----_--~------The Ministry of Non-convetional Energy Sources has invited proposals from the private sector for establishing grid interactive SPV power generating plants each of 2 MW capacity or more on a "Build, Own and operate" basis. SPV Water Pumping Systems ___-__--__--__---_---__-_ SPV water pumping systems have been found to be successful for shallow well pumping in rural areas. The high initial cost of the system prevent large scale application. SPV systems with a PV array capacity of 560 to 900 watts and DC/AC submersible pumps have been successfully tested by a few manufacturers. It is projected that about 50,000 SPV water systems will be installed in the country by 1997. About 1000 SPV systems are currently being installed under a demonstration project undertaken by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources.
6.2
Market Opportunities ------------~--~~--~ Area Application
Sl. Typical ratings No. ______________________-_______-___-_______-_______________~_______ I3W - Few KW 1. TV, Radio, Night Schools Community for Adult Education Centres Health Care Centre. 2.
Health Care
Refrigeration, Vaccine Storage, Powering of Medical Equipments, Emergency Lights, Small water Heaters.
300 W - 1 KW
3.
Water Pumping
Shallow and Deep level Pumps for Micro-irrigation.
300 W - 3 KW
4.
Cathodic Protection
Protection of Petroleum and Gas Pipe lines, Special Cables, etc. from effects of corrosion
upto 500 w
.
352
P. R. BAKSHI
5.
Railways
Distant Signalling Interlocking systems, Track Circuits, Unmanned Level Crossings, Guide Boards, Wayside stations-remote control from grids.
6.
Power Plants
Central Power Plants for small community centres in remote places. Grid connected PV Power Plants.
EW-
7ow
5 W - 30 KW
Upto few 100 KW
7.
Telecommunications
Rural Radio Phones, Microwave Repeaters, Small Telephone Exchanges.
Various
8.
Lighting
Street Lights, Outdoor Signs, Garden Lights, Tower Lights, Portable Lanterns.
11 w
- 400
w
9.
Domestic Appliances
Flourescent Lamps, Radio, TV, Small Water Pumps.
70 w
- 700
w
10.
Others
Aviation Lights, Navigation Buoys, Petrol Pumps, Shock Fencing, Roof/Facades.
Various
7.0
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
7.1
Potential -_---_--_ The long coastline of India presents an estimated overall potential of around 50,000 MW of Ocean Thermal Energy.
7.2
Market opportunities _---_-_--_----~_---M/s Sea Solar Power of U.S. has proposed to set up the first Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power plant off the coast of Tamil Nadu. The capacity of the power plant is expected to be around 100 MW. It is expected that taking into consideration the vast potential available a number of other companies would be setting up Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants for power generation.
An overview of renewable energy
8.0
TIDAL POWER
8.1
Potential --_-_--_The long coastline of India provides an estimated potential of around 9000 MW. Out of 9000 MW potential of Tidal Power it is estimated that 7000 MW is in the Gulf of Cambay, 1000 MW in the Gulf of Kachchh and 100 MW in the Sunderbans.
CONCLUSION ---~----~In the present scenario of nationwide shortage in power supply, it is but appropriate that the strategy to be adopted is to make the optimum use of all available sources of power and as such it is felt that the New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) would contribute significantly towards Power generation in the country in the years to come. Technology advancement and development in this sector has lead to rapid commercialization of a number of NRSE technologies and with the growing awareness of the necessity to reduce carbon emissions it is strongly felt that NRSE technologies will play a major role in Power generation in the years to come.
353