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Analysis of the tree taxa in Transkei
S. Afr. 1. Bot., 1987, 53(5): 387 - 394
387
Analysis of the tree taxa in Transkei C.T. Johnson* and S. Cawe Department of Botany, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Republic of South Africa and Department of Botany, University of Transkei , Private Bag X5092, Umtata, Republic of Transkei
Accepted 17 June 1987 The indigenous forests of Transkei are made up of several basic forest groupings. Of the 1017 tree species (367 genera) recognized for southern Africa, 389 (213 genera) occur in Transkei. There are 3 endemic species and an additional 16 species are rare and threatened. Die inheemse bosse van Transkei word verdeel in 'n aantal basiese bostipes. Van die 1017 boom spesies (367 · genera) wat in suider Afrika herken word, word 389 (213 genera) in Transkei aangetref. Daar is drie endemiese spesies en 'n verdere 16 spesies is uiters skaars en word bedreig . Keywords: Forest composition, Transkei , trees *To whom correspondence should be addressed
Introduction Recent figures (McKenzie 1984) show that the indigenous forest reserves in Transkei (Figure 1) cover a total area of 73,505 ha. The total area of headmen's forests, where the headmen have the authority to supervize the removal of wood, is not known, but forest reserves and headmen's forests may well add up to more than 100 000 ha (Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach 1983). Following Sim (1907), Acocks (1975) and Cawe eta!. (1983) the indigenous forests (Figure 2) can be classified into the following groupings:
Mountain Forest (1) High mountain forest in ravines of the Drakensberg range. (2) Mountain plateau forest along the escarpment and on valleys and mountain slopes of the upper interior plateau. Coastal Forest (1) Undifferentiated forest can be divided into tall closed forest, tall open forest and short closed forest. These structural differences are mainly due to exploitation. (2) Mangrove forest (3) Marsh forest (4) Dune forest. Methods The data for this paper were collected over a period of 5 years (1981-1985) and present a summary of unpublished reports by the two authors (Cawe et a!. 1983. Johnson 1985a, b). During the course of this survey extensive collecting and field studies were undertaken. Herbarium specimens are housed at KEI. To ensure that plants previously collected do not go unnoticed, a number of well-established herbaria were visited and in this manner additional collections were recorded. Other prime sources of data are Von Breitenbach (1974, 1976), Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach (1983), Moll (1981), Moll &
SOUTH AFR ICA
28°
Figure 1 Geographical location of the study area.
highland sourveld
forest
Protea grass-veld
Oohne sourveld
············· thorn-veld
coastal forest dune and 1nangrove forest
Drakensberg range upper pl ateau lower plateau
··- . -. . . --·-··· sea-shan~
Figure 2 Major forest groupings of Transkei in relation to topography.
S.·Afr. Tydskr. Plantk ., 1987, 53(5)
388 Scott (1981), Palgrave (1977), Sim (1907), De Winter eta/. (1978) and the PRECIS list obtained from the Botanical Research Institute. Results and Discussion
Forest types The basic simplicity of composition and structure of the forest leaves room for geographical and ecological variation (Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach 1983). In addition, the different combinations of altitude, aspect, slope and soil are responsible for marked variation in canopy height, stand density and species diversity. Mountain forest The mountain forests are found up to an altitude of 1200 m along the southern and eastern edge of the interior mountain plateau. Above these forests there is practically no tree growth, except for Protea roupelliae, P. subvestita and P. caffra on sandstone. These mountain forests show an overall tree diversity of about 130 species of trees. In the areas of Mt. Ayliff and Umzimkhulu there is a predominance of Podocarpus henkelii, P. latifolius, P. falcatus and Ocotea bullata (Von Breitenbach 1983). With the exception of P. henkelii these species are strongly represented in the south-western area (along the Matiwane range). In a number of the heavily utilized forests Xymalos monospora is now dominant. Coastal forest The coastal forest has a relatively high number of species which forms the natural climax up to an altitude of 500 m. North of Port St. Johns the coastal forest has 318 tree species while 226 tree species are found south of Port St Johns. According to Cawe eta/. (1983), the canopy species are: Milletia grandis, M. sutherlandii, Albizia adianthifolia, Drypetes gerrardii, Heywoodia lucens, Phyllanthus jlacourtiodes, Croton sylvaticus, Sideroxylon inerme, Schefjlera umbellifera, Cussonia spicata, Bersama swinnyi, Ekebergia capensis, Trichillia dregeana, Euclea natalensis, Kiggelaria africana, Scotopia zeyheri, Chaetacme aristata, Celtis durandii, Combretum kraussii, Cordia caffra, Commiphora harveyi, C. woodii, Ficus natalensis, Vepris undulata, Zanthoxylum davyi, Z. capense, Protorhus longifolia, R. chirindensis, R. macowanii, Clerodendrum glabrum, Canthium ciliatum, Vangueria esculenta and Rothmania capensis. The sub-canopy trees comprise of the following species: Cassipourea congoensis, Bridelia micrantha, Bequaertiodendron natalense, Allophylus dregeanus and Rothmania globosa. Mangrove forest Mangroves are evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to several unrelated families. The mangrove tree species in Transkei are: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, A vicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. Associated with the mangrove community are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Strelitzia nicolai and Dalbergia armata. Cawe eta/. (1983) report that at Manteku, mangrove vegetation consists of a pure stand of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Swamp forest In swamp forest areas where the soil is poorly drained or water logged, Voacanga thouarsii, Syzygium cordatum and Rauvolfia caffra are the dominant species. However, where drainage improves, the following tree species appear in the canopy: Ficus sur, Halleria Iucida, Rapanea melanophleos, Macaranga capensis, Cassinopsis tinifolia, Allophylus dregea-
nus, Schefjlera umbellifera, !lex mitis and Schrebera alata. In addition, the following tree species are found in the understory: Canthium locupules, C. guenzii, Cussonia thryrsijlora, Cryptocarya Wyliei, Sapium integerrimum, Psoralea caffra, Hibiscus diversifolius, Phyllica paniculata, Myrica serrata, Crotalaria capensis, Protea cajjra, Maesa lanceoalata, Vernonia neocorymbosa, Strelitzia nicolai, Phoenix reclinata and Polygala myrtifolia. Dune forest On the coastal sand dunes, previously established by sandbinding plants such as Ipomoea brasiliensis, Carpobrotus dimidiatus and Scaevola thunbergii, dune forests are found. The edge of the dune forest is made up of the following woody species: Carissa macrocarpa, Strelitzia nicolai, Phoenix reclinata, Clausena anisata, Brachylaena elliptica, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Clerodendron glabrum, Tarchonanthus camphorathus, T. trilobus and Canthium ciliatum, while the canopy is formed by Mimusops caffra (Cawe eta/. 1983). Thorn veld Although not a true forest type, the presence of a high number of tree taxa justifies the inclusion of this vegetation type in the study. Thornveld is characterized by a canopy 2- 4 m high, with Acacia karoo and A. ataxantha as the dominant trees. Other small trees and shrubs commonly found in this community include A . caffra, Diospyros dichrophylla, D. natalensis, D. villosa, Cassia commosa, Solanum ,mauritianum, Brachylaena elliptica, Tricalysia lanceolata, Phyllanthus meyerianus, Maesa lanceolata, and Turrea jloribunda (Acocks 1975; Cawe eta/. 1983).
Floristic composition The angiosperm and gymnosperm flora of Transkei is composed of 160 families, 939 genera and 3332 species (Johnson 1985a). A total of 389 tree species (Appendix 1) are found, representing 80 families and 213 genera. The trees of Transkei only represent 11, 7fl/o of the total flora. Of the tree species, 2,3% are gymnosperms, 2,5% are monocotyledons and 94,7% are dicotyledons. The twelve families possessing the highest number of tree taxa (Table 1) contribute 98 (10,4%) genera and 187 (5,6%) of the total species. The genera constituting the highest number of tree species are: Rhus 22, Maytenus 8, Diospyros 7, Canthium 7, Aloe 6, Ficus 6, Cassine 6, Dovyalis 6, Buddleia 6, Strychnos 5,
Ranking of the 12 families contributing the highest number of tree taxa by genera and species
Table 1 Family
Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae Flacourtiaceae Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Rutaceae Rhamnaceae Celastraceae Sapindaceae Thymelaeaceae Verbenaceae
No. of genera
No. of tree species
15 15 14 10
28 22 25 19 28 10 8 6 21 9 6
7 7
6 6 5
5 4 4
5
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5)
389
Allophylus 5, Acacia 5 and Encepha/artos 5. In addition there are 7 genera each with 4 species, 18 genera each with 3 species, 38 genera each with 2 species, and 137 genera each with 1 species.
