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Anatomical Development of White Chinese Geese1
Anatomical Development of White Chinese Geese1 R. H. ROBEESON AND D . W. FEANCIS
New Mexico State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, University Park, New Mexico (Received for publication November 2, 1964)
T
(Roberson and Francis, 1963) and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Five male and five female geese were chosen at random from the flock, weighed, killed by dislocation of the neck, and frozen in plastic bags for anatomical study. Samples of geese were taken at four and eight weeks of age and at bi-weekly intervals to 22 weeks of age. The geese were removed from the freezer, thawed, and the organs removed, lightly blotted, and measured. The left shank, keel, and left wing from shoulder to tip (excluding feathers) were measured for length. The breast, excluding the skin and feathers, was removed and weighed. Total viscera was removed and weighed. The gut length included the intestine from the gizzard to the ceca. The large intestine was measured from the ceca to the anus. The pancreas, thyroid, heart, liver, spleen, testis, ovary, adrenal, and bursa were removed in toto and weighed. The abdominal fat was the fat in the ventral part of the body cavity but excluding visceral fat. The gizzard was washed free of contents and weighed. All measurements were adjusted to 100 grams of body weight.
PROCEDURE
Day-old White Chinese goslings of both sexes were brooded with conventional gas brooders on pine shaving litter. The goslings were allowed free access to outside runs after the first week. Pelleted feed 1 Journal Article 223, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results are in Tables 1,2,3 and 4. The maximum shank and wing lengths of both sexes were reached by the eighth week and were variable therafter. The adjusted shank and wing lengths of both sexes declined throughout the 2 2-week period. The breast weight increased rapidly after maximum wing length was attained
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Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 2, 2015
HE growth rates of ducks and geese are very similar but are strikingly different from those of turkeys, chickens, and pheasants. Geese have very rapid early growth and attain a large portion of mature weight early in life while turkeys and chickens grow at a more moderate rate for a longer period of time (Milby and Henderson, 1937). Snyder and Orr (1953) found that geese processed at 10 to 12 weeks of age produced acceptable yields. Swanson and Canfield (1955) reported that yields of edible meat from geese 8 to 16^ weeks of age were comparable. Bean and Hanson (1962) indicated that the yield of a light breed of geese (White Chinese) increased markedly between 8 and 10 weeks of age, then remained relatively constant. Deskins and Winter (1956) observed that the carcass yields of geese from 7 to 13 pounds averaged 71.5% of live weight. Roberson and Francis (1963) found carcass yields of 72% with little difference between geese processed at 16 and 18 weeks of age. The experiment reported here was conducted to study the anatomical development of rapidly growing White Chinese geese.
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R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS TABLE 1.—Organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Absolute values—Average of five birds)
Body Age (Wks.) Weight gm.
Left Shank mm.
Keel mm.
Left Wing cm.
Shank & Foot gm.
Breast gm.
Small Total Cecum Viscera Intestine gm. gm. gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
84.2 98.0 98.3 100.6 97.6 105.1 99.8 99.3 98.4
73.3 114.0 132.0 142.2 153.0 152.0 146.0 157.0 151.0
22.22 45.53 45.85 45.98 45.60 45.09 44.83 45.47 45.94
37.0 57.3 57.3 58.5 65.9 66.6 64.0 66.0 64.5
41.1 217.1 333.6 515.8 583.1 733.5 583.7 620.9 711.4
257.9 413.9 430.2 576.5 604.2 557.0 640.5 569.5 662.9
70.70 193.00 212.90 215.90 228.10 216.80 202.18 196.98 210.82
16.76 20.13 20.45 20.58 20.07 20.54 20.70 17.65 20.32
13.20 16.13 16.13 16.51 14.99 16.51 15.49 15.11 16.93
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
79.1 89.9 91.4 91.5 90.9 97.1 91.2 92.9 91.5
65.2 106.3 123.2 132.0 132.0 142.0 142.0 142.0 147.0
20.95 42.35 43.28 36.52 42.55 44.03 41.15 41.79 42.54
29.3 47.6 51.6 53.2 52.6 54.7 51.8 52.0 54.6
39.1 177.8 319.0 453.8 444.8 540.5 518.8 509.2 556.3
252.3 369.0 396.5 549.4 554.0 543.8 641.4 550.3 670.1
177.03 202.95 214.90 223.10 221.49 207.43 202.69 196.85 207.42
16.13 18.09 20.00 16.62 19.56 19.26 18.67 17.40 18.41
13.46 16.38 15.56 15.66 14.10 13.76 14.48 15.37 15.24
Large Intestine cm.
at eight weeks and continued to 22 weeks. The adjusted breast weight increased to 16 weeks and levelled off or declined slightly. The inferior breast development of geese
early in life precludes the use of this bird for meat at a young age even though body weight and carcass yields may be adequate. Keel length of both sexes increased
TABLE 2.—Adjusted organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Average of five birds) Body Weight gm.
