- Email: [email protected]
Analysis and Implementation of User Interface of Smart Drive System Using Goal-Directed Design Method
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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499
2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017, ICCSCI 2nd International Conference on Computer Science andBali, Computational 2017, 13-14 October 2017, Indonesia Intelligence 2017, ICCSCI 2017, 13-14 October 2017, Bali, Indonesia
Analysis and Implementation of User Interface of Smart Drive Analysis and Implementation of User Interface of Smart Drive System Using Goal-Directed Design Method System Using Goal-Directed Design Method
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti1* , Fachriannoor Fachriannoor11, Dana S. Kusumo22, Mira Kania 1* Dwitika Diah Pangestuti , Fachriannoor Fachriannoor Sabariah33, Achmad Alimin, 4Dana S. Kusumo , Mira Kania Sabariah , Achmad Alimin4 Informatics Engineering, School of Computing, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia Informatics Engineering, School of Computing, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
Abstract Abstract This study aims to reduce the number of violations committed by two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. They have knowledge This study to reduce theprocedures. number of Various violations committed by also two-wheeled They have knowledge of good andaims correct driving traffic signs are present inand thefour-wheeled prototype ofvehicles. this application. Problems that of good and still correct driving traffic signs areand alsothepresent the prototype of this application. Problems that exist, riders do not knowprocedures. the drivingVarious ethics on the highway lack ofinawareness of motorists in complying with traffic exist, riders Researchers still do not know the driving ethics on (observation the highway and interview) the lack of to awareness of motorists in qualitatively. complying with traffic regulations. use field study techniques obtain preliminary data Based on regulations. Researchers use field study techniques (observationDesign and interview) obtain preliminary dataDrive qualitatively. Based on the data obtained, researchers use the method of Goal-Directed (GDD) totocreate a prototype Smart application. GDD the obtained, researchers use needs the method of Goal-Directed Design (GDD) createmethod: a prototype Smart Modeling, Drive application. GDD is adata method that focuses on user and goals. There are six phases in thetoGDD Research, Definition of is a method that focuses on user needs and goals.and There are six phases in the method: Research, Modeling, Definition of Terms, Definition of Frameworks, Refinements, Support. Where based on GDD User Experience, researchers designed the Smart Terms, DefinitionUser of Frameworks, Refinements, Support. Where on User Experience, researchers the Smart Drive Prototype Interface application to getand results according to based the needs and needs of users of two or designed four wheelers. The Drive User Interface to getUsability results according to the needs and needs of users of two or four wheelers. The resultsPrototype of this study were tested application using Measuring with System Usability Scale (SUS). results of this study were tested using Measuring Usability with System Usability Scale (SUS). © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 2nd 2nd International International Conference Conference on on Computer Computer Science Science and and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. Computational Intelligence 2017. Computational Intelligence 2017. Keywords:Goal-Directed Design; User Experience; User Interface; SUS. Keywords:Goal-Directed Design; User Experience; User Interface; SUS. * Corresponding author. * E-mail Corresponding address:author. [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of thebyscientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and 1877-0509© 2017 The Authors. Published Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility Computational Intelligence 2017.of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. 1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. 10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.073
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1. Introduction Transportation is a means that supports humans in performing daily activities. Two-and four-wheeled vehicles are part of the transportation that became the penchant of the people of Indonesia in daily activities that help achieve a goal. In 2014 based on data obtained by researchers from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), that two-wheeled vehicles amounted to 114,209,266 units, up 9.69% from the previous year. Where the data obtained is dominated by the number of two-wheeled vehicles amounted to 92,976,240 units and followed by four-wheeled vehicles amounted to 12,599,138 units 1. From Bandung's City Transportation Department, not all transport users in Indonesia understand and understand the knowledge about good and proper driving procedures. A number of two-wheeler riders who committed violations aged 17 to 29 years were based on the locally-characteristic habits of the riders 2. The enthusiasm of Bandung's local institutions requires discipline on traffic regulations and enforce policies in the city of Bandung. With the support of data released by Dishub Bandung about traffic violations in the city of Bandung in 2014 3. Based on the data obtained, provide an explanation of the crossing and reprimands provided by traffic officers of Bandung for four-wheeled vehicles, such as public transportation 3 4. Often the researcher encounters, the careless riders stop and commit a violation such as breaking through a red light passing the road marker even passing the road from opposite direction. This can cause congestion, even from some of these violations can cause traffic accidents that can harm various parties. Motorists commit such violations