Application of Concentrating Solar Technologies in the Dairy Sector for the Combined Production of Heat and Power

Application of Concentrating Solar Technologies in the Dairy Sector for the Combined Production of Heat and Power

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166 VW&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH,WDOLDQ7KHUPDO0DFKLQHV(QJLQ...

644KB Sizes 126 Downloads 25 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

VW&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH,WDOLDQ7KHUPDO0DFKLQHV(QJLQHHULQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ$7, 6HSWHPEHU7XULQ,WDO\

$SSOLFDWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWLQJVRODUWHFKQRORJLHVLQWKHGDLU\VHFWRU IRUWKHFRPELQHGSURGXFWLRQRIKHDWDQGSRZHU 'DQLHOH&RFFRD9LWWRULR7RODD0DULR3HWUROOHVHD  a

Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 2 09123 Cagliari, Italy.

$EVWUDFW 7KHXVHRIFRQFHQWUDWLQJVRODUWHFKQRORJLHVIRUVXSSO\LQJWKHKHDWDQGSRZHUGHPDQGRIDW\SLFDOGDLU\IDFWRU\LVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQ WKLV SDSHU $ \HDUO\EDVHG SHUIRUPDQFH DQDO\VLV LV FDUULHG RXW FRQVLGHULQJ GLIIHUHQW YDOXHV RI VRODU ILHOG FROOHFWLQJ DUHD DQG WKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJHFDSDFLW\ZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRDW\SLFDOPHWHRURORJLFDOGDWDVHWRID6DUGLQLDQORFDWLRQ6SHFLILFVLPXODWLRQ PRGHOV DUH GHYHORSHG IRU HDFK VHFWLRQ RI WKH SODQW 0RUHRYHU D QRYHO HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJ\ LV GHYHORSHG IRU WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHSULRULW\RUGHUEHWZHHQWKHUPDODQGHOHFWULFDOGHPDQG 7KHUHVXOWVGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWFRQFHQWUDWLQJVRODUWHFKQRORJLHVFRXOGEHDSURPLVLQJRSWLRQLISRZHUDQGKHDWDUHERWKUHTXLUHG,Q SDUWLFXODUWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHHQHUJ\VWRUDJHVHFWLRQSURYLGHVLPSRUWDQWIOH[LELOLW\IHDWXUHVWRWKHSODQWDQGE\VXLWDEO\VHWWLQJ WKHFRQWUROYDULDEOHWKHHQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DOORZVWRJLYHSULRULW\WRWKHKHDWRUWRWKHHOHFWULFDOGHPDQGRIWKHGDLU\ ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRI$7, Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2016. Keywords:6RODUHQHUJ\&63/LQHDU)UHVQHOUHIOHFWRU25&HQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\

,QWURGXFWLRQ 1RZDGD\V WRJHWKHU ZLWK SKRWRYROWDLF 39  V\VWHPV &RQFHQWUDWLQJ 6RODU 3RZHU &63  SODQWV DUH WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH VROXWLRQ IRU SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ IURP VRODU HQHUJ\ $V LW LV NQRZQ &63 SODQWV XVH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ VRODU FROOHFWRUVWRSURGXFHKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\ZKLFKLVVXEVHTXHQWO\XVHGE\WKHSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQVHFWLRQ 7RRIIVHWWKHLQWHUPLWWHQFHRIVRODUHQHUJ\&63SODQWVDUHXVXDOO\FRXSOHGZLWKD7KHUPDO(QHUJ\6WRUDJH 7(6  



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:SHWUROOHVH#XQLFDLW

1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2016. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.157

1160

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

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ƒ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