Left Shank mm.
Keel mm.
Left Wing cm.
Shank &Foot gm.
Breast gm.
Total Viscera gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
5.8 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.0
5.00 3.84 4.06 3.39 3.33 3.06 3.16 3.68 3.29
1.51 1.54 1.41 1.10 .99 .92 1.29 1.07 .94
2.51 1.93 1.77 1.40 1.43 1.32 1.37 1.54 1.32
3.20 7.28 10.20 12.30 12.60 14.60 12.60 14.60 14.50
18.29 14.00 13.20 13.70 13.00 11.03 13.70 13.40 14.00
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
6.6 3.4 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2
5.40 4.07 4.16 3.15 3.50 3.65 3.79 3.69 3.48
1.71 1.62 1.48 1.17 1.13 1.13 1.10 1.09 1.01
2.42 1.82 1.75 1.42 1.39 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.22
3.20 7.53 10.80 9.10 11.80 13.90 13.80 13.30 13.20
20.85 14.10 15.10 14.40 14.70 14.00 17.10 14.00 15.90
Age (Wks.)
* Average of three birds.
Small Intestine cm.
Cecum cm.
Large Intestine cm.
12.32 6.52 6.57 5.10 4.95 4.38 4.39 4.62 4.31
1.15 .68 .63 .49 .44 .42 .45 .41 .42
1.07 .55 .50 .39 .33 .33 .33 .36 .35
14.68 7.96 7.30 6.21 5.86 5.33 5.40 5.12 4.96
1.35 .69 .66 .52 .52 .49 .50 .45 .44
1.13 .63 .53 .42 .37 .35 .39 .40 .36
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* Average of three birds.
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ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEESE TABLE 3.—Organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Absolute values, average of Jive birds) Body PanAge Weight creas (Wks.) gm. gm.
Abdominal Fat gm.
Thyroid mg.
Heart gm.
Liver gm.
Spleen gm.
Adrenal mg.
Testis mg.
Gizzard gm.
Bursa mg.
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
6.96 8.57 10.34 11.29 10.38 10.93 9.30 7.88 8.28
14.6 57.1 62.2 93.1 116.9 169.1 172.3 150.2 182.9
136.6 241.0 244.0 262.8 309.0 321.0 359.0 276.0 258.7
9.04 20.52 26.01 32.18 35.60 37.70 38.39 35.00 38.74
42.85 1,279.8 54.82 1,609.0 61.54 1,780.0 85.72 3,732.0 107.10 3,038.0 88.60 3,890.0 79.61 2,698.0 65.50 1,586.0 83.28 2,206.7
83.1 116.4 125.4 123.9 141.0 137.7 129.9 128.3 112.5
32.0 86.8 128.8 259.0 664.0 3,910.0 2,364.0 3,671.0 5,886.6
245.0 1,365.4 403.0 2,386.0 454.0 2,197.0 474.0 1,942.0 569.0 1,984.0 610.0 1,477.0 590.0 1,239.0 473.0 503.0 678.7 576.0
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
5.83 9.12 8.50 9.52 9.73 8.51 8.31 7.93 6.47
12.9 49.2 44.7 97.2 100.6 116.0 180.6 155.0 180.1
98.2 180.0 187.7 234.8 227.0 279.0 252.0 208.0 207.3
8.01 18.66 17.74 22.23 30.17 31.24 30.16 28.79 33.14
989.0 39.57 52.52 1,776.0 57.67 1,481.0 84.05 1,560.0 104.20 1,706.0 82.70 3,233.0 78.10 2,076.0 62.95 1,838.0 66.50 2,157.0
69.96 99.70 121.70 132.20 123.60 116.20 111.60 106.70 133.10
150.2 340.4 449.0 497.7 635.0 1,368.0 1,061.0 1,065.0 6,853.0
229.2 361.6 388.5 408.2 421.0 436.0 487.0 459.0 356.0
862.2 1,714.0 1,715.0 2,203.3 1,930.0 1,080.0 1,291.0 898.0 1,081.0
* Average of three birds.