either intentionally or unintentionally. The reasons for such violations vary, some are in a hurry, others say they follow others who violate, and so on. Based on data obtained in reducing the number of traffic violations in the city of Bandung, made the Bandung Discipline Movement which aims to reduce the number of traffic violations in the city of Bandung. Where the focus of the Bandung Movement Discipline is in the field of traffic involving 50 volunteers from various communities and universities to assist the tasks of the members of the Transportation Agency and the police of Bandung 5. In today's modern era, technological development can be utilized as a solution to give the introduction of good and correct traffic learning. A smart city is one of innovation to support of systems and infrastructures where connectivity of smart technologies in both city management and policy at creating a better urban area 6. Bandung City Government brings its city to City Smart 7 By utilizing information technology as a supporter who play the most active role to provide assistance from all fields for the creation of Smart City 8. The purpose of this study is to build a prototype of mobile applications that contribute to the development of Smart City in Bandung. For that, riders get information on how good traffic, the researchers conducted surveys in the form of observations and interviews on motorcyclists and four based on environmental and social conditions. From the results of the survey that researchers do, it was found that some riders still do not understand the procedures of traffic is good and true and found also that the rider does not understand and understand the use of smartphones as a medium to obtain information about the procedures of traffic. Based on the research, a prototype is designed and implemented that aims to provide knowledge of the importance of motorist awareness to assist motorists in complying with the rules of traffic signs. 2. Design Method Researchers used the Goals Directed Design (GDD) method that is used to determine the experience and needs of users so that the end result of making Smart Drive prototype can meet usability level. The Goals Directed Design (GDD) method has 6 phases: Research, Modeling, Requirements Definition, Framework Definition, Refinement, and Support 7 The following 6 phases have included major collaboration points including designers, management, and technologies that provide the key to success in designing a product, and also include design issues 7.
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Fig. 1. The Goal-Directed Design flowchart. In the research phase, researchers use qualitative data collection to help find traffic problem in Bandung about traffic. In the form of direct interviews with users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. From the results of field studies, researchers got information from the riders that the rider's habits carry a jacket and wear a helmet (for two-wheeled riders), carrying vehicle equipment and also following traffic regulations. However, for the road marker at the time of urgency and the opportunity to break the road sign, due to road riders not up on the road surface just a sign only. So there are still many riders who do not know the function of road markings. Two and four wheels do not all know the traffic signs and their functions. In the Modeling, stage aims to generate user models. This interview data provides an overview for researchers to understand the user experience in unsafe driving habits. Suitable to improve their behavior in order to reduce the number of violations committed by riders two and four. Researchers got the behavior and experience from the interview used to model the user persona. A user persona is a description of various riders of four-wheels and twowheels in Bandung city. So that researchers can know the purpose of the user based on the level of usefulness. •
User Persona High User Persona - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung
Table 1. User Persona
Middle User Persona Demographics - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung Knowledge of Tech
Low User Persona - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti et Computer al. / Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499 Author name / Procedia Science 00 (2017) 000–000
High User Persona User usually using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Drive with safety and obedient with traffic regulations. Mastering driving skills and understand with rule of driving. Use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Bring all driving document and driving licenses.
Middle User Persona User sometimes using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Behaviour Drive with safety and obedient with traffic regulations. But when a chance to violate rules, they break it. Skill Partially understand driving skills and rule of driving. Activity Sometimes use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Bring all driving document and driving licenses.
495 4
Low User Persona User never using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Drive with break rule of driving. when a chance to violate rules, they break it. Did not understand driving skills and rule of driving. Did not use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Never all driving document and driving licenses.
After knowing the user grouping of users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. In the workflow, the user interaction model is described with the environment when the user wants to use two and four-wheeled vehicles. First, before using, users usually prepare driving equipment such as helmets (for two-wheels), using seatbelts (for four-wheels) and carrying cover letters (for both). Then when on the road, motorists will follow the rules that apply such as obey traffic signs, follow the rules while at the traffic lights, and drive at a specified speed. Here's how users are driving.