Phytogeographical affinities A comparison of selected statistics of the tree taxa of Transkei with that of other major regions (Table 2) clearly indicates that Transkei is relatively rich in tree taxa. The richness is in part due to the migration of subtropical elements southwards. This is made clear in that the greater percentage of the tree taxa recorded show affinities with that of Natal, however 78 species (20, 1f1/o) (Appendix 1) reach their most southern distribution in Transkei. Jubaeopsis caffra and Co/ubrina nicholsonii (0,50/o) are endemic to Transkei and 15 species (3,90/o) (Encephalartos princeps, Aloe speciosa, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Boscia o/eoides, Schotia afra, Umtiza listerana, Euphorbia tetragona, Ozoroa mucronata, Rhus incisa, R. longispina, Greyia jlanaganii, Sparrmannia africana, Eng/eradaphne subcordata, Cassipourea jlanaganii and Combretum caffrum) attain their most northern distribution in Transkei or are restricted to the border region of Transkei and the eastern Cape. These statistics indicate that 24,5f1/o of the tree taxa are either endemic, subtropical or temperate elements that reach their southern or northern limits in Transkei.
Table 2 Selected statistics of tree taxa for parts of southern Africa. (Comparative data are from De Winter et at. 1978, Moll1981, Moll & Scott 1981, Von Breitenbach 1974 and Knight et at. 1982) Number of tree taxa Region Southern Africa Natal Transkei Southern Cape Cape Peninsula
Families
Genera
Species
96 96 80 44 27
367 316 213 73 41
1017 700 389 160 56
Conservation status The status of threatened or rare trees in Transkei is not clear. Of the 389 trees recorded here, 122 were found to be of medicinal use and are currently extensively collected by herbalists (Johnson 1985b). A further 30 are used for timber. Therefore about 1/3 of the trees are utilized and are to a degree threatened. Hall et a/. (1980) lists 17 trees for which the status varies from vulnerable to uncertain. The authors concur with Hall, in stating that Arundinaria tessellata, Encephalartos ghellinckii, E. princeps, E. altensteinii, E. jriderici-guilielm and E. natalensis are rare and vulnerable. These plants are found growing on cliffs or rocky outcrops and are not that easily accessible. Likewise Faurea macnaughtonii, Cassine crocea, Beilschmeidia natalensis and Phyllanthus cedrifolius have seldom been recorded and appear to be rare. On the other hand although the localities of Bauhinia bowkeri, Cassipourea jlanaganii, Cryptocarya wyliei, Jubaeopsis caffra, Eugenia erythrophylla and Pseudoscolopia polyantha are well known, these species are rare. Because Jubaeopsis cajjra and Bauhinia bowkeri are rare endemic species they are checked and monitored regularly. Umtiza /isterana is a rare tree which was collected once by Story, 3,2 km south-east of Kentani. Pegler (1918) who collected extensively in that area did not
record this species, nor did the authors. The senior author had the opportunity of visiting two of the populations of the newly described endemic Colubrina nicho/sonii (VanWyk & Schrire 1986). This evergreen scandent tree which is up to 8 m high occurs in five isolated populations in riverine forest in steep ravines in Pondoland.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their appreciatiOn to Dr B. McKenzie who was always willing to assist and make useful comments. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Harold Kalala, Tammy Sokuto and Anne Hutchings for their competent and willing technical assistance. A special word of thanks to Belinda Ferris for typing the manuscript. We are grateful to the University of Transkei for financial support.
References ACOCKS, J .P .H. 1975. Veld types of South Africa. 2nd edn, Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 40, Government Printer, Pretoria. CAWE, S., GRANGER, E.J. & McKENZIE, B. 1983. A. Reconnaissance vegetation survey of a part of coastal Pondoland. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei (Unpublished). DE WINTER, B., VAHRMEIJER, J. & VON BREITENBACH, F. 1978. The national list of trees. 2nd edn, J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria. HALL, A.V., DE WINTER, M., DE WINTER B. & OOSTERHOUT, S.A.M. 1980. Threatened plants of southern Africa. S.A. National report No. 45. JOHNSON, C.T . 1985a. Survey of the wild flowers of Transkei. Phase I. Report, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei. (Unpublished). JOHNSON, C.T. 1985b. Identification of pharmaceutical plants and traditional medicine in Transkei. Report, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei. KNIGHT, T .M., CROWE, T .M . & SIEGFRIED, W.R. 1982. Distribution and species richness of trees in southern Africa. J. S. Afr. Bot. 48: 455-480. McKENZIE, B. 1984. Ecological consideration of some past and present land use practices in Transkei. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Cape Town. MOLL, E. 1981. Trees of Natal. Univ. of Cape Town. MOLL, E. & SCOTT, L. 1981. Trees and shrubs of the Cape Peninsula. Univ. of Cape Town. PALGRA VE, K.C. 1977. Trees of southern Africa. C . Struik Publishers, Cape Town. PEGLER, A.M. 1918. On the flora of Kentani. Ann. Bot. Herb. 5: 1- 32. SIM, T.R. 1907. The forests and the forest flora of the Cape of Good Hope, Aberdeen, Taylor and Henderson. VAN WYK, A.E. & SCHRIRE, B.D. 1986. A remarkable new species of Colubrina (Rhamnaceae) from Pondoland. S. Afr. J. Bot. 52: 379- 382. VON BREITENBACH, F. 1974. Suid-Kaapse bosse en borne. Staatsdrukker, Pretoria. VON BREITENBACH, F . 1976. Report on a visit to the natural forest of Transkei from 2 September to 3 October 1976. Report to Transkei government (Unpublished). VON BREITENBACH, F. & VON BREITENBACH, J. 1983. Notes on the natural forests of Transkei. J. Drendrology 3: 17-53.
Appendix 1 List of tree taxa found in Transkei. * Indicates species of which the conservation status varies from vulnerable to uncertain and 1 indicates those attaining their most southern distribution Family
Species
Cytheaceae
Cytanthea C. capensis (L. F.) J.E. Sm. C. dregei Kunze
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk. , 1987, 53(5)
390 Appendix 1
Continued
Appendix 1
Species
Family Zamiaceae
1 1
Podocarpaceae
Family
..
Encephalartos · E. alteinsteinii Lehn. E. jriderici-guilielmi Lehn. E. ghellincki Lehn. E. natalensis R.A. Oyer & Verdoon * E. princeps R.A. Dyer Podocarpus P. jalcatus (Thunb .) R.Br. ex Mirb . P. henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks. P. latijolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb
* * * *
Widdringtonia
Cupressaceae
Continued
W. nodijlora (L.) Powrie
0. mucronata (Bernh.) R. & A. Fernandes Portulacaceae
Portulacaria P. ajra J acq.
Annonaceae
Uvaria U. cajjra E. Mey. ex Sond. Monanthotaxis M. cajjra (Sond.) Verde.
Trimeniaceae Lauraceae
* A. Areaceae
* Liliaceae
Phoenix P. reclinata Jacq. Jubaeopsis J. cajjra Becc. Aloe A . arborescens Mill A. bainesii Dyer A. jerox Mill A. pluridens Haw . A . rupestris Bak. A . speciosa Bak. A. thraskii Bak.
Agavaceae
Dracaena D. hookerana C. Kock.
Strelitziaceae
Strelitzia S. nicolai Regel & Koern.
Piperaceae
Piper P. capense L.
Salicaceae
Salix S. capensis Thunb. S. mucronata Thunb.
Myricaceae
Myrica M. pilulijera Rendle M. serrata Lam .
Ulmaceae
Celtis C. ajricana Burn. F. C. gomphophylla Baker Trema T. orienta/is (L.) Blume Chaetacme C. aristata Planch.