to 14 or 16 weeks and remained rather constant therafter. Adjusted keel length of both sexes declined throughout the growing period. Total visceral weight increased TABLE 4.—.
with age but the adjusted visceral weight for both sexes declined to the 10th week, then remained relatively constant. The weight of the foot and shank of both sexes
organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Average of five birds)
Body Age Weight (Wks.) gm.
Pancreas gm.
Abdominal Fat gm.
Thyroid mg.
Heart gm.
Liver gm.
Spleen Gizzard gm. gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
.478 1.289 .318 .264 .224 .224 .201 .186 .169
.98 1.92 1.87 2.21 2.49 3.22 3.71 3.55 3.73
9.38 8.15 7.57 6.30 6.69 6.51 7.81 6.29 5.25
.611 .691 .790 .767 .761 .758 .827 .818 .788
2.94 1.85 1.89 2.04 2.33 1.77 1.69 1.54 1.70
88.72 54.40 58.74 88.64 66.16 75.49 58.04 46.23 45.60
5.65 3.94 3.88 2.96 3.24 2.72 2.79 2.98 2.30
2.16 2.92 4.00 6.12 13.95 79.19 52.29 84.11 148.00
16.78 91.83 13.60 79.80 13.87 68.37 11.30 46.18 16.07 42.05 12.44 30.61 12.97 26.32 11.74 12.25 11.77 13.90
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
.485 .347 .286 .254 .258 .219 .220 .204 .154
.98 1.88 1.50 2.56 2.66 2.98 4.85 3.83 4.25
8.19 6.90 6.31 6.25 6.02 7.16 6.75 5.37 5.01
.654 .712 .654 .858 .798 .803 .805 .744 .785
3.27 2.00 1.95 2.24 2.76 2.13 2.03 1.67 1.58
80.78 69.10 49.60 41.38 50.24 82.96 55.74 47.20 50.97
5.76 3.80 3.70 3.52 3.27 2.17 2.96 2.78 3.20
12.16 13.10 15.39 13.22 16.84 29.29 32.77 26.72 175.27
18.76 69.89 14.00 65.60 13.21 58.42 10.92 58.24 11.18 58.89 11.22 27.71 13.00 34.08 12.21 24.20 8.46 25.40
* Average of three birds.
Testis Adrenal Bursa mg. mg. mg.
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Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
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R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS
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was maximum by the 14th to 16th week of 14 weeks for males and 4 weeks for feage. Adjusted weight of foot and shank of males. The absolute and adjusted bursa of both sexes declined with age. The maxi- Fabricius weight declined with age for mum length of ceca and large intestine for both sexes. both sexes was reached by the 8th week of SUMMARY age. The length of the small intestine increased to 14 weeks of age for males and Growing goslings were killed at 4 and 8 12 weeks for females. Adjusted length of weeks of age and at two week intervals small intestine, cecum, and large intestine thereafter to 22 weeks of age. Organs were declined for both sexes with increasing age. measured or weighed and adjusted to body Absolute and adjusted abdominal fat for weight. Maximum length of the shank, both sexes increased with age. The abso- keel, small intestine, cecum, large intestine lute thyroid weight increased through the and wing, and maximum weight of gizzard, 16th week for females and 18th week for spleen, and pancreas were reached early in males, and the adjusted thyroid weight de- life. There was a general increase in body clined except for a rather sharp increase weight and weight of the breast, total visat the 18th week for males and 16th cera, abdominal fat, testes and ovary with week for females. Absolute heart weight in- age. The thyroid, gizzard, liver, and adrecreased with increase in age for males and nals increased in weight to 12 or 14 weeks females. Adjusted heart weight reached a of age and generally declined thereafter. maximum at 12 weeks for females and 18 Extensive breast development did not weeks for males then declined. Liver weight occur until after the wings had reached for both sexes increased to 14 weeks then maximum length at 8 weeks. This would generally declined for both sexes. Adjusted preclude the slaughter of geese at early liver weight was high at four weeks, declined age. drastically at eight weeks, increased to fourAdjusted length of shank, keel, wing, teen weeks then generally declined there- small intestine, cecum, and large intestine, after. Gizzard weight increased to 14 weeks and adjusted weight of total viscera, panfor males and 12 weeks for females then creas, thyroid, liver, spleen, gizzard, adregenerally declined. nal, and bursa generally declined with age. Spleen weight was quite variable but Adjusted weight of the breast, abdominal generally increased to 12 or 14 weeks then fat, testes, and ovaries increased with age. declined for both sexes. Adjusted spleen weight generally declined with increase in REFERENCES age of bird. Bean, R. C , and H. L. Hanson, 1962. Utilization of geese. 1. Tenderness and yield. PoulTestes weight increased with increasing try Sci. 4 1 : 236-242. age with great increases at 16 weeks and Deskins, B., and A. R. Winter, 1956. Cooked, 22 weeks of age. Although adjusted testes edible meat in parts of poultry. II. Geese. weight was variable it increased with age. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 32: 211-213. The weight of the ovaries usually increased Milby, T. T., and E. W. Henderson, 1937. The with age. Adjusted ovary weight increased comparative growth rate of turkeys, ducks, geese and pheasants. Poultry Sci. 16: 155—165. with age but was variable. Maximum adrenal weight was at 14 Roberson, R. H., and D. W. Francis, 1963. The effect of protein and energy levels of the raweeks for males and 16 weeks for females. tion on carcass characteristics of White ChiAdjusted adrenal weights generally denese geese. Poultry Sci. 42: 872-875. clined with age with high weights at 4 and Snyder, E. S., and H. L. Orr, 1953. Market
ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEESE possibilities and yields of goslings dressed at various ages. Poultry Sci. 32: 181-182. Swanson, M. H., and T. H. Canfield, 1955. Dress-
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ing losses, and cooking losses and yields of edible meat from young geese. Poultry Sci. 34: 1223.
Livability and Growth of Chicks from the First Through the Eleventh Day of Age When Force Fed a Chemically Synthetic, Water Soluble Diet
(Received for publication November 2, 1964)
INTRODUCTION limits, mortality would occur from excesREENSTEIN et al. (1956) using the sive dehydration. rat as the experimental animal was It was the purpose of this investigation the first to successfully feed a chemically to determine whether chicks could be made synthetic, water soluble diet. Gains of to live for a reasonable length of time (10 three to five grams per rat per day were days) on a water soluble, chemically synobtained for the first six months of the ani- thetic diet and to more clearly define the mal's life. In later work, Greenstein et al. conditions of diet administration necessary (1957) fed the same synthetic diet through to achieve the maximum rate of growth three generations of rats and observed, in during this period. addition to growth, satisfactory mating MATERIALS AND METHODS and reproduction. Three trials were conducted with eight Early chick studies (Fell, 1959) using Greenstein's diet showed it to be toxic to chicks per trial using day old straight run chicks to the fourteenth day of age. How- broiler type chicks which had been fed ever, Pipkin (1962) by altering the amino only water until being placed on experiacid, vitamin and mineral components of ment. After hatching and during the feedGreenstein's diet was able to successfully ing trials each chick was held in a separate force-feed a water soluble, chemically syn- wire cage, which along with seven other thetic diet to the chick and obtain livabili- chicks in separate pens were maintained in ty through seventy-two hours of age. The a controlled temperature compartment diet was altered to closely conform to the with optimum environmental conditions. nutrient composition of the free-amino The day after hatching diet tubes were inacid, dry type diets successfully fed ad li- serted into the crop of the chick by the bitum to chicks by Klain et al. (1958) and technique employed by Pipkin (1962) and Greene (1959). Pipkin (1962) concluded the diet was administered by a peristaltic that dietary osmotic pressure was the most pump. The pump consisted of a custom critical factor concerned with the accep- made pump unit with two TM 11 Sigmatance of the diet and that unless both con- motor pump head (Singamotor, Middlecentration of solids and rate of solids ad- port, New York) with one head on each ministration were adjusted within tolerable side of the motor. Each TM-11 head was
G
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CHARLES JOHNSTON AND JAMES C. GRAY Department of Poultry Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
New Mexico State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, University Park, New Mexico (Received for publication November 2, 1964)
T
(Roberson and Francis, 1963) and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Five male and five female geese were chosen at random from the flock, weighed, killed by dislocation of the neck, and frozen in plastic bags for anatomical study. Samples of geese were taken at four and eight weeks of age and at bi-weekly intervals to 22 weeks of age. The geese were removed from the freezer, thawed, and the organs removed, lightly blotted, and measured. The left shank, keel, and left wing from shoulder to tip (excluding feathers) were measured for length. The breast, excluding the skin and feathers, was removed and weighed. Total viscera was removed and weighed. The gut length included the intestine from the gizzard to the ceca. The large intestine was measured from the ceca to the anus. The pancreas, thyroid, heart, liver, spleen, testis, ovary, adrenal, and bursa were removed in toto and weighed. The abdominal fat was the fat in the ventral part of the body cavity but excluding visceral fat. The gizzard was washed free of contents and weighed. All measurements were adjusted to 100 grams of body weight.