Fig. 2. How To Drive Motorcycle Workflow
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Dwitika Diah Pangestuti et al. / Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499
Fig. 3. How To Drive Car Workflow In the Requirements Definition phase, researchers generated the requirements based on the goals that have been obtained from the Modeling phase. Identifying linkages between organizational goals and user persona goals in detail becomes a requirement for designing user interfaces 9. The user interface is implemented into the Smart Drive application prototype based on user experience to meet user usability levels. In the Design Framework phase, researchers created user interface design based on user experience and context scenarios used as the workflow of the Smart Drive app prototype. The context scenario aims to describe the workflow of the prototype of the built application 10. The prototype was built to evaluate the emerging idea to solve a problem. In the Design Refinement phase, researchers refined the Smart Drive application prototype by focusing on detail and implementation by looking at the usability level. Detailed documentation of the design results, where specifications and user behavior derived from prototype application testing results 7. In the Development Support phase, researchers maintained integrity towards meeting the needs of users of the successful prototype the Smart Drive application built. Researchers chose to use usability testing in the Smart Drive application prototype evaluation to find out the satisfaction of users who meet user targets based on user experience. The definition of usability testing itself is a user testing technique that aims to provide an assessment of the design built 11. The Smart Drive application prototype tested by the user specified by the researcher. In testing based on the usability level, documented user behavior becomes information or feedback from users on designing user interfaces implemented in a Smart Drive application prototype. The results of such information or feedback make the future better and as a form of user satisfaction with the results of making Smart Drive application prototype.
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3. Implementation In the prototype, Smart Drive application has 2 main menus to meet the needs of users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. First, the Reminder menu is used as a reminder of the timing to get reminders according to the type of vehicle the rider uses on the highway, get information on the applicable traffic rules, and get ease in complying with the traffic rules according to the level of knowledge that the rider has. Second, the Dictionary menu is used for riders to get information about what needs to be prepared before and while driving, knowing the laws that apply to traffic, given the variations of traffic signs that are usually found on the highway. User Interface designed by researchers applied to the prototype of Smart Drive application based on survey results conducted by researchers. The Smart Drive application prototype was implemented and tested to 7 users whose previous 7 users were interviewed at the Research phase. To get maximum results and appropriate user usability level. a
b.
c.
Fig. 4. (a) Main menu; (b) Reminder menu; (c) Dictionary menu.
4. Evaluation Researchers used SUS to measure user usability from the results of the user experience implementation into the prototype of Smart Drive application. SUS stands for System Usability Scale was released by John Brooke where there are 10 item questionnaire with 5 response options for respondents 12. Researchers thought tool for measuring the usability using SUS because it represent the measurement to the complexity of a product and service created to meet user satisfaction based on user experience. The questionnaire and scoring from SUS was used by researchers to administer to participants 12. 1. I think that I would like to use this system frequently. 2. I found the system unnecessarily complex. 3. I thought the system was easy to use. 4. I think that I would need the support of a technical person to be able to use this system. 5. I found the various functions in this system were well integrated. 6. I thought there was too much inconsistency in this system. 7. I would imagine that most people would learn to use this system very quickly. 8. I found the system very cumbersome to use. 9. I felt very confident using the system. 10. I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get going with this system.
498
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti et al. / Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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Table 2 SUS Scoring
After tested usability level and filling out the questionnaire using Smart Drive Prototype Application being tested to evaluate usability with 10 items questionnaire with one of five responses that range from Strongly Agree to Strongly disagree. The implemented design based on user experience from interviews with users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles can be used easily. This process can draw information contained the 3 categories of user persona. Information representing of the user behavior selected based on user persona with the aim of the use of two-wheeled and fourwheeled vehicles. Then obtained the following results.