 )LJXUH±6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPRIWKH&RQFHQWUDWLQJ6RODU&RPELQHG+HDWDQG3RZHU3ODQW

1161

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

    D 

(OHFWULFLW\ 7KHUPDOGHPDQG 

 0RQWK







7KHUPDOGHPDQGVKDSH

'DLO\HQHUJ\GHPDQG>N:K@

(OHFWULFDOGHPDQGVKDSH





    E 

   +RXURIWKHGD\



     F 

   +RXURIWKHGD\





)LJXUH± D 0RQWKO\YDULDWLRQRIGDLO\HOHFWULFDODQGWKHUPDOGHPDQGRIWKHGDLU\IDFWRU\DQG E HOHFWULFDODQG F WKHUPDOGHPDQGFXUYHV

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Š HQYLURQPHQW 6SHFLILF VLPXODWLRQ PRGHOV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH IRXU PDLQ VHFWLRQV VRODU ILHOG 7(6 V\VWHP VWHDP JHQHUDWRU DQG 25& SRZHU EORFN  E\ DVVXPLQJ WKH PDLQ GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHUV UHSRUWHG LQ 7DEOH  $ GDWDVHW REWDLQHG IURP WKH 0HWHRQRUPŠ VRIWZDUH LV XVHGIRUFKDUDFWHUL]LQJDW\SLFDOPHWHRURORJLFDO\HDURIWKH6RXWK6DUGLQLDVLWH)LJXUHVKRZVWKHPRQWKO\YDOXHV RIWKHDYHUDJHGDLO\'1,DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGPHDQZLQGVSHHG 6WDUWLQJIURPPHWHRURORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQVLQSDUWLFXODUVRODUUDGLDWLRQDQGSRVLWLRQWKHKRXUO\EDVHGSHUIRUPDQFH RIWKH/)&DUHFDOFXODWHGFRQVLGHULQJWKHLUPDLQJHRPHWULFDODQGWHFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGWKHWKHUPRG\QDPLF SURSHUWLHVRIWKHWKHUPDORLO7KHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\FROOHFWHGE\WKHVRODUILHOG ୗ୊ PDLQO\GHSHQGVRQWKHDYDLODEOH VRODU HQHUJ\ RSWLFDO ORVVHV ୓୔୘  WKHUPDO ORVVHV LQ WKH UHFHLYHU DQG LQ WKH SLSLQJ ୐ǡୗ୊  2SWLFDO ORVVHV GXH WR PLUURUUHIOHFWLYLW\DQGDEVRUSWLYLW\RIWKHVHOHFWLYHFRDWLQJRIWKHUHFHLYHUWXEHDUHHYDOXDWHGE\PHDQVRIDUHIHUHQFH RSWLFDOHIILFLHQF\ Ʉ୓୔୘ FRUUHFWHGE\WKH,QFLGHQFH$QJOH0RGLILHU ,$0 DQHQGORVVRSWLFDOHIILFLHQF\ Ʉ୉୒ୈ  DQG D FOHDQOLQHVV IDFWRU Ʉେ୐୒  7KHUPDO ORVVHV LQ WKH UHFHLYHU WXEH DQG LQ WKH SLSLQJ ୐ǡୗ୊  DUH HYDOXDWHG DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH DYHUDJH RLO WHPSHUDWXUH LQVLGH WKH WXEH DQG WKH DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH KRXUO\WKHUPDOHQHUJ\RXWSXWLVWKHUHIRUHHYDOXDWHGDV  ୗ୊ ൌ ୗ୊  െ  ୓୔୘ െ  ୐ǡୗ୊ ൌ ୗ୊ ሺ Ʉ୓୔୘  Ʉ୉୒ୈ Ʉେ୐୒ െ  “୐ǡୗ୊ ሻ   ZKHUHୗ୊ LV WKH FROOHFWLQJ DUHD RI WKH VRODU ILHOG DQG“୐ǡୗ୊ DUH WKH WKHUPDO ORVVHV SHU XQLW DUHD 7KH FROOHFWLQJ DUHDLVWKHPDLQGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUWKDWGHWHUPLQHVWKHDQQXDOWKHUPDOHQHUJ\SURGXFHGE\WKHVRODUILHOG

1162

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166 7DEOH0DLQGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH&RQFHQWUDWLQJ6RODU&RPELQHG+HDWDQG3RZHU3ODQW Thermal storage

Fresnel collector (Solar field)

Steam generator 

&ROOHFWRUOHQJWK

P

2LOGHQVLW\

NJP 

3URFHVVSUHVVXUH

EDU

&ROOHFWRUZLGWK

P

6SHFLILFKHDWFDSDFLW\

N-NJ.

,QOHWZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH

ƒ& ƒ&

/LQHGLVWDQFH

P

0LQLPXP62&7(6



ǻ73LQFK3RLQW

5HIHUHQFHRSWLFDOHIILFLHQF\



0D[LPXP62&7(6



ORC power block

&OHDQOLQHVVHIILFLHQF\



,QLWLDO62&7(6



1RPLQDOSRZHURXWSXW

N:

2LOLQOHWRXWOHWWHPS

ƒ&

$YHUDJHKHDWORVVHV



1RPLQDOHIILFLHQF\











 D





 0RQWK





 0HDQZLQGVSHHG>PV@

 0HDQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH>ƒ&@

'DLO\'1,>N:P@









 E





 0RQWK











 F





 0RQWK







)LJXUH$YHUDJHGDLO\YDOXHVRI D '1, E DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQG F ZLQGVSHHGDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHPRQWK

7KH7(6VHFWLRQLVXVHGWRPLWLJDWHWKH'1,YDULDWLRQDQGWRVHSDUDWHWKHSURGXFWLRQIURPWKHXWLOL]DWLRQSKDVHV 7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHDYDLODEOHHQHUJ\FRQWHQWRIWKH7(6VHFWLRQLVEDVHGRQLWVHQHUJ\EDODQFHE\FRQVLGHULQJWKH HQHUJ\ SURGXFHG E\ WKH VRODU ILHOG ୗ୊  WKH HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG E\ ERWK WKH SRZHU EORFN ୓ୖେ  DQG WKH VWHDP JHQHUDWRU ୗୋ DQGWKHKHDWORVVHV ୐ǡ୘୉ୗ $FFRUGLQJWR>@WKHHQHUJ\EDODQFHRIHDFKWDQNFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV  †୓୍୐ ୓୍୐ …୔ǡ୓୍୐ ൌ ୗ୊ െ ୗୋ െ ୓ୖେ െ ୐ǡ୘୉ୗ   †– ZKHUH୓୍୐ LVWKHRLOPDVVVWRUHGLQWKHWDQN…୔ǡ୓୍୐ LVWKHRLOVSHFLILFKHDW୓୍୐ LVWKHRLOWHPSHUDWXUHLQVLGHWKH WDQN 7KH VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ LV WKH PDLQ GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHU RI WKLV VHFWLRQ DQG GHSHQGV RQ WKH RQ LWV JHRPHWULFDO YROXPH0RUHRYHUWKHDYDLODEOHHQHUJ\FRQWHQWRIWKH7(6LVHYDOXDWHGE\PHDQVRILWVVWDWHRIFKDUJH 62&7(6  %HFDXVHRIWKHWKHRLOWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQGXHWRWKH7(6KHDWORVVHVLVQHJOLJLEOH ORZHUWKDQƒ& WKH62&7(6 LVGHILQHGDVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHDFWXDORLOPDVVLQVLGHWKHKRWWDQNDQGWKHPD[LPXPWKHUPDORLOPDVV,IWKHKRW WDQNLVFRPSOHWHO\FKDUJHG 62&7(6 62&0$; DQGWKHVRODUILHOGGHOLYHUVPRUHWKHUPDOSRZHUWKDQWKDWUHTXLUHG E\WKHVWHDPJHQHUDWRUDQGRUWKH25&XQLWWKHVRODUILHOGLVVXLWDEO\GHIRFXVHGDQGWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHVRODUILHOG WKHUPDOSRZHURXWSXWLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVRFDOOHGGHIRFXVLQJHQHUJ\ORVVHV ୐ǡୈ୉୊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

1163

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166





$LU7HPSHUDWXUH>ƒ&@   



[3$5/2$'>@ [3$57(03>@

    [3$5/2$'



[3$57(03   

    25& 7KHUPDO LQSXWORDG >@



)LJXUH3DUWLDOORDGHIIHFWDQGDLUWHPSHUDWXUHHIIHFW



 )LJXUH±62&7(6YDOXHVIRUWKHHQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\ZLWKKHDW GHPDQGDVSULPDU\UHTXHVW

)LJXUHDOORZVWRHYDOXDWHWKHUDWLRRIWKHDFWXDOHIILFLHQF\ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHQRPLQDORQH FDOOHGɌ୔୅ୖି୐୓୅ୈ LQ IXQFWLRQ RI WKH 25& WKHUPDO LQSXW )LQDOO\ VLQFH WKH FRQGHQVLQJ KHDW LV UHPRYHG E\ XVLQJ GU\ FRROHUV )LJXUH  UHSRUWV DOVR WKH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH DFWXDO HIILFLHQF\ DQG WKH QRPLQDO RQH LQ IXQFWLRQ RI WKH DLU WHPSHUDWXUH Ɍ୔୅ୖି୘୉୑୔ 7KHVLPXODWLRQPRGHORIWKH25&PRGXOHDOVRFRPSXWHVWKHUPDOORVVHVUHODWHGWRGDLO\VWDUWXS7KH VWDUWXS ZDV FRQVLGHUHG WR UHTXLUH  RI WKH QRPLQDO WKHUPDO SRZHU IRU  PLQ EHIRUH EHLQJ DEOH WR SURGXFH HOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\ 3.1. Energy Management Strategy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¶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