Moraceae
Urticaceae
Proteaceae
Santalaceae
Xymalos X. monospora (Harv.) Baill.
Arundinaria tessellata (Nees) Munro
Poaceae
Species
Ocotea 0. bullata (Buch.) Bail!. 0 . kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns Cryptocarya C. latijolia Sond. C. myrtijolia Stapf C. woodii Engl. * C. wyliei Stapf Beilschmiedia * B. natalensis J.H. Ross
Capparaceae
Bachmannia B. woodii (Oliv.) Gilg Capparis C. sepiaria L. C. tomentosa Lam. Boscia B. oleoides (Burch. ex DC.) Tolken Cadaba C. natalensis Sond. Maerua M. cajra (DC.) Pax M. racemulosa (DC.) Gilg & Ben. M . rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Ben.
Crassulaceae
Crassula C. ovata (Mill.) Druce
Escalloniaceae
Choristylis C. rhamnoides Harv .
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum P. virdijlorum Sims
Cunoniaceae
Cunonia C. capensis L.
Hamamelidaceae
Trichocladus T. crinitus (Thunb .) Pers. T. ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Walp
Rosaceae
Leucosidea
Ficus F. bizanae Hutch. & Burtt Davy F. craterostoma Warb. ex. Mildbr. & Burr. F. sur Forssk F. ingens (Miq) Mig. F. natalensis Hochst. F. sonderi Mig.
Chrysobalanaceae
Urera U. cameroonensis Wedd. U. tenax N.E. Br.
Cnestis C. natalensis (Hochst.) Planch . & Son d .
Fabaceae
Albizia A. adianthijolia (Schumach .) W.F. Wight Acacia A. ataxanantha DC. A. brevispica Harms. A . cajjra (Thunb.) Wild. A. karroo Hayne A. kraussiana Meisn. ex Benth. A . robusta Burch. Baphia B. racemosa (Hochst.) Bak. Entada
Fa urea * F. macnaughtonii Phill . F. saligna Harv. Pro tea P. cajjra Meisn. P. roupelliae Meisn. P. subvesta N.E. Br. Leucospermum L. cuneijorme (Burm. F.) Rourke Colpoon C. compressum Berg. Osyris
L. sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Prunus P. africana (Hook F.) Kalkm. Clijjortia C. nitidula (Engl.) R.E. & T .C.E . Fries
391
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5) Appendix 1
Family
Continued
Appendix 1
Species
E. spicata (E. Mey.) Druce Schotia S. ajra (L.) Thunb . var. ajra S. brachypetala Sond. S. latifolia Jacq. Umtiza * U. listerama T .R. Sim Bauhinia * B. bowkeri Harv. Caesalpinia C. bonduc (L.) Roxb. Calpurnia C. aurea (Ait.) Benth. Crotalaria C. capensis Jacq. lndigojera /. cylindrica DC. I. natalensis H. Bol. Psoralea P. pinnata L. Milletia M. grandis (E. Mey.) Skeels Sesbania S. sesban (L.) Merr. Dalbergia D. armata E. Mey. D. multijuga E . Mey. D. obovata E . Mey . Erythrina E. cajjra Thunb. E. humeanea Spreng. E. latissima E. Mey . E. lysistemon Hutch. Erythroxylaceae
Nectaropetalum N. capense (H. Bol) Stapf & Boodle Erythroxylum E. emarginatum Thornn. E. pictum E. Mey . ex Sond.
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum Z . capense (Thunb.) Harv. Z. davyi (Verdoorn) Watem. Calodendrum C. capense (L. F.) Thunb. Oricia 0. bachmanii (Engl.) Verdoorn Vepris V. undulata (Thunb.) Verdoorn & C.A. Smith Teclea T. natalensis (Sond.) Engl. Clausena C. anisata (Willd) Hook. F. & Benth.
Burseraceae
Commiphora C. harveyi (Engl.) Engl. C. woodii Engl.
Meliaceae
Turraea T. jloribunda Hochst. T. obtusijolia Hochst. Ekebergia E. capensis Sparrm. E. pterophylla (C. DC.) Hofmeyer Trichilia T. dregeana Sond.
Malphighiaceae
Acridocarpus A . natalitius Juss.
Polygalaceae
Polygala P. myrtijolia L.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Continued Species Andrachne A . ovalis (Sond.) Meull . Arg. Heywoodia H. lucens Sims Phyllanthus * P. cedrelijolius Verdoorn P. discoideus (Bail!.) Meull Arg. P. reticula/us Poir. Drypetes D. arguta (Meull. Arg.) Hutch. D . gerrardii Hutch. D. natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. Antidesma A . venosum E . Mey. ex Tul. Bridelia B. micrantha (Hochst.) Bail! Croton C. sylvaticus Hochst. Micrococca M. capensis (Bail!.) Prain Erythrococca E. berberidea Prain Macaranga M. capensis (Bail! .) Benth. Acalypha A. glabrata Thunb. Clutia C. pulchella L. Suregada S. ajricana (Sond.) Kuntze Sapium S. ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax S. integerrium (Hochst.) J. Leonard Euphorbia E. grandidens Haw. E. tetragona Haw. E. tirucalli L. E. triangularis Desf.
Buxaceae
Buxus B. macowanii Oliv. B. natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.
Anacardiaceae
Sclerocarya S. cajjra Hochst. Harpephyllum H. cajjrum Bernh.· Protorhus P. longijolia (Bernh.) Engl. Loxostylis L. alata A. Spreng. ex Reichb. Smodingium S. argutum E . Mey. Rhus R . carnosula Schon!. R. chiridensis Bak. R. erosa Thunb . R. dentata Thunb. R. glauca Thunb. R. gueinzii Sond. R. jastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh. R . jraseri Schon!. R. incisa L. F. R. krebsiana Pres! ex Engl. R . laevigata L. R. longispina Eckl. & Zeyh. R. Iucida L. R . macowanii Schon!. R . microcarpa Schon!. R. montana Diets R. natalensis Bernh.
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk ., 1987, 53(5)
392 Appendix 1
Family
Aquifoliaceae Celastraceae
Icinaceae
Sapindaceae
Ptaeroxylaceae Melanthaceae
Greyiaceae
Appendix 1
Continued Species
R . nebulosa Schon!. R. pentheri Zahlbr. R . pyroidesn Burch. R. tomentosa L. R . undulata Jacq. Ozoroa 0. mucronata (Bernh. ex Krauss) R. & A. Fernandes flex I . mitis (L.) Radlk. Maytenus M. acuminata (L. F.) Loes. M . bachmannii (Loes .) Marais M. heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N.K.B. Robson M. mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Blakelock M. nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh .) Marais M . penducularis (Sond.) Loes. M . procumbens (L. F .) Loes. M. undata (Thunb.) Blakelock Putterlickia P. pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl. P. verrucosa (E . Mey. ex Sond .) Szy. Catha C. edulis (Vahl.) Forsk ex End!. Pterocelastrus P. echinatus N .E. Br. P. rostratus Walb . P. tricuspidatus (Lam .) Sond. Cassine C. aethiopica Thunb. * C. crocea (Thunb.) Kuntze C. eucleiformis (Eckl. & Zeyh .) Kuntze C. papillosa (Hochst.) Kuntze C. peragua L. C. tetragona (L. F .) Loes. Pleurostylia P. capensis (Turcz.) Oliv. Cassinopsis C. ilicijolia (Hochst.) Kuntze C. tinifolia Harv. Apodytes A. dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. Allophylus A . ajricanus Beauv. A . decipiens Radlk. A . dregeanus (Sond.) De Winter A. natalensis (Sond.) De Winter Deinbollia D. oblongifolia (E. Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk. Pappea P. capens Eckl. & Zeyh . Dodonaea D. viscosa Jacq. Hippobrumus H. paucijlorus (L. F .) Radlk. Ptaeroxylon P. obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. Bersama B. lucens (Hochst.) Szylszyl B. staynerii Phil!. B. swinnyi Phill. B. tysoniana Oliv. Greyia G. flanaganii H . Bolus G. sutherlandii Hook . & Harv.