Description:Y-axis (0-40): It was the result of a usability testing score obtained from a two-wheeled and four-wheeled rider. X-axis (0-100): User Satisfaction Level 92 = Best imaginable Mean of SUS score 13 : 85 = Excellent 72 = Good 52 = OK/Fair 38 = Poor 25 = Worst Imaginable
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Tests performed on all 12 users deliver as the results according to user research 14. Each of 4 users from one category of user persona so that the 12 users from High, Middle, and Low user persona provide a resulting of user satisfaction from the results of questions provided by researchers at the time of testing the prototype of Smart Drive application. These data report to accepted to develop actionable information about the smart drive app prototype to deliver from two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles to reduce the number of violations committed. Researchers get clues about the level of user satisfaction with the implementation of the user interface on Smart Drive application prototype. The level of user satisfaction seen from the results of filling questionnaires measured two factors, ie Usability and Learnability 9. Using Goal-Directed Design method based on usability level using SUS can know user satisfaction to understand and understand good and correct procedure in driving two-wheeled vehicle or four-wheeled vehicle. 5. Conclusion From the results of the implementation of the research on the prototype of Smart Drive application to 12 users of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, the overall user provides good results based on user needs in driving to ensure support to reduce the number of violations committed by two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Graph of test results that give users increased results based on necessity. So, Smart Drive application prototype could give citizens of Bandung City to help to comply with traffic regulations. References 1. Efendi, Yosep (2016) “Bijak Berkendara, Demi Kelancaran Semua”, kompasiana.com, 11 March 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.kompasiana.com/yosepefendi/bijak-berkendara-demi-kelancaran-semua_56de8441eaafbdeb12cd2412. [Accessed 20 March 2016]. 2. Joewono, Tri Basuki, Upali Vandebona, and Yusak O. Susilo. (2015) “Behavioural Causes and Categories of Traffic Violations by Motorcyclists in Indonesian Urban Roads.” In: Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 7 (2): 174-197 3. Daty, Sri. (2015) “Kota Bandung Dalam Angka Bandung City in Figures 2015.” merdeka.com Bandung, 4 January 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Kota-Bandung-Dalam-Angka-2015.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2017]. 4. Bandung’s City Transportation Department (2016) “Mei 2017, Polda Metro Tilang Lebih dari 100 Ribu Kendaraan.” news.detik.com, 20 April 2016. [Online]. Available: http://data.bandung.go.id/dataset/data-jumlah-pelanggaran-lalu-lintas-di-kota-bandung-pada-tahun-2014. [Accessed 06 June 2017]. 5. O. Galitz, Wilbert (2007) “The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, Third Edition”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 6. Nam, Taewoo, and Theresa A. Pardo. (2011) “Smart City as Urban Innovation: Focusin on Management, Policy, and Context.” In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM: 186-194. 7. Cooper, Alan, Robert Reimann, and Dave Cronin. (2007) “About Face 3 The Essentials of Intercation Design”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 8. Arai, Takeshi, and Lidia Mayangsari. (2015) “How Bandung Smart City Policy Influences Its Citizen’s Quality of Life: I. Model Development.”System dynamics: 1-9. 9. Lewis, James R, and Jeff Sauro. (2011) “The Factor Structure of the System Usability Scale”, USA: Oracle, Technology Way. 10. Preece, Jennifer, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharp. (2002) “Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction”, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11. O. Galitz, Wilbert (2007) “The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, Third Edition”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 12. Sauro, Jeff (2011) “ Measuring Usability with The System Usability Scale (SUS), measuringu.com, 2 February 2011. [Online]. Available: https://measuringu.com/sus/. [Accessed 7 April 2016]. 13 Thomas, Nathan. (2015) “How To Use The System Usability Scale (SUS) To Evaluate The Usability Of Your Website” Usability Geek, 13 July 2015. [Online]. Available: http://usabilitygeek.com/how-to-use-the-system-usability-scale-sus-to-evaluate-the-usability-of-your-website/ [Accessed 20 August 2017]. 14. Nielsen, Jakob. (2012) "How Many Test Users in a Usability Study?," Nielsen Norman Group, 4 June 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-many-test-users/. [Accessed 20 August 2017].
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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499
2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017, ICCSCI 2nd International Conference on Computer Science andBali, Computational 2017, 13-14 October 2017, Indonesia Intelligence 2017, ICCSCI 2017, 13-14 October 2017, Bali, Indonesia
Analysis and Implementation of User Interface of Smart Drive Analysis and Implementation of User Interface of Smart Drive System Using Goal-Directed Design Method System Using Goal-Directed Design Method
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti1* , Fachriannoor Fachriannoor11, Dana S. Kusumo22, Mira Kania 1* Dwitika Diah Pangestuti , Fachriannoor Fachriannoor Sabariah33, Achmad Alimin, 4Dana S. Kusumo , Mira Kania Sabariah , Achmad Alimin4 Informatics Engineering, School of Computing, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia Informatics Engineering, School of Computing, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
Abstract Abstract This study aims to reduce the number of violations committed by two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. They have knowledge This study to reduce theprocedures. number of Various violations committed by also two-wheeled They have knowledge of good andaims correct driving traffic signs are present inand thefour-wheeled prototype ofvehicles. this application. Problems that of good and still correct driving traffic signs areand alsothepresent the prototype of this application. Problems that exist, riders do not knowprocedures. the drivingVarious ethics on the highway lack ofinawareness of motorists in complying with traffic exist, riders Researchers still do not know the driving ethics on (observation the highway and interview) the lack of to awareness of motorists in qualitatively. complying with traffic regulations. use field study techniques obtain preliminary data Based on regulations. Researchers use field study techniques (observationDesign and interview) obtain preliminary dataDrive qualitatively. Based on the data obtained, researchers use the method of Goal-Directed (GDD) totocreate a prototype Smart application. GDD the obtained, researchers use needs the method of Goal-Directed Design (GDD) createmethod: a prototype Smart Modeling, Drive application. GDD is adata method that focuses on user and goals. There are six phases in thetoGDD Research, Definition of is a method that focuses on user needs and goals.and There are six phases in the method: Research, Modeling, Definition of Terms, Definition of Frameworks, Refinements, Support. Where based on GDD User Experience, researchers designed the Smart Terms, DefinitionUser of Frameworks, Refinements, Support. Where on User Experience, researchers the Smart Drive Prototype Interface application to getand results according to based the needs and needs of users of two or designed four wheelers. The Drive User Interface to getUsability results according to the needs and needs of users of two or four wheelers. The resultsPrototype of this study were tested application using Measuring with System Usability Scale (SUS). results of this study were tested using Measuring Usability with System Usability Scale (SUS). © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 2nd 2nd International International Conference Conference on on Computer Computer Science Science and and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. Computational Intelligence 2017. Computational Intelligence 2017. Keywords:Goal-Directed Design; User Experience; User Interface; SUS. Keywords:Goal-Directed Design; User Experience; User Interface; SUS. * Corresponding author. * E-mail Corresponding address:author. [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of thebyscientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and 1877-0509© 2017 The Authors. Published Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility Computational Intelligence 2017.of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. 1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2017. 10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.073
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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1. Introduction Transportation is a means that supports humans in performing daily activities. Two-and four-wheeled vehicles are part of the transportation that became the penchant of the people of Indonesia in daily activities that help achieve a goal. In 2014 based on data obtained by researchers from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), that two-wheeled vehicles amounted to 114,209,266 units, up 9.69% from the previous year. Where the data obtained is dominated by the number of two-wheeled vehicles amounted to 92,976,240 units and followed by four-wheeled vehicles amounted to 12,599,138 units 1. From Bandung's City Transportation Department, not all transport users in Indonesia understand and understand the knowledge about good and proper driving procedures. A number of two-wheeler riders who committed violations aged 17 to 29 years were based on the locally-characteristic habits of the riders 2. The enthusiasm of Bandung's local institutions requires discipline on traffic regulations and enforce policies in the city of Bandung. With the support of data released by Dishub Bandung about traffic violations in the city of Bandung in 2014 3. Based on the data obtained, provide an explanation of the crossing and reprimands provided by traffic officers of Bandung for four-wheeled vehicles, such as public transportation 3 4. Often the researcher encounters, the careless riders stop and commit a violation such as breaking through a red light passing the road marker even passing the road from opposite direction. This can cause congestion, even from some of these violations can cause traffic accidents that can harm various parties. Motorists