1164

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

     







 

D





7(6HIIHFWLYHQHVV>@



97(6 P



97(6 P



97(6 P

  F

97(6 P









 



&ROOHFWLQJDUHD>[ P @

      









 

E

&ROOHFWLQJDUHD>[ P @



7KHUPDOGHPDQGVDWLVILHG>@



6)VSHFLILFSURGXFWLRQ>N:KP@

(OHFWULFDOGHPDQGVDWLVILHG>@

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





&ROOHFWLQJDUHD>[ P @ 

   

G

  







 



&ROOHFWLQJDUHD>[ P @

)LJXUH±&6&+3SHUIRUPDQFHDVDIXQFWLRQRIFROOHFWLQJDUHDDQG7(6YROXPH





1165

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

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ā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







 D 



  62&,17>@







7KHUPDOORVVHV>@

+HDWVXSSO\SULRULW\ (OHFWULFDOVXSSO\SULRULW\

7KHUPDOGHPDQGVDWLVILHG>@

(OHFWULFDOGHPDQGVDWLVILHG>@









 E 



  62&,17>@





 4/6)





 F 

4/7(6 4/'() 

  62&,17>@

)LJXUH±3ODQWSHUIRUPDQFHVDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\VXSSO\SULRULW\DQGWKH62&,17OHYHO





1166

Daniele Cocco et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 1159 – 1166

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

$O6XODLPDQ)$+DPGXOODKSXU)'LQFHU,3HUIRUPDQFHDVVHVVPHQWRIDQRYHOV\VWHPXVLQJSDUDEROLFWURXJKVRODUFROOHFWRUVIRU

>@

%RUXQGD0-DUDPLOOR2$'RUDQWHV55H\HV$2UJDQLF5DQNLQH&\FOHFRXSOLQJZLWKD3DUDEROLF7URXJK6RODU3RZHU3ODQWIRU

>@

'HVDL1%%DQG\RSDGK\D\67KHUPRHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVDQGVHOHFWLRQRIZRUNLQJIOXLGIRUVRODURUJDQLF5DQNLQHF\FOH$SSO7KHUP

FRPELQHGFRROLQJKHDWLQJDQGSRZHUSURGXFWLRQ5HQHZ(QHUJ\±GRLMUHQHQH FRJHQHUDWLRQDQGLQGXVWULDOSURFHVVHV5HQHZ(QHUJ\±GRLMUHQHQH (QJ±GRLMDSSOWKHUPDOHQJ >@

0RULQ*'HUVFK-3ODW]HU:(FN0+lEHUOH$&RPSDULVRQRI/LQHDU)UHVQHODQG3DUDEROLF7URXJK&ROOHFWRUSRZHUSODQWV6RO

>@

(O*KDUEL1'HUEDO+%RXDLFKDRXL66DLG1$FRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\EHWZHHQSDUDEROLFWURXJKFROOHFWRUDQGOLQHDU)UHVQHOUHIOHFWRU

>@

&RFFR'6HUUD)3HUIRUPDQFHFRPSDULVRQRIWZRWDQNGLUHFWDQGWKHUPRFOLQHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJHV\VWHPVIRU0:HFODVV

>@

&DPEXOL)&RFFR''DPLDQR$0RQWLVFL$)DQQL$3LOR)5D]LRQDOL]]D]LRQHHQHUJHWLFDQHOFRPSDUWRODWWLHURFDVHDULRGHOOD

(QHUJ\±GRLMVROHQHU WHFKQRORJLHV(QHUJ\3URFHGLDYROS±GRLMHJ\SUR FRQFHQWUDWLQJVRODUSRZHUSODQWV(QHUJ\±GRLMHQHUJ\ 6DUGHJQD/D7HUPRWHF± >@

=DYHUVN\)*DUFtD%DUEHUHQD-6iQFKH]0$VWUDLQ'7UDQVLHQWPROWHQVDOWWZRWDQNWKHUPDOVWRUDJHPRGHOLQJIRU&63SHUIRUPDQFH

>@

6KDK5.6HNXOLü'3)XQGDPHQWDOVRI+HDW([FKDQJHU'HVLJQGRL%)

VLPXODWLRQV6RO(QHUJ\±GRLMVROHQHU