Continued
Family
Species
Rhamnaceae
*
Ziziphus Z. mucronata Wild. Scutia S. myrtina (Burm F .) Kurz Colubrina C. nicholsonii van Wyk & Schrire Rhamnus R. prinoides L'Herit. No/tea N. ajricana (L.) Reichb. F . Phylica P. paniculata Willd.
Vitaceae
Rhoicissus R. digita (L. F .) Gilg & Brandt R . rhomboidea (E. Mey. ex Harv.) Planch. R . tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & Drumn. R. tridenta (L. F.) Wild & Drumn .
Tiliaceae
Sparrmannia S. ajricana L. F. Grewia G. occidentalis L. G. lasiocarpam E. Mey. ex Harv.
Malvaceae
Hibiscus H. diversifolius Jacq. H . tiliaceus L.
Sterculiaceae
Dombeya D. cymosa Harv. D. tiliaceae (End!.) Planch . Cola D . natalensis Oliv.
Ochnaceae
Ochna 0. arborea Burch. ex DC. 0 . holstii Engl. 0. natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. 0. serrulata (Hochst.) Walp .
Clusiaceae
Hypericum H. revolutum Vahl Garcinia G. gerrardii Harv. ex Sim
Violaceae
Rinorea R . angustifolia (Thouars) Bailon
Flacourtiaceae
Rawsonia R . Iucida Harv. & Sond. Xylotheca X . kraussiana Hochst. Kiggelaria K. africana L. Scotopia S. flanaganii (H. Bolus) Sim . S. mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. S. zeyheri (Nees) Harv. Pseudoscolopia * P. polyantha Gilg Gerrardina G. joliosa Oliv. Homalium H. dentatum (Harv.) Warb . H. rujescens (Benth.) Trimeria T. grandifo/ia (Hochst.) Warb. T. trinervis Harv. Dovyalis D. cajjra (Hook. F . & Harv.) Hook. F. D. longispina (Harv.) Warb. D. Iucida T.R. Sim
393
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5)
Appendix 1 Family
Continued Species
D. rhamnoides (Burch ex DC.) Burch. Harv. D. rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv. D. zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. Casearia C. gladiiformis Mast. Oliniaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Lythraceae Rhizophoraceae
Combretaceae
Myrtaceae
Melastomataceae Araliaceae
Apiaceae Cornaceae Ericaceae
Myrsinaceae
Olinia 0. emarginata Burtt Davy 0 . radiata J . Hofmeyer & Phil!. 0. ventosa (L.) Cufod. Peddiea P. africana Harv. Englerodaphne E. natalensis R.A. Dyer & Verdoorn E. pilosa Burtt Davy E. subcodarta (Meisn.) Engl. Passerina P. filiformis L. P. rigida Wikst. Dais D. continifolia L. Rhynchocalyx R. lawsonioides Oliv. Rhizophora R. mucronata Lam. Bruguiera B. gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Cassipourea * C. flanaganii (Shinz.) Alston C. congoensis DC. C. gummiflua Tu!. Combretum C. brachteosum (Hochst.) Brandis C. caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze C. erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond . C. kraussii Hochst. Quisqualis Q. parvijlora Gerr. ex Harv. Eugenia E. erythrophylla Strey * E. capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv. & Sond. Syzygium S. cordatum Hochst. S. guineese subsp. gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook F.) Memecylon M. grandijlorum R. & A. Fernandes Schefflera S. umbellifera (Sond.) Bail!. Cussonia C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. C. sphaerocephala Strey C. spicata Thunb. Seemannaralia S. gerrardii (Seemann) Vig. Heteromorpha H. trifoliata (Wendle) Eckl. & Zeyh. Curtisia C. dentata (Burn F.) C.A. Sm. Erica E. caffra L. E. cajjrorum H. Bol. Maesa M. lanceolata Forsk. Embelia E. ruminata (E. Mey. ex A. DC.) Mez
Appendix 1 Family
Sapotaceae
Continued Species
Myrsine M . africana L. Rapanea R . melanophloes (L.) Mez. Sideroxylon S. inerme L. Chrysophyllum C. viridijolium J .M . Wood & Franks Bequaertiodendron B. natalense (Sond.) Heine & J.H. Hems!. Mimusops M. caffra E. Mey. ex A. DC. M. obovata Sond. Vitellariopsis V. marginata (N.E. Br.) Aubrev
Ebenaceae
Euclea D. crispa (Thunb) Guerke E. natalensis A. DC. E. racemosa Murray Diospyros D. dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter D. lycioides Desf. D. natalensis (Harv.) Brenan D. villosa (L.) De Winter D. scabrida (Harv. ex Hiern) De Winter D. simii (Kuntze) De Winter D. whyteana (Hiern) F. Whiter
Oleaceae
Linociera L. foveolata (E. Mey) Knob! L. peglerae (C.H. Wright) Gilg. & Schellenb. Olea 0 . ajricana Mill. 0. capensis L. 0. woodiana Knob!.
Salvadoraceae
Azima A. tetracantha Lam .
Loganiaceae
Strychnos S. decussata (Pappe) Gilg S. henningsii Gilg S. mitis S. Moore S. spinosa Lam. S. usambarensis Gilg Nuxia N. congesta R. Br. ex Fresen . N. floribunda Benth. Buddleia B. auriculata Benth. B. dysophylla (Benth .) Radlk . B. loricata Leewenberg B. pulchella N.E. Br. B. saligna Willd. B. salviifolia (L.) Lam.
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera A. oblongijolia (Hochst.) Codd A. oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd Carissa C. bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan C. macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. C. wyliei N.E. Br. Gonioma G. kamassi E. mey. Voacanga V. thouarsii Roem & Schult. Rauvolfia R. caffra Sond.
394 Appendix 1 Family
Boraginaceae
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk., 1987, 53(5)
Continued Species
Family
Oncinotis 0 . inandensis Wood & Evans Strophanthus S. speciosus (Ward & Harv .) Reber Cordia C. cajjra Sond. Ehretia E. rigita (Thunb.) Druce
Verbenaceae
Premna P. mooiensis (H. Pearson) Pierper Clerodendrum C. glabrum E . Mey. C. myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke Avicenia A . marina (Forssk) Vierh . Vitex V. obovata E. Mey.
Solanaceae
Solanum S. aculeastrum Dun. S. giganteum Jacq.
Scrophulariaceae
Anastraba A . integerrima E . Mey ex Benth. Bowkeria B. verticil/ala (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Shinz Halleria H. Iucida L.
Bignoniaceae
Tecomaria T. capensis (Thunb.) Spach
Acanthaceae
Schlerochiton S. harveyanus Nees Mackaya M . bella Harv. Duvernoia D. adhatodoides E. Mey. ex Nees
Rubiaceae
Appendix 1
Tarenna T. pavettoides (Harv.) Sim Burche/lia B. bubalina (L. F.) Sim Xeromphis X . monospora (Harv.) Baill .
Asteraceae
Continued Species
Mitriostigma M . axillare Hochst. Gardenia G. amoena Sims G. thunbergii L. F . Rothmannia R . capensis Thunb. R. globosa (Hochst.) Keay Oxyanthus 0. speciosus DC. Tricalysia T. capensis (Meisn.) Sim T. lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy Alberta A. magna E . Mey. Vanguera V. injausta Burch. Canthium C. ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze C. gueinzii Sond. C. inerme (L. F .) Kuntze C. mundianum Cham. & Schlechtd. C. obovatum Klotzsch C. paucijlorum (Klotzsch) Kuntze C. spinosum (Klotzsch) Kuntze Pachystigma P. macrocalyx (Sond.) Robyns Pavetta P. lanceolata Eckl. P. natalensis Sond . P. revoluta Hochst. Psycho tria P. capensis (Eckl.) Vatke Brachylaena B. glabra (L. F.) Druce B. ilicijolia (Lam.) Phill. & Schneick. Tarchonanthus T. camphoratus L. T. trilobus DC. Meta/asia M . muricata (L.) D. Don Chrysanthemoides C. monolijera (L.) Nor!.
387
Analysis of the tree taxa in Transkei C.T. Johnson* and S. Cawe Department of Botany, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Republic of South Africa and Department of Botany, University of Transkei , Private Bag X5092, Umtata, Republic of Transkei
Accepted 17 June 1987 The indigenous forests of Transkei are made up of several basic forest groupings. Of the 1017 tree species (367 genera) recognized for southern Africa, 389 (213 genera) occur in Transkei. There are 3 endemic species and an additional 16 species are rare and threatened. Die inheemse bosse van Transkei word verdeel in 'n aantal basiese bostipes. Van die 1017 boom spesies (367 · genera) wat in suider Afrika herken word, word 389 (213 genera) in Transkei aangetref. Daar is drie endemiese spesies en 'n verdere 16 spesies is uiters skaars en word bedreig . Keywords: Forest composition, Transkei , trees *To whom correspondence should be addressed
Introduction Recent figures (McKenzie 1984) show that the indigenous forest reserves in Transkei (Figure 1) cover a total area of 73,505 ha. The total area of headmen's forests, where the headmen have the authority to supervize the removal of wood, is not known, but forest reserves and headmen's forests may well add up to more than 100 000 ha (Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach 1983). Following Sim (1907), Acocks (1975) and Cawe eta!. (1983) the indigenous forests (Figure 2) can be classified into the following groupings:
Mountain Forest (1) High mountain forest in ravines of the Drakensberg range. (2) Mountain plateau forest along the escarpment and on valleys and mountain slopes of the upper interior plateau. Coastal Forest (1) Undifferentiated forest can be divided into tall closed forest, tall open forest and short closed forest. These structural differences are mainly due to exploitation. (2) Mangrove forest (3) Marsh forest (4) Dune forest. Methods The data for this paper were collected over a period of 5 years (1981-1985) and present a summary of unpublished reports by the two authors (Cawe et a!. 1983. Johnson 1985a, b). During the course of this survey extensive collecting and field studies were undertaken. Herbarium specimens are housed at KEI. To ensure that plants previously collected do not go unnoticed, a number of well-established herbaria were visited and in this manner additional collections were recorded. Other prime sources of data are Von Breitenbach (1974, 1976), Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach (1983), Moll (1981), Moll &
SOUTH AFR ICA
28°
Figure 1 Geographical location of the study area.
highland sourveld
forest
Protea grass-veld
Oohne sourveld
············· thorn-veld
coastal forest dune and 1nangrove forest
Drakensberg range upper pl ateau lower plateau
··- . -. . . --·-··· sea-shan~
Figure 2 Major forest groupings of Transkei in relation to topography.
S.·Afr. Tydskr. Plantk ., 1987, 53(5)
388 Scott (1981), Palgrave (1977), Sim (1907), De Winter eta/. (1978) and the PRECIS list obtained from the Botanical Research Institute. Results and Discussion
Forest types The basic simplicity of composition and structure of the forest leaves room for geographical and ecological variation (Von Breitenbach & Von Breitenbach 1983). In addition, the different combinations of altitude, aspect, slope and soil are responsible for marked variation in canopy height, stand density and species diversity. Mountain forest The mountain forests are found up to an altitude of 1200 m along the southern and eastern edge of the interior mountain plateau. Above these forests there is practically no tree growth, except for Protea roupelliae, P. subvestita and P. caffra on sandstone. These mountain forests show an overall tree diversity of about 130 species of trees. In the areas of Mt. Ayliff and Umzimkhulu there is a predominance of Podocarpus henkelii, P. latifolius, P. falcatus and Ocotea bullata (Von Breitenbach 1983). With the exception of P. henkelii these species are strongly represented in the south-western area (along the Matiwane range). In a number of the heavily utilized forests Xymalos monospora is now dominant. Coastal forest The coastal forest has a relatively high number of species which forms the natural climax up to an altitude of 500 m. North of Port St. Johns the coastal forest has 318 tree species while 226 tree species are found south of Port St Johns. According to Cawe eta/. (1983), the canopy species are: Milletia grandis, M. sutherlandii, Albizia adianthifolia, Drypetes gerrardii, Heywoodia lucens, Phyllanthus jlacourtiodes, Croton sylvaticus, Sideroxylon inerme, Schefjlera umbellifera, Cussonia spicata, Bersama swinnyi, Ekebergia capensis, Trichillia dregeana, Euclea natalensis, Kiggelaria africana, Scotopia zeyheri, Chaetacme aristata, Celtis durandii, Combretum kraussii, Cordia caffra, Commiphora harveyi, C. woodii, Ficus natalensis, Vepris undulata, Zanthoxylum davyi, Z. capense, Protorhus longifolia, R. chirindensis, R. macowanii, Clerodendrum glabrum, Canthium ciliatum, Vangueria esculenta and Rothmania capensis. The sub-canopy trees comprise of the following species: Cassipourea congoensis, Bridelia micrantha, Bequaertiodendron natalense, Allophylus dregeanus and Rothmania globosa. Mangrove forest Mangroves are evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to several unrelated families. The mangrove tree species in Transkei are: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, A vicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. Associated with the mangrove community are Hibiscus tiliaceus, Strelitzia nicolai and Dalbergia armata. Cawe eta/. (1983) report that at Manteku, mangrove vegetation consists of a pure stand of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Swamp forest In swamp forest areas where the soil is poorly drained or water logged, Voacanga thouarsii, Syzygium cordatum and Rauvolfia caffra are the dominant species. However, where drainage improves, the following tree species appear in the canopy: Ficus sur, Halleria Iucida, Rapanea melanophleos, Macaranga capensis, Cassinopsis tinifolia, Allophylus dregea-
nus, Schefjlera umbellifera, !lex mitis and Schrebera alata. In addition, the following tree species are found in the understory: Canthium locupules, C. guenzii, Cussonia thryrsijlora, Cryptocarya Wyliei, Sapium integerrimum, Psoralea caffra, Hibiscus diversifolius, Phyllica paniculata, Myrica serrata, Crotalaria capensis, Protea cajjra, Maesa lanceoalata, Vernonia neocorymbosa, Strelitzia nicolai, Phoenix reclinata and Polygala myrtifolia. Dune forest On the coastal sand dunes, previously established by sandbinding plants such as Ipomoea brasiliensis, Carpobrotus dimidiatus and Scaevola thunbergii, dune forests are found. The edge of the dune forest is made up of the following woody species: Carissa macrocarpa, Strelitzia nicolai, Phoenix reclinata, Clausena anisata, Brachylaena elliptica, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Clerodendron glabrum, Tarchonanthus camphorathus, T. trilobus and Canthium ciliatum, while the canopy is formed by Mimusops caffra (Cawe eta/. 1983). Thorn veld Although not a true forest type, the presence of a high number of tree taxa justifies the inclusion of this vegetation type in the study. Thornveld is characterized by a canopy 2- 4 m high, with Acacia karoo and A. ataxantha as the dominant trees. Other small trees and shrubs commonly found in this community include A . caffra, Diospyros dichrophylla, D. natalensis, D. villosa, Cassia commosa, Solanum ,mauritianum, Brachylaena elliptica, Tricalysia lanceolata, Phyllanthus meyerianus, Maesa lanceolata, and Turrea jloribunda (Acocks 1975; Cawe eta/. 1983).
Floristic composition The angiosperm and gymnosperm flora of Transkei is composed of 160 families, 939 genera and 3332 species (Johnson 1985a). A total of 389 tree species (Appendix 1) are found, representing 80 families and 213 genera. The trees of Transkei only represent 11, 7fl/o of the total flora. Of the tree species, 2,3% are gymnosperms, 2,5% are monocotyledons and 94,7% are dicotyledons. The twelve families possessing the highest number of tree taxa (Table 1) contribute 98 (10,4%) genera and 187 (5,6%) of the total species. The genera constituting the highest number of tree species are: Rhus 22, Maytenus 8, Diospyros 7, Canthium 7, Aloe 6, Ficus 6, Cassine 6, Dovyalis 6, Buddleia 6, Strychnos 5,
Ranking of the 12 families contributing the highest number of tree taxa by genera and species
Table 1 Family
Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Rubiaceae Flacourtiaceae Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Rutaceae Rhamnaceae Celastraceae Sapindaceae Thymelaeaceae Verbenaceae
No. of genera
No. of tree species
15 15 14 10
28 22 25 19 28 10 8 6 21 9 6
7 7
6 6 5
5 4 4
5
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5)
389
Allophylus 5, Acacia 5 and Encepha/artos 5. In addition there are 7 genera each with 4 species, 18 genera each with 3 species, 38 genera each with 2 species, and 137 genera each with 1 species.