commit such violations either intentionally or unintentionally. The reasons for such violations vary, some are in a hurry, others say they follow others who violate, and so on. Based on data obtained in reducing the number of traffic violations in the city of Bandung, made the Bandung Discipline Movement which aims to reduce the number of traffic violations in the city of Bandung. Where the focus of the Bandung Movement Discipline is in the field of traffic involving 50 volunteers from various communities and universities to assist the tasks of the members of the Transportation Agency and the police of Bandung 5. In today's modern era, technological development can be utilized as a solution to give the introduction of good and correct traffic learning. A smart city is one of innovation to support of systems and infrastructures where connectivity of smart technologies in both city management and policy at creating a better urban area 6. Bandung City Government brings its city to City Smart 7 By utilizing information technology as a supporter who play the most active role to provide assistance from all fields for the creation of Smart City 8. The purpose of this study is to build a prototype of mobile applications that contribute to the development of Smart City in Bandung. For that, riders get information on how good traffic, the researchers conducted surveys in the form of observations and interviews on motorcyclists and four based on environmental and social conditions. From the results of the survey that researchers do, it was found that some riders still do not understand the procedures of traffic is good and true and found also that the rider does not understand and understand the use of smartphones as a medium to obtain information about the procedures of traffic. Based on the research, a prototype is designed and implemented that aims to provide knowledge of the importance of motorist awareness to assist motorists in complying with the rules of traffic signs. 2. Design Method Researchers used the Goals Directed Design (GDD) method that is used to determine the experience and needs of users so that the end result of making Smart Drive prototype can meet usability level. The Goals Directed Design (GDD) method has 6 phases: Research, Modeling, Requirements Definition, Framework Definition, Refinement, and Support 7 The following 6 phases have included major collaboration points including designers, management, and technologies that provide the key to success in designing a product, and also include design issues 7.
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti et Computer al. / Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499 Author name / Procedia Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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3
Fig. 1. The Goal-Directed Design flowchart. In the research phase, researchers use qualitative data collection to help find traffic problem in Bandung about traffic. In the form of direct interviews with users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. From the results of field studies, researchers got information from the riders that the rider's habits carry a jacket and wear a helmet (for two-wheeled riders), carrying vehicle equipment and also following traffic regulations. However, for the road marker at the time of urgency and the opportunity to break the road sign, due to road riders not up on the road surface just a sign only. So there are still many riders who do not know the function of road markings. Two and four wheels do not all know the traffic signs and their functions. In the Modeling, stage aims to generate user models. This interview data provides an overview for researchers to understand the user experience in unsafe driving habits. Suitable to improve their behavior in order to reduce the number of violations committed by riders two and four. Researchers got the behavior and experience from the interview used to model the user persona. A user persona is a description of various riders of four-wheels and twowheels in Bandung city. So that researchers can know the purpose of the user based on the level of usefulness. •
User Persona High User Persona - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung
Table 1. User Persona
Middle User Persona Demographics - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung Knowledge of Tech
Low User Persona - Age : Up to 17 - Gender : Male; Female - Marital Status: Single; Marriage; Divorce; Widow - Educational Degree: High School; Bachelor; Master; Doktor; Professional Degree - Family Position: Child; Father; Mother - Region: Bandung
Dwitika Diah Pangestuti et Computer al. / Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017) 492–499 Author name / Procedia Science 00 (2017) 000–000
High User Persona User usually using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Drive with safety and obedient with traffic regulations. Mastering driving skills and understand with rule of driving. Use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Bring all driving document and driving licenses.
Middle User Persona User sometimes using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Behaviour Drive with safety and obedient with traffic regulations. But when a chance to violate rules, they break it. Skill Partially understand driving skills and rule of driving. Activity Sometimes use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Bring all driving document and driving licenses.
495 4
Low User Persona User never using handphone for finding traffic information and traffic regulations. Drive with break rule of driving. when a chance to violate rules, they break it. Did not understand driving skills and rule of driving. Did not use driving safety things like helmet or jacket for motorcycle driver and use safety belt for car driver. Never all driving document and driving licenses.
After knowing the user grouping of users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. In the workflow, the user interaction model is described with the environment when the user wants to use two and four-wheeled vehicles. First, before using, users usually prepare driving equipment such as helmets (for two-wheels), using seatbelts (for four-wheels) and carrying cover letters (for both). Then when on the road, motorists will follow the rules that apply such as obey traffic signs, follow the rules while at the traffic lights, and drive at a specified speed. Here's how users are driving.
Fig. 2. How To Drive Motorcycle Workflow
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Fig. 3. How To Drive Car Workflow In the Requirements Definition phase, researchers generated the requirements based on the goals that have been obtained from the Modeling phase. Identifying linkages between organizational goals and user persona goals in detail becomes a requirement for designing user interfaces 9. The user interface is implemented into the Smart Drive application prototype based on user experience to meet user usability levels. In the Design Framework phase, researchers created user interface design based on user experience and context scenarios used as the workflow of the Smart Drive app prototype. The context scenario aims to describe the workflow of the prototype of the built application 10. The prototype was built to evaluate the emerging idea to solve a problem. In the Design Refinement phase, researchers refined the Smart Drive application prototype by focusing on detail and implementation by looking at the usability level. Detailed documentation of the design results, where specifications and user behavior derived from prototype application testing results 7. In the Development Support phase, researchers maintained integrity towards meeting the needs of users of the successful prototype the Smart Drive application built. Researchers chose to use usability testing in the Smart Drive application prototype evaluation to find out the satisfaction of users who meet user targets based on user experience. The definition of usability testing itself is a user testing technique that aims to provide an assessment of the design built 11. The Smart Drive application prototype tested by the user specified by the researcher. In testing based on the usability level, documented user behavior becomes information or feedback from users on designing user interfaces implemented in a Smart Drive application prototype. The results of such information or feedback make the future better and as a form of user satisfaction with the results of making Smart Drive application prototype.
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3. Implementation In the prototype, Smart Drive application has 2 main menus to meet the needs of users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles. First, the Reminder menu is used as a reminder of the timing to get reminders according to the type of vehicle the rider uses on the highway, get information on the applicable traffic rules, and get ease in complying with the traffic rules according to the level of knowledge that the rider has. Second, the Dictionary menu is used for riders to get information about what needs to be prepared before and while driving, knowing the laws that apply to traffic, given the variations of traffic signs that are usually found on the highway. User Interface designed by researchers applied to the prototype of Smart Drive application based on survey results conducted by researchers. The Smart Drive application prototype was implemented and tested to 7 users whose previous 7 users were interviewed at the Research phase. To get maximum results and appropriate user usability level. a
b.
c.
Fig. 4. (a) Main menu; (b) Reminder menu; (c) Dictionary menu.
4. Evaluation Researchers used SUS to measure user usability from the results of the user experience implementation into the prototype of Smart Drive application. SUS stands for System Usability Scale was released by John Brooke where there are 10 item questionnaire with 5 response options for respondents 12. Researchers thought tool for measuring the usability using SUS because it represent the measurement to the complexity of a product and service created to meet user satisfaction based on user experience. The questionnaire and scoring from SUS was used by researchers to administer to participants 12. 1. I think that I would like to use this system frequently. 2. I found the system unnecessarily complex. 3. I thought the system was easy to use. 4. I think that I would need the support of a technical person to be able to use this system. 5. I found the various functions in this system were well integrated. 6. I thought there was too much inconsistency in this system. 7. I would imagine that most people would learn to use this system very quickly. 8. I found the system very cumbersome to use. 9. I felt very confident using the system. 10. I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get going with this system.
498
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Table 2 SUS Scoring
After tested usability level and filling out the questionnaire using Smart Drive Prototype Application being tested to evaluate usability with 10 items questionnaire with one of five responses that range from Strongly Agree to Strongly disagree. The implemented design based on user experience from interviews with users of two-and four-wheeled vehicles can be used easily. This process can draw information contained the 3 categories of user persona. Information representing of the user behavior selected based on user persona with the aim of the use of two-wheeled and fourwheeled vehicles. Then obtained the following results.