PROCEDURE
Day-old White Chinese goslings of both sexes were brooded with conventional gas brooders on pine shaving litter. The goslings were allowed free access to outside runs after the first week. Pelleted feed 1 Journal Article 223, Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, University Park, New Mexico.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results are in Tables 1,2,3 and 4. The maximum shank and wing lengths of both sexes were reached by the eighth week and were variable therafter. The adjusted shank and wing lengths of both sexes declined throughout the 2 2-week period. The breast weight increased rapidly after maximum wing length was attained
835
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on June 2, 2015
HE growth rates of ducks and geese are very similar but are strikingly different from those of turkeys, chickens, and pheasants. Geese have very rapid early growth and attain a large portion of mature weight early in life while turkeys and chickens grow at a more moderate rate for a longer period of time (Milby and Henderson, 1937). Snyder and Orr (1953) found that geese processed at 10 to 12 weeks of age produced acceptable yields. Swanson and Canfield (1955) reported that yields of edible meat from geese 8 to 16^ weeks of age were comparable. Bean and Hanson (1962) indicated that the yield of a light breed of geese (White Chinese) increased markedly between 8 and 10 weeks of age, then remained relatively constant. Deskins and Winter (1956) observed that the carcass yields of geese from 7 to 13 pounds averaged 71.5% of live weight. Roberson and Francis (1963) found carcass yields of 72% with little difference between geese processed at 16 and 18 weeks of age. The experiment reported here was conducted to study the anatomical development of rapidly growing White Chinese geese.
836
R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS TABLE 1.—Organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Absolute values—Average of five birds)
Body Age (Wks.) Weight gm.
Left Shank mm.
Keel mm.
Left Wing cm.
Shank & Foot gm.
Breast gm.
Small Total Cecum Viscera Intestine gm. gm. gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
84.2 98.0 98.3 100.6 97.6 105.1 99.8 99.3 98.4
73.3 114.0 132.0 142.2 153.0 152.0 146.0 157.0 151.0
22.22 45.53 45.85 45.98 45.60 45.09 44.83 45.47 45.94
37.0 57.3 57.3 58.5 65.9 66.6 64.0 66.0 64.5
41.1 217.1 333.6 515.8 583.1 733.5 583.7 620.9 711.4
257.9 413.9 430.2 576.5 604.2 557.0 640.5 569.5 662.9
70.70 193.00 212.90 215.90 228.10 216.80 202.18 196.98 210.82
16.76 20.13 20.45 20.58 20.07 20.54 20.70 17.65 20.32
13.20 16.13 16.13 16.51 14.99 16.51 15.49 15.11 16.93
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
79.1 89.9 91.4 91.5 90.9 97.1 91.2 92.9 91.5
65.2 106.3 123.2 132.0 132.0 142.0 142.0 142.0 147.0
20.95 42.35 43.28 36.52 42.55 44.03 41.15 41.79 42.54
29.3 47.6 51.6 53.2 52.6 54.7 51.8 52.0 54.6
39.1 177.8 319.0 453.8 444.8 540.5 518.8 509.2 556.3
252.3 369.0 396.5 549.4 554.0 543.8 641.4 550.3 670.1
177.03 202.95 214.90 223.10 221.49 207.43 202.69 196.85 207.42
16.13 18.09 20.00 16.62 19.56 19.26 18.67 17.40 18.41
13.46 16.38 15.56 15.66 14.10 13.76 14.48 15.37 15.24
Large Intestine cm.
at eight weeks and continued to 22 weeks. The adjusted breast weight increased to 16 weeks and levelled off or declined slightly. The inferior breast development of geese
early in life precludes the use of this bird for meat at a young age even though body weight and carcass yields may be adequate. Keel length of both sexes increased
TABLE 2.—Adjusted organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Average of five birds) Body Weight gm.