Phytogeographical affinities A comparison of selected statistics of the tree taxa of Transkei with that of other major regions (Table 2) clearly indicates that Transkei is relatively rich in tree taxa. The richness is in part due to the migration of subtropical elements southwards. This is made clear in that the greater percentage of the tree taxa recorded show affinities with that of Natal, however 78 species (20, 1f1/o) (Appendix 1) reach their most southern distribution in Transkei. Jubaeopsis caffra and Co/ubrina nicholsonii (0,50/o) are endemic to Transkei and 15 species (3,90/o) (Encephalartos princeps, Aloe speciosa, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Boscia o/eoides, Schotia afra, Umtiza listerana, Euphorbia tetragona, Ozoroa mucronata, Rhus incisa, R. longispina, Greyia jlanaganii, Sparrmannia africana, Eng/eradaphne subcordata, Cassipourea jlanaganii and Combretum caffrum) attain their most northern distribution in Transkei or are restricted to the border region of Transkei and the eastern Cape. These statistics indicate that 24,5f1/o of the tree taxa are either endemic, subtropical or temperate elements that reach their southern or northern limits in Transkei.
Table 2 Selected statistics of tree taxa for parts of southern Africa. (Comparative data are from De Winter et at. 1978, Moll1981, Moll & Scott 1981, Von Breitenbach 1974 and Knight et at. 1982) Number of tree taxa Region Southern Africa Natal Transkei Southern Cape Cape Peninsula
Families
Genera
Species
96 96 80 44 27
367 316 213 73 41
1017 700 389 160 56
Conservation status The status of threatened or rare trees in Transkei is not clear. Of the 389 trees recorded here, 122 were found to be of medicinal use and are currently extensively collected by herbalists (Johnson 1985b). A further 30 are used for timber. Therefore about 1/3 of the trees are utilized and are to a degree threatened. Hall et a/. (1980) lists 17 trees for which the status varies from vulnerable to uncertain. The authors concur with Hall, in stating that Arundinaria tessellata, Encephalartos ghellinckii, E. princeps, E. altensteinii, E. jriderici-guilielm and E. natalensis are rare and vulnerable. These plants are found growing on cliffs or rocky outcrops and are not that easily accessible. Likewise Faurea macnaughtonii, Cassine crocea, Beilschmeidia natalensis and Phyllanthus cedrifolius have seldom been recorded and appear to be rare. On the other hand although the localities of Bauhinia bowkeri, Cassipourea jlanaganii, Cryptocarya wyliei, Jubaeopsis caffra, Eugenia erythrophylla and Pseudoscolopia polyantha are well known, these species are rare. Because Jubaeopsis cajjra and Bauhinia bowkeri are rare endemic species they are checked and monitored regularly. Umtiza /isterana is a rare tree which was collected once by Story, 3,2 km south-east of Kentani. Pegler (1918) who collected extensively in that area did not
record this species, nor did the authors. The senior author had the opportunity of visiting two of the populations of the newly described endemic Colubrina nicho/sonii (VanWyk & Schrire 1986). This evergreen scandent tree which is up to 8 m high occurs in five isolated populations in riverine forest in steep ravines in Pondoland.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their appreciatiOn to Dr B. McKenzie who was always willing to assist and make useful comments. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Harold Kalala, Tammy Sokuto and Anne Hutchings for their competent and willing technical assistance. A special word of thanks to Belinda Ferris for typing the manuscript. We are grateful to the University of Transkei for financial support.
References ACOCKS, J .P .H. 1975. Veld types of South Africa. 2nd edn, Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 40, Government Printer, Pretoria. CAWE, S., GRANGER, E.J. & McKENZIE, B. 1983. A. Reconnaissance vegetation survey of a part of coastal Pondoland. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei (Unpublished). DE WINTER, B., VAHRMEIJER, J. & VON BREITENBACH, F. 1978. The national list of trees. 2nd edn, J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria. HALL, A.V., DE WINTER, M., DE WINTER B. & OOSTERHOUT, S.A.M. 1980. Threatened plants of southern Africa. S.A. National report No. 45. JOHNSON, C.T . 1985a. Survey of the wild flowers of Transkei. Phase I. Report, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei. (Unpublished). JOHNSON, C.T. 1985b. Identification of pharmaceutical plants and traditional medicine in Transkei. Report, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Transkei. KNIGHT, T .M., CROWE, T .M . & SIEGFRIED, W.R. 1982. Distribution and species richness of trees in southern Africa. J. S. Afr. Bot. 48: 455-480. McKENZIE, B. 1984. Ecological consideration of some past and present land use practices in Transkei. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Cape Town. MOLL, E. 1981. Trees of Natal. Univ. of Cape Town. MOLL, E. & SCOTT, L. 1981. Trees and shrubs of the Cape Peninsula. Univ. of Cape Town. PALGRA VE, K.C. 1977. Trees of southern Africa. C . Struik Publishers, Cape Town. PEGLER, A.M. 1918. On the flora of Kentani. Ann. Bot. Herb. 5: 1- 32. SIM, T.R. 1907. The forests and the forest flora of the Cape of Good Hope, Aberdeen, Taylor and Henderson. VAN WYK, A.E. & SCHRIRE, B.D. 1986. A remarkable new species of Colubrina (Rhamnaceae) from Pondoland. S. Afr. J. Bot. 52: 379- 382. VON BREITENBACH, F. 1974. Suid-Kaapse bosse en borne. Staatsdrukker, Pretoria. VON BREITENBACH, F . 1976. Report on a visit to the natural forest of Transkei from 2 September to 3 October 1976. Report to Transkei government (Unpublished). VON BREITENBACH, F. & VON BREITENBACH, J. 1983. Notes on the natural forests of Transkei. J. Drendrology 3: 17-53.
Appendix 1 List of tree taxa found in Transkei. * Indicates species of which the conservation status varies from vulnerable to uncertain and 1 indicates those attaining their most southern distribution Family
Species
Cytheaceae
Cytanthea C. capensis (L. F.) J.E. Sm. C. dregei Kunze
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk. , 1987, 53(5)
390 Appendix 1
Continued
Appendix 1
Species
Family Zamiaceae
1 1
Podocarpaceae
Family
..
Encephalartos · E. alteinsteinii Lehn. E. jriderici-guilielmi Lehn. E. ghellincki Lehn. E. natalensis R.A. Oyer & Verdoon * E. princeps R.A. Dyer Podocarpus P. jalcatus (Thunb .) R.Br. ex Mirb . P. henkelii Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks. P. latijolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb
* * * *
Widdringtonia
Cupressaceae
Continued
W. nodijlora (L.) Powrie
0. mucronata (Bernh.) R. & A. Fernandes Portulacaceae
Portulacaria P. ajra J acq.
Annonaceae
Uvaria U. cajjra E. Mey. ex Sond. Monanthotaxis M. cajjra (Sond.) Verde.
Trimeniaceae Lauraceae
* A. Areaceae
* Liliaceae
Phoenix P. reclinata Jacq. Jubaeopsis J. cajjra Becc. Aloe A . arborescens Mill A. bainesii Dyer A. jerox Mill A. pluridens Haw . A . rupestris Bak. A . speciosa Bak. A. thraskii Bak.
Agavaceae
Dracaena D. hookerana C. Kock.
Strelitziaceae
Strelitzia S. nicolai Regel & Koern.
Piperaceae
Piper P. capense L.
Salicaceae
Salix S. capensis Thunb. S. mucronata Thunb.
Myricaceae
Myrica M. pilulijera Rendle M. serrata Lam .
Ulmaceae
Celtis C. ajricana Burn. F. C. gomphophylla Baker Trema T. orienta/is (L.) Blume Chaetacme C. aristata Planch.
Moraceae
Urticaceae
Proteaceae
Santalaceae
Xymalos X. monospora (Harv.) Baill.