Description:Y-axis (0-40): It was the result of a usability testing score obtained from a two-wheeled and four-wheeled rider. X-axis (0-100): User Satisfaction Level 92 = Best imaginable Mean of SUS score 13 : 85 = Excellent 72 = Good 52 = OK/Fair 38 = Poor 25 = Worst Imaginable
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Tests performed on all 12 users deliver as the results according to user research 14. Each of 4 users from one category of user persona so that the 12 users from High, Middle, and Low user persona provide a resulting of user satisfaction from the results of questions provided by researchers at the time of testing the prototype of Smart Drive application. These data report to accepted to develop actionable information about the smart drive app prototype to deliver from two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles to reduce the number of violations committed. Researchers get clues about the level of user satisfaction with the implementation of the user interface on Smart Drive application prototype. The level of user satisfaction seen from the results of filling questionnaires measured two factors, ie Usability and Learnability 9. Using Goal-Directed Design method based on usability level using SUS can know user satisfaction to understand and understand good and correct procedure in driving two-wheeled vehicle or four-wheeled vehicle. 5. Conclusion From the results of the implementation of the research on the prototype of Smart Drive application to 12 users of two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, the overall user provides good results based on user needs in driving to ensure support to reduce the number of violations committed by two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Graph of test results that give users increased results based on necessity. So, Smart Drive application prototype could give citizens of Bandung City to help to comply with traffic regulations. References 1. Efendi, Yosep (2016) “Bijak Berkendara, Demi Kelancaran Semua”, kompasiana.com, 11 March 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.kompasiana.com/yosepefendi/bijak-berkendara-demi-kelancaran-semua_56de8441eaafbdeb12cd2412. [Accessed 20 March 2016]. 2. Joewono, Tri Basuki, Upali Vandebona, and Yusak O. Susilo. (2015) “Behavioural Causes and Categories of Traffic Violations by Motorcyclists in Indonesian Urban Roads.” In: Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 7 (2): 174-197 3. Daty, Sri. (2015) “Kota Bandung Dalam Angka Bandung City in Figures 2015.” merdeka.com Bandung, 4 January 2017. [Online]. Available: https://bandungkota.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Kota-Bandung-Dalam-Angka-2015.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2017]. 4. Bandung’s City Transportation Department (2016) “Mei 2017, Polda Metro Tilang Lebih dari 100 Ribu Kendaraan.” news.detik.com, 20 April 2016. [Online]. Available: http://data.bandung.go.id/dataset/data-jumlah-pelanggaran-lalu-lintas-di-kota-bandung-pada-tahun-2014. [Accessed 06 June 2017]. 5. O. Galitz, Wilbert (2007) “The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, Third Edition”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 6. Nam, Taewoo, and Theresa A. Pardo. (2011) “Smart City as Urban Innovation: Focusin on Management, Policy, and Context.” In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM: 186-194. 7. Cooper, Alan, Robert Reimann, and Dave Cronin. (2007) “About Face 3 The Essentials of Intercation Design”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 8. Arai, Takeshi, and Lidia Mayangsari. (2015) “How Bandung Smart City Policy Influences Its Citizen’s Quality of Life: I. Model Development.”System dynamics: 1-9. 9. Lewis, James R, and Jeff Sauro. (2011) “The Factor Structure of the System Usability Scale”, USA: Oracle, Technology Way. 10. Preece, Jennifer, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharp. (2002) “Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction”, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11. O. Galitz, Wilbert (2007) “The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques, Third Edition”, Canada: Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. 12. Sauro, Jeff (2011) “ Measuring Usability with The System Usability Scale (SUS), measuringu.com, 2 February 2011. [Online]. Available: https://measuringu.com/sus/. [Accessed 7 April 2016]. 13 Thomas, Nathan. (2015) “How To Use The System Usability Scale (SUS) To Evaluate The Usability Of Your Website” Usability Geek, 13 July 2015. [Online]. Available: http://usabilitygeek.com/how-to-use-the-system-usability-scale-sus-to-evaluate-the-usability-of-your-website/ [Accessed 20 August 2017]. 14. Nielsen, Jakob. (2012) "How Many Test Users in a Usability Study?," Nielsen Norman Group, 4 June 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-many-test-users/. [Accessed 20 August 2017].