Left Shank mm.
Keel mm.
Left Wing cm.
Shank &Foot gm.
Breast gm.
Total Viscera gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
5.8 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.0
5.00 3.84 4.06 3.39 3.33 3.06 3.16 3.68 3.29
1.51 1.54 1.41 1.10 .99 .92 1.29 1.07 .94
2.51 1.93 1.77 1.40 1.43 1.32 1.37 1.54 1.32
3.20 7.28 10.20 12.30 12.60 14.60 12.60 14.60 14.50
18.29 14.00 13.20 13.70 13.00 11.03 13.70 13.40 14.00
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
6.6 3.4 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2
5.40 4.07 4.16 3.15 3.50 3.65 3.79 3.69 3.48
1.71 1.62 1.48 1.17 1.13 1.13 1.10 1.09 1.01
2.42 1.82 1.75 1.42 1.39 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.22
3.20 7.53 10.80 9.10 11.80 13.90 13.80 13.30 13.20
20.85 14.10 15.10 14.40 14.70 14.00 17.10 14.00 15.90
Age (Wks.)
* Average of three birds.
Small Intestine cm.
Cecum cm.
Large Intestine cm.
12.32 6.52 6.57 5.10 4.95 4.38 4.39 4.62 4.31
1.15 .68 .63 .49 .44 .42 .45 .41 .42
1.07 .55 .50 .39 .33 .33 .33 .36 .35
14.68 7.96 7.30 6.21 5.86 5.33 5.40 5.12 4.96
1.35 .69 .66 .52 .52 .49 .50 .45 .44
1.13 .63 .53 .42 .37 .35 .39 .40 .36
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* Average of three birds.
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ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEESE TABLE 3.—Organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Absolute values, average of Jive birds) Body PanAge Weight creas (Wks.) gm. gm.
Abdominal Fat gm.
Thyroid mg.
Heart gm.
Liver gm.
Spleen gm.
Adrenal mg.
Testis mg.
Gizzard gm.
Bursa mg.
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
6.96 8.57 10.34 11.29 10.38 10.93 9.30 7.88 8.28
14.6 57.1 62.2 93.1 116.9 169.1 172.3 150.2 182.9
136.6 241.0 244.0 262.8 309.0 321.0 359.0 276.0 258.7
9.04 20.52 26.01 32.18 35.60 37.70 38.39 35.00 38.74
42.85 1,279.8 54.82 1,609.0 61.54 1,780.0 85.72 3,732.0 107.10 3,038.0 88.60 3,890.0 79.61 2,698.0 65.50 1,586.0 83.28 2,206.7
83.1 116.4 125.4 123.9 141.0 137.7 129.9 128.3 112.5
32.0 86.8 128.8 259.0 664.0 3,910.0 2,364.0 3,671.0 5,886.6
245.0 1,365.4 403.0 2,386.0 454.0 2,197.0 474.0 1,942.0 569.0 1,984.0 610.0 1,477.0 590.0 1,239.0 473.0 503.0 678.7 576.0
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
5.83 9.12 8.50 9.52 9.73 8.51 8.31 7.93 6.47
12.9 49.2 44.7 97.2 100.6 116.0 180.6 155.0 180.1
98.2 180.0 187.7 234.8 227.0 279.0 252.0 208.0 207.3
8.01 18.66 17.74 22.23 30.17 31.24 30.16 28.79 33.14
989.0 39.57 52.52 1,776.0 57.67 1,481.0 84.05 1,560.0 104.20 1,706.0 82.70 3,233.0 78.10 2,076.0 62.95 1,838.0 66.50 2,157.0
69.96 99.70 121.70 132.20 123.60 116.20 111.60 106.70 133.10
150.2 340.4 449.0 497.7 635.0 1,368.0 1,061.0 1,065.0 6,853.0
229.2 361.6 388.5 408.2 421.0 436.0 487.0 459.0 356.0
862.2 1,714.0 1,715.0 2,203.3 1,930.0 1,080.0 1,291.0 898.0 1,081.0
* Average of three birds.
to 14 or 16 weeks and remained rather constant therafter. Adjusted keel length of both sexes declined throughout the growing period. Total visceral weight increased TABLE 4.—.
with age but the adjusted visceral weight for both sexes declined to the 10th week, then remained relatively constant. The weight of the foot and shank of both sexes
organ weights and measurements of growing geese at different ages (Average of five birds)
Body Age Weight (Wks.) gm.