Arundinaria tessellata (Nees) Munro
Poaceae
Species
Ocotea 0. bullata (Buch.) Bail!. 0 . kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns Cryptocarya C. latijolia Sond. C. myrtijolia Stapf C. woodii Engl. * C. wyliei Stapf Beilschmiedia * B. natalensis J.H. Ross
Capparaceae
Bachmannia B. woodii (Oliv.) Gilg Capparis C. sepiaria L. C. tomentosa Lam. Boscia B. oleoides (Burch. ex DC.) Tolken Cadaba C. natalensis Sond. Maerua M. cajra (DC.) Pax M. racemulosa (DC.) Gilg & Ben. M . rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Ben.
Crassulaceae
Crassula C. ovata (Mill.) Druce
Escalloniaceae
Choristylis C. rhamnoides Harv .
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum P. virdijlorum Sims
Cunoniaceae
Cunonia C. capensis L.
Hamamelidaceae
Trichocladus T. crinitus (Thunb .) Pers. T. ellipticus Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Walp
Rosaceae
Leucosidea
Ficus F. bizanae Hutch. & Burtt Davy F. craterostoma Warb. ex. Mildbr. & Burr. F. sur Forssk F. ingens (Miq) Mig. F. natalensis Hochst. F. sonderi Mig.
Chrysobalanaceae
Urera U. cameroonensis Wedd. U. tenax N.E. Br.
Cnestis C. natalensis (Hochst.) Planch . & Son d .
Fabaceae
Albizia A. adianthijolia (Schumach .) W.F. Wight Acacia A. ataxanantha DC. A. brevispica Harms. A . cajjra (Thunb.) Wild. A. karroo Hayne A. kraussiana Meisn. ex Benth. A . robusta Burch. Baphia B. racemosa (Hochst.) Bak. Entada
Fa urea * F. macnaughtonii Phill . F. saligna Harv. Pro tea P. cajjra Meisn. P. roupelliae Meisn. P. subvesta N.E. Br. Leucospermum L. cuneijorme (Burm. F.) Rourke Colpoon C. compressum Berg. Osyris
L. sericea Eckl. & Zeyh.
Prunus P. africana (Hook F.) Kalkm. Clijjortia C. nitidula (Engl.) R.E. & T .C.E . Fries
391
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5) Appendix 1
Family
Continued
Appendix 1
Species
E. spicata (E. Mey.) Druce Schotia S. ajra (L.) Thunb . var. ajra S. brachypetala Sond. S. latifolia Jacq. Umtiza * U. listerama T .R. Sim Bauhinia * B. bowkeri Harv. Caesalpinia C. bonduc (L.) Roxb. Calpurnia C. aurea (Ait.) Benth. Crotalaria C. capensis Jacq. lndigojera /. cylindrica DC. I. natalensis H. Bol. Psoralea P. pinnata L. Milletia M. grandis (E. Mey.) Skeels Sesbania S. sesban (L.) Merr. Dalbergia D. armata E. Mey. D. multijuga E . Mey. D. obovata E . Mey . Erythrina E. cajjra Thunb. E. humeanea Spreng. E. latissima E. Mey . E. lysistemon Hutch. Erythroxylaceae
Nectaropetalum N. capense (H. Bol) Stapf & Boodle Erythroxylum E. emarginatum Thornn. E. pictum E. Mey . ex Sond.
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum Z . capense (Thunb.) Harv. Z. davyi (Verdoorn) Watem. Calodendrum C. capense (L. F.) Thunb. Oricia 0. bachmanii (Engl.) Verdoorn Vepris V. undulata (Thunb.) Verdoorn & C.A. Smith Teclea T. natalensis (Sond.) Engl. Clausena C. anisata (Willd) Hook. F. & Benth.
Burseraceae
Commiphora C. harveyi (Engl.) Engl. C. woodii Engl.
Meliaceae
Turraea T. jloribunda Hochst. T. obtusijolia Hochst. Ekebergia E. capensis Sparrm. E. pterophylla (C. DC.) Hofmeyer Trichilia T. dregeana Sond.
Malphighiaceae
Acridocarpus A . natalitius Juss.
Polygalaceae
Polygala P. myrtijolia L.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Continued Species Andrachne A . ovalis (Sond.) Meull . Arg. Heywoodia H. lucens Sims Phyllanthus * P. cedrelijolius Verdoorn P. discoideus (Bail!.) Meull Arg. P. reticula/us Poir. Drypetes D. arguta (Meull. Arg.) Hutch. D . gerrardii Hutch. D. natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. Antidesma A . venosum E . Mey. ex Tul. Bridelia B. micrantha (Hochst.) Bail! Croton C. sylvaticus Hochst. Micrococca M. capensis (Bail!.) Prain Erythrococca E. berberidea Prain Macaranga M. capensis (Bail! .) Benth. Acalypha A. glabrata Thunb. Clutia C. pulchella L. Suregada S. ajricana (Sond.) Kuntze Sapium S. ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax S. integerrium (Hochst.) J. Leonard Euphorbia E. grandidens Haw. E. tetragona Haw. E. tirucalli L. E. triangularis Desf.
Buxaceae
Buxus B. macowanii Oliv. B. natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.
Anacardiaceae
Sclerocarya S. cajjra Hochst. Harpephyllum H. cajjrum Bernh.· Protorhus P. longijolia (Bernh.) Engl. Loxostylis L. alata A. Spreng. ex Reichb. Smodingium S. argutum E . Mey. Rhus R . carnosula Schon!. R. chiridensis Bak. R. erosa Thunb . R. dentata Thunb. R. glauca Thunb. R. gueinzii Sond. R. jastigiata Eckl. & Zeyh. R . jraseri Schon!. R. incisa L. F. R. krebsiana Pres! ex Engl. R . laevigata L. R. longispina Eckl. & Zeyh. R. Iucida L. R . macowanii Schon!. R . microcarpa Schon!. R. montana Diets R. natalensis Bernh.
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk ., 1987, 53(5)
392 Appendix 1
Family
Aquifoliaceae Celastraceae
Icinaceae
Sapindaceae
Ptaeroxylaceae Melanthaceae
Greyiaceae
Appendix 1
Continued Species
R . nebulosa Schon!. R. pentheri Zahlbr. R . pyroidesn Burch. R. tomentosa L. R . undulata Jacq. Ozoroa 0. mucronata (Bernh. ex Krauss) R. & A. Fernandes flex I . mitis (L.) Radlk. Maytenus M. acuminata (L. F.) Loes. M . bachmannii (Loes .) Marais M. heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N.K.B. Robson M. mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Blakelock M. nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh .) Marais M . penducularis (Sond.) Loes. M . procumbens (L. F .) Loes. M. undata (Thunb.) Blakelock Putterlickia P. pyracantha (L.) Szyszyl. P. verrucosa (E . Mey. ex Sond .) Szy. Catha C. edulis (Vahl.) Forsk ex End!. Pterocelastrus P. echinatus N .E. Br. P. rostratus Walb . P. tricuspidatus (Lam .) Sond. Cassine C. aethiopica Thunb. * C. crocea (Thunb.) Kuntze C. eucleiformis (Eckl. & Zeyh .) Kuntze C. papillosa (Hochst.) Kuntze C. peragua L. C. tetragona (L. F .) Loes. Pleurostylia P. capensis (Turcz.) Oliv. Cassinopsis C. ilicijolia (Hochst.) Kuntze C. tinifolia Harv. Apodytes A. dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. Allophylus A . ajricanus Beauv. A . decipiens Radlk. A . dregeanus (Sond.) De Winter A. natalensis (Sond.) De Winter Deinbollia D. oblongifolia (E. Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk. Pappea P. capens Eckl. & Zeyh . Dodonaea D. viscosa Jacq. Hippobrumus H. paucijlorus (L. F .) Radlk. Ptaeroxylon P. obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. Bersama B. lucens (Hochst.) Szylszyl B. staynerii Phil!. B. swinnyi Phill. B. tysoniana Oliv. Greyia G. flanaganii H . Bolus G. sutherlandii Hook . & Harv.
Continued
Family
Species
Rhamnaceae
*
Ziziphus Z. mucronata Wild. Scutia S. myrtina (Burm F .) Kurz Colubrina C. nicholsonii van Wyk & Schrire Rhamnus R. prinoides L'Herit. No/tea N. ajricana (L.) Reichb. F . Phylica P. paniculata Willd.
Vitaceae
Rhoicissus R. digita (L. F .) Gilg & Brandt R . rhomboidea (E. Mey. ex Harv.) Planch. R . tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & Drumn. R. tridenta (L. F.) Wild & Drumn .
Tiliaceae
Sparrmannia S. ajricana L. F. Grewia G. occidentalis L. G. lasiocarpam E. Mey. ex Harv.
Malvaceae
Hibiscus H. diversifolius Jacq. H . tiliaceus L.
Sterculiaceae
Dombeya D. cymosa Harv. D. tiliaceae (End!.) Planch . Cola D . natalensis Oliv.
Ochnaceae
Ochna 0. arborea Burch. ex DC. 0 . holstii Engl. 0. natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. 0. serrulata (Hochst.) Walp .
Clusiaceae
Hypericum H. revolutum Vahl Garcinia G. gerrardii Harv. ex Sim
Violaceae
Rinorea R . angustifolia (Thouars) Bailon
Flacourtiaceae
Rawsonia R . Iucida Harv. & Sond. Xylotheca X . kraussiana Hochst. Kiggelaria K. africana L. Scotopia S. flanaganii (H. Bolus) Sim . S. mundii (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. S. zeyheri (Nees) Harv. Pseudoscolopia * P. polyantha Gilg Gerrardina G. joliosa Oliv. Homalium H. dentatum (Harv.) Warb . H. rujescens (Benth.) Trimeria T. grandifo/ia (Hochst.) Warb. T. trinervis Harv. Dovyalis D. cajjra (Hook. F . & Harv.) Hook. F. D. longispina (Harv.) Warb. D. Iucida T.R. Sim
393
S. Afr. J . Bot., 1987, 53(5)
Appendix 1 Family
Continued Species
D. rhamnoides (Burch ex DC.) Burch. Harv. D. rotundifolia (Thunb.) Thunb. & Harv. D. zeyheri (Sond.) Warb. Casearia C. gladiiformis Mast. Oliniaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Lythraceae Rhizophoraceae
Combretaceae
Myrtaceae
Melastomataceae Araliaceae
Apiaceae Cornaceae Ericaceae
Myrsinaceae
Olinia 0. emarginata Burtt Davy 0 . radiata J . Hofmeyer & Phil!. 0. ventosa (L.) Cufod. Peddiea P. africana Harv. Englerodaphne E. natalensis R.A. Dyer & Verdoorn E. pilosa Burtt Davy E. subcodarta (Meisn.) Engl. Passerina P. filiformis L. P. rigida Wikst. Dais D. continifolia L. Rhynchocalyx R. lawsonioides Oliv. Rhizophora R. mucronata Lam. Bruguiera B. gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Cassipourea * C. flanaganii (Shinz.) Alston C. congoensis DC. C. gummiflua Tu!. Combretum C. brachteosum (Hochst.) Brandis C. caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze C. erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond . C. kraussii Hochst. Quisqualis Q. parvijlora Gerr. ex Harv. Eugenia E. erythrophylla Strey * E. capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Harv. & Sond. Syzygium S. cordatum Hochst. S. guineese subsp. gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook F.) Memecylon M. grandijlorum R. & A. Fernandes Schefflera S. umbellifera (Sond.) Bail!. Cussonia C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. C. sphaerocephala Strey C. spicata Thunb. Seemannaralia S. gerrardii (Seemann) Vig. Heteromorpha H. trifoliata (Wendle) Eckl. & Zeyh. Curtisia C. dentata (Burn F.) C.A. Sm. Erica E. caffra L. E. cajjrorum H. Bol. Maesa M. lanceolata Forsk. Embelia E. ruminata (E. Mey. ex A. DC.) Mez
Appendix 1 Family
Sapotaceae
Continued Species
Myrsine M . africana L. Rapanea R . melanophloes (L.) Mez. Sideroxylon S. inerme L. Chrysophyllum C. viridijolium J .M . Wood & Franks Bequaertiodendron B. natalense (Sond.) Heine & J.H. Hems!. Mimusops M. caffra E. Mey. ex A. DC. M. obovata Sond. Vitellariopsis V. marginata (N.E. Br.) Aubrev
Ebenaceae
Euclea D. crispa (Thunb) Guerke E. natalensis A. DC. E. racemosa Murray Diospyros D. dichrophylla (Gand.) De Winter D. lycioides Desf. D. natalensis (Harv.) Brenan D. villosa (L.) De Winter D. scabrida (Harv. ex Hiern) De Winter D. simii (Kuntze) De Winter D. whyteana (Hiern) F. Whiter
Oleaceae
Linociera L. foveolata (E. Mey) Knob! L. peglerae (C.H. Wright) Gilg. & Schellenb. Olea 0 . ajricana Mill. 0. capensis L. 0. woodiana Knob!.
Salvadoraceae
Azima A. tetracantha Lam .
Loganiaceae
Strychnos S. decussata (Pappe) Gilg S. henningsii Gilg S. mitis S. Moore S. spinosa Lam. S. usambarensis Gilg Nuxia N. congesta R. Br. ex Fresen . N. floribunda Benth. Buddleia B. auriculata Benth. B. dysophylla (Benth .) Radlk . B. loricata Leewenberg B. pulchella N.E. Br. B. saligna Willd. B. salviifolia (L.) Lam.
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera A. oblongijolia (Hochst.) Codd A. oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd Carissa C. bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan C. macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. C. wyliei N.E. Br. Gonioma G. kamassi E. mey. Voacanga V. thouarsii Roem & Schult. Rauvolfia R. caffra Sond.
394 Appendix 1 Family
Boraginaceae
S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk., 1987, 53(5)
Continued Species
Family
Oncinotis 0 . inandensis Wood & Evans Strophanthus S. speciosus (Ward & Harv .) Reber Cordia C. cajjra Sond. Ehretia E. rigita (Thunb.) Druce
Verbenaceae
Premna P. mooiensis (H. Pearson) Pierper Clerodendrum C. glabrum E . Mey. C. myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke Avicenia A . marina (Forssk) Vierh . Vitex V. obovata E. Mey.
Solanaceae
Solanum S. aculeastrum Dun. S. giganteum Jacq.
Scrophulariaceae
Anastraba A . integerrima E . Mey ex Benth. Bowkeria B. verticil/ala (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Shinz Halleria H. Iucida L.
Bignoniaceae
Tecomaria T. capensis (Thunb.) Spach
Acanthaceae
Schlerochiton S. harveyanus Nees Mackaya M . bella Harv. Duvernoia D. adhatodoides E. Mey. ex Nees
Rubiaceae
Appendix 1
Tarenna T. pavettoides (Harv.) Sim Burche/lia B. bubalina (L. F.) Sim Xeromphis X . monospora (Harv.) Baill .
Asteraceae
Continued Species
Mitriostigma M . axillare Hochst. Gardenia G. amoena Sims G. thunbergii L. F . Rothmannia R . capensis Thunb. R. globosa (Hochst.) Keay Oxyanthus 0. speciosus DC. Tricalysia T. capensis (Meisn.) Sim T. lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy Alberta A. magna E . Mey. Vanguera V. injausta Burch. Canthium C. ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze C. gueinzii Sond. C. inerme (L. F .) Kuntze C. mundianum Cham. & Schlechtd. C. obovatum Klotzsch C. paucijlorum (Klotzsch) Kuntze C. spinosum (Klotzsch) Kuntze Pachystigma P. macrocalyx (Sond.) Robyns Pavetta P. lanceolata Eckl. P. natalensis Sond . P. revoluta Hochst. Psycho tria P. capensis (Eckl.) Vatke Brachylaena B. glabra (L. F.) Druce B. ilicijolia (Lam.) Phill. & Schneick. Tarchonanthus T. camphoratus L. T. trilobus DC. Meta/asia M . muricata (L.) D. Don Chrysanthemoides C. monolijera (L.) Nor!.