Pancreas gm.
Abdominal Fat gm.
Thyroid mg.
Heart gm.
Liver gm.
Spleen Gizzard gm. gm.
Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
1,480 2,968 3,272 4,193 4,630 5,042 4,642 4,315 4,900
.478 1.289 .318 .264 .224 .224 .201 .186 .169
.98 1.92 1.87 2.21 2.49 3.22 3.71 3.55 3.73
9.38 8.15 7.57 6.30 6.69 6.51 7.81 6.29 5.25
.611 .691 .790 .767 .761 .758 .827 .818 .788
2.94 1.85 1.89 2.04 2.33 1.77 1.69 1.54 1.70
88.72 54.40 58.74 88.64 66.16 75.49 58.04 46.23 45.60
5.65 3.94 3.88 2.96 3.24 2.72 2.79 2.98 2.30
2.16 2.92 4.00 6.12 13.95 79.19 52.29 84.11 148.00
16.78 91.83 13.60 79.80 13.87 68.37 11.30 46.18 16.07 42.05 12.44 30.61 12.97 26.32 11.74 12.25 11.77 13.90
Female 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
1,224 2,624 2,797 3,762 3,775 3,891 3,763 3,893 4,213
.485 .347 .286 .254 .258 .219 .220 .204 .154
.98 1.88 1.50 2.56 2.66 2.98 4.85 3.83 4.25
8.19 6.90 6.31 6.25 6.02 7.16 6.75 5.37 5.01
.654 .712 .654 .858 .798 .803 .805 .744 .785
3.27 2.00 1.95 2.24 2.76 2.13 2.03 1.67 1.58
80.78 69.10 49.60 41.38 50.24 82.96 55.74 47.20 50.97
5.76 3.80 3.70 3.52 3.27 2.17 2.96 2.78 3.20
12.16 13.10 15.39 13.22 16.84 29.29 32.77 26.72 175.27
18.76 69.89 14.00 65.60 13.21 58.42 10.92 58.24 11.18 58.89 11.22 27.71 13.00 34.08 12.21 24.20 8.46 25.40
* Average of three birds.
Testis Adrenal Bursa mg. mg. mg.
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Male 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20* 22
838
R . H . ROBERSON AND D . W . FRANCIS
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was maximum by the 14th to 16th week of 14 weeks for males and 4 weeks for feage. Adjusted weight of foot and shank of males. The absolute and adjusted bursa of both sexes declined with age. The maxi- Fabricius weight declined with age for mum length of ceca and large intestine for both sexes. both sexes was reached by the 8th week of SUMMARY age. The length of the small intestine increased to 14 weeks of age for males and Growing goslings were killed at 4 and 8 12 weeks for females. Adjusted length of weeks of age and at two week intervals small intestine, cecum, and large intestine thereafter to 22 weeks of age. Organs were declined for both sexes with increasing age. measured or weighed and adjusted to body Absolute and adjusted abdominal fat for weight. Maximum length of the shank, both sexes increased with age. The abso- keel, small intestine, cecum, large intestine lute thyroid weight increased through the and wing, and maximum weight of gizzard, 16th week for females and 18th week for spleen, and pancreas were reached early in males, and the adjusted thyroid weight de- life. There was a general increase in body clined except for a rather sharp increase weight and weight of the breast, total visat the 18th week for males and 16th cera, abdominal fat, testes and ovary with week for females. Absolute heart weight in- age. The thyroid, gizzard, liver, and adrecreased with increase in age for males and nals increased in weight to 12 or 14 weeks females. Adjusted heart weight reached a of age and generally declined thereafter. maximum at 12 weeks for females and 18 Extensive breast development did not weeks for males then declined. Liver weight occur until after the wings had reached for both sexes increased to 14 weeks then maximum length at 8 weeks. This would generally declined for both sexes. Adjusted preclude the slaughter of geese at early liver weight was high at four weeks, declined age. drastically at eight weeks, increased to fourAdjusted length of shank, keel, wing, teen weeks then generally declined there- small intestine, cecum, and large intestine, after. Gizzard weight increased to 14 weeks and adjusted weight of total viscera, panfor males and 12 weeks for females then creas, thyroid, liver, spleen, gizzard, adregenerally declined. nal, and bursa generally declined with age. Spleen weight was quite variable but Adjusted weight of the breast, abdominal generally increased to 12 or 14 weeks then fat, testes, and ovaries increased with age. declined for both sexes. Adjusted spleen weight generally declined with increase in REFERENCES age of bird. Bean, R. C , and H. L. Hanson, 1962. Utilization of geese. 1. Tenderness and yield. PoulTestes weight increased with increasing try Sci. 4 1 : 236-242. age with great increases at 16 weeks and Deskins, B., and A. R. Winter, 1956. Cooked, 22 weeks of age. Although adjusted testes edible meat in parts of poultry. II. Geese. weight was variable it increased with age. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 32: 211-213. The weight of the ovaries usually increased Milby, T. T., and E. W. Henderson, 1937. The with age. Adjusted ovary weight increased comparative growth rate of turkeys, ducks, geese and pheasants. Poultry Sci. 16: 155—165. with age but was variable. Maximum adrenal weight was at 14 Roberson, R. H., and D. W. Francis, 1963. The effect of protein and energy levels of the raweeks for males and 16 weeks for females. tion on carcass characteristics of White ChiAdjusted adrenal weights generally denese geese. Poultry Sci. 42: 872-875. clined with age with high weights at 4 and Snyder, E. S., and H. L. Orr, 1953. Market
ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEESE possibilities and yields of goslings dressed at various ages. Poultry Sci. 32: 181-182. Swanson, M. H., and T. H. Canfield, 1955. Dress-
839
ing losses, and cooking losses and yields of edible meat from young geese. Poultry Sci. 34: 1223.
Livability and Growth of Chicks from the First Through the Eleventh Day of Age When Force Fed a Chemically Synthetic, Water Soluble Diet
(Received for publication November 2, 1964)
INTRODUCTION limits, mortality would occur from excesREENSTEIN et al. (1956) using the sive dehydration. rat as the experimental animal was It was the purpose of this investigation the first to successfully feed a chemically to determine whether chicks could be made synthetic, water soluble diet. Gains of to live for a reasonable length of time (10 three to five grams per rat per day were days) on a water soluble, chemically synobtained for the first six months of the ani- thetic diet and to more clearly define the mal's life. In later work, Greenstein et al. conditions of diet administration necessary (1957) fed the same synthetic diet through to achieve the maximum rate of growth three generations of rats and observed, in during this period. addition to growth, satisfactory mating MATERIALS AND METHODS and reproduction. Three trials were conducted with eight Early chick studies (Fell, 1959) using Greenstein's diet showed it to be toxic to chicks per trial using day old straight run chicks to the fourteenth day of age. How- broiler type chicks which had been fed ever, Pipkin (1962) by altering the amino only water until being placed on experiacid, vitamin and mineral components of ment. After hatching and during the feedGreenstein's diet was able to successfully ing trials each chick was held in a separate force-feed a water soluble, chemically syn- wire cage, which along with seven other thetic diet to the chick and obtain livabili- chicks in separate pens were maintained in ty through seventy-two hours of age. The a controlled temperature compartment diet was altered to closely conform to the with optimum environmental conditions. nutrient composition of the free-amino The day after hatching diet tubes were inacid, dry type diets successfully fed ad li- serted into the crop of the chick by the bitum to chicks by Klain et al. (1958) and technique employed by Pipkin (1962) and Greene (1959). Pipkin (1962) concluded the diet was administered by a peristaltic that dietary osmotic pressure was the most pump. The pump consisted of a custom critical factor concerned with the accep- made pump unit with two TM 11 Sigmatance of the diet and that unless both con- motor pump head (Singamotor, Middlecentration of solids and rate of solids ad- port, New York) with one head on each ministration were adjusted within tolerable side of the motor. Each TM-11 head was
G
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CHARLES JOHNSTON AND JAMES C. GRAY Department of Poultry Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana