Archaeomagnetic database from Bulgaria: the last 8000 years

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PHYSICS OFTHE EARTH ANDPLANETARY INTERIORS

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ELSEVIER

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

Letter section

Archaeomagnetic database from Bulgaria: the last 8000 years Mary Kovacheva Geophysical Institute, bL 3, Acad. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria

Received 3 February 1997; revised 17 March 1997

Abstract In 1992 (Kovacheva, 1992) we published the updated archaeomagnetic results from Bulgaria for the last 2000 years where it was mentioned that the compilation of data is a continuous process of accumulation of new data and revision of the previous ones. This is especially true for the old intensity studies considering the newly obtained experimental results of rock magnetic studies of Ozdemir and Dunlop (Ozdemir, O., Dunlop, D., 1993. Chemical remanent magnetisation during gammaFeOOH phase transformations. J. Geophys. Res. 98 (B3), 4191-4198) and new insights about the reliability of the archaeointensity data (reference cited below). Another uncertainty comes from the age estimates of the studied localities. This paper presents a new synthesis of the Bulgarian archaeomagnetic data for the last 2000 years along with newly revised age and an extent of the database to 8000 years before present. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

The search for better knowledge of the geomagnetic field behaviour is still one of the main focuses of geophysics, of which archaeomagnetic studies are an essential source of data. The compilation of each data base is a long, continuous process which necessitates revision and reexamination of the previous results. One of the main problems in this work is the dating of the archaeological features used. The archaeomagnetic results from Bulgaria for the last 2000 years, published in 1992, have been already used in the valuable work of Daly and Le Goff (1996) concerning the world secular geomagnetic variation. As the interest in the reliable sets of world archaeomagnetic data increases and because of the revision of the previously obtained results in Bulgaria, we give in the table the local archaeomagnetic data.

The basic feature of Bulgarian archaeomagnetic database is that it contains the directional and intensity results covering the entire historic and prehistoric periods. Some results (less than 10%) from former Eastern Yugoslavia are also included (Kovacheva et al., 1974; Kovacheva and Veljovich, 1976, 1977). The methodology employed is described in Kovacheva and Toshkov (1994). For some sites only inclination data are given since these studies used bricks which cannot be oriented in terms of declination. For paleointensity studies the classical Thellier method is used (Thellier and Thellier, 1959). The contemporary methodological improvement of the paleointensity studies (Cui and Verosub, 1995; Cui et al., 1997; Jordanova et al., 1997) forced us to undertake a revision of the old intensity data. The

0031-9201/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S0031-9201(97)00015-0

M. Kouacheua / Physics of the Earth and Planetao, Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

146

Table l Directional and intensity results from Bulgaria for the last 8000 years .ABNO SLAT SLONG F)LACE

MAT SITE_HORIZON

LAGE HAGE DTPOINT NDtR DEC

INC ,ALFAg$ +NOPI NPI

Pl

STDPI Fa,'Fd ,DATING

239 42.2 238 43.2 237~43.2 236 43.2 23543.2 234 43.2 232 43.2 22641.5 22941.4 230 4 1 4 227--~.3 228 43.2 224 ~,3.8 220433 22542.7 231 42.2 223427 18741.8 222 ¥ 3 ~ 2 1 0 43:41 217 42.2 215 4 2 7 214 43.5213 42.4 219-432" 212 41.8 216 4 3 4 208 4 2 7 21843.6 211 4 4 7 209 43.2 203 43.2 201,=41.9 207 43.2

2 7 8 M¢churn 25,6Veliko_Tar~vo 2 5 6 Veliko T. . . . 27.8Varna 25.6ve~-Tamov~ 25.6Vellko_Tamovo 22.6 P=rot 23.4;Melntk 25.3 Krumovgrao 25.3Dlebel 25~STr~lan 25._6Ve~ikoJz~ovo 25.gIRusse 248rB~olare 23.2'~fi~ 24.21Pesters 23.2~ ..... 24.8.Bachkovsk=mon ~ ~ 2--8.4.%i,k~-- 23:Dupmnza 23.2 So~a 26.5~R~;rao 26Grafeovo 27.6Provadra 25.8Herma~l . 28.3Kavarna 23.2 Sofi~ 21.3 ~ 29:_9~Sme~erevo 25.6Vetiko_Tarnovo ~ o v o 2.5_,_6H~o'.,? 25.6 Vehi(o_Tamovo

BR meo~dcnurch 1894 1894" 1894 50" 53; 671 BR Preobra~ensKimonaszer 1893 1893 1893 5 0 58,7 3,35 -KL ~repl~,n~uri(~h'(~we~l,pg . 18861 1886-1~6~ --(~ 0 0 0. BR Turkmn~um~r~ 1874 1874 1874 3 0 59.7- 1.56 BR church"SamtKonstantmandElena - 1 8 7 3 1873187"3- 120" 5787 5.0~4BR Samovodsk~market 1868 1868 1868 7 0 61.29 808 BR a ~ c . 1845---'18;t8- 1846.5 O 0 0 0 KL flreptace-Koreupulow~nou~ 1800 1850 1625-- O 6- 0 0 BR mosque 1809 1809 1809- 3" 0 6103-- 3.52 BR mosoue 1780 1780 1780 6 0 6053 6.43 KL furnaceforda,..ceram,cs 1750 180-0 1-7~ 5+346.245-5".~81" 6.81 KL~ Tzarevetz-Turklshkdnfordaliyce~lCS 1750" 1760 1755 4- 3.54.4--63 59 "3~.BR ceysnouse 1700 1730 1715 14 0 5839 8.4 KL ~edmvs k~ln 1700 1720 17~O-- 9~343.2.9--6065 38 BR ~tombNo3,nSamtSDasse=cavat,ons " 16-90- 1 7 2 0 1705 O. . . . . 0 0 O BR CmCK¢OUr 1 7 0 " 170!_ 1701 7 0 65.5 503 BR~Serd~ka-Eastdoor-3dvaut{edciwelllng 1650. 1700 167510 06"2.164.67 BR mn,ngroorn 1650 1700 1675 5 0 55.7 6~'93" BR church SalntGeorges 1612 ~ 1612 4" O ~ 7.3~.BR Medievalhethroom 1500 170016~ 4O" ~ 2.48BR 'm~ue 1590- ~ 0 " " 16-()0" 7" ~ - 4.15 BR tneolocnurcn 1570 ~ 1585 5 -0 68.081 4.81BR .tekeDemirBaba / 5 5 0 1560 156-5 1 3 ~ 7.211 BR Ka~emllBaheteke 1540 1560 1550 13 0 69.82~. 74 BR~chehe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500_.~ 1600" 1~-~" 0_._ 65~ 2._9.5 B_R_K~',~,a...n~[aL 1500 1550 1525 17 0 67.8 4.12 BR "rL~k~"=,hbaths 1510 1530 ___1520 L 2 - 62"41 6.18 . .BR . . C~lUrCh"Saint Petka Samamp~sKa 1490--1530 1510 26 063.86 8.2:3 BR "rur~=hl~h~, 1450 ;15~~1 1475" 161 ~-~.62~ 6_99BR ,DespotOjurdlafortress 1410- 1 ~ 1 ~ 0 " ~18 O 53~ BR :hurch"SamtPe~erandPaver 1330--1500 1~ 6O557;~ 2.06 BC TTzare~e~-t~hefr,e-Turmslhipvzls,on 1393- 1393" 1393" 8 T 1()~6" 56.49 3.'Z" BR?he~dmosqu~ 1385 1385 1385 3:0-50.68.89BR :hurch"Salrd4OMartws 1350 1400 1375 §r O 5-4~13" 4.23

4 4 41.55 2.46 0,878eocuments 5 5 47,29 3,26 0987~ocuments 4 ¢ 51.61 1.61 1.075 h~onc= 3 3 41 3.94 0.855¢locuments 5 5" 47~2-9' 1116" 0987 inscnptlon 5 5 44.5 5.38 0928inscription 3 3 44.7-Z7-4- 0931 mscnptmn 3 3 42.17 0.28 0.896h~torical 4 3 46.5 0.38 0.988:inscrlphon 3 3 48.9-5~2.31~ 1.042"arch&documems 4 4" 58.630171.226=cheeolo~ca 4 4 56.17 3.57 1.172]archaeW,ogica 4 4 52.14 1.09 1.0811hi=torical 3 3" 52.24 1.91 1.0891magnetic 116~ 54.244_73 ~ , : a , 6 6 58.41 2.47 1.23ih~:~¢a~ 5" 5 - 6 7 D 4 ~ 5 9 2 i~,~orcal 4 4" 62.64 T 4 0 9 - 1.327 a~rchee~og,cp! 5 5_76.531 3 . 6 5 l ~ ( ~ c = ~ r , ts 2 2 8~.19 1.283i,,~,~m~, 5 5~57.03T41E-'1.2031=~I 6 5 61.93! 3.62 1.299[archN¢e, magnetic 4 4" 60.7~' 1 8 4 1 2 6 4 w = h e e o & ~ 4 4 63.98 ~, 6.84 1 . 3 4 6 1 t ~ c a ~ 7 7~56.89 6 c 8 1 . 1 . 1 8 7 i ~ 1 5 5 57.72 1.7 1.223m=~rtcat 5 5" 52.01 5 1.083Jrchal~ogcal 15 10 55.05 3.45 1.155ratchaeo&ma~,t~c 5" 5- 4 ; ~ . E 5~-20.9131arc~eo~glcat -6 2 5~O3.03 8.15 1.131t~torlcal 4 4 40.38 1.25 0 . 8 4 3 ~ 7 6 6 2 3 2 5.59 1.3'documems 1 O 0 ~ O- ~ - t s 5 5" 57.27-2.02- 1 . 1 9 5 ' ~

198 100 206 248 200 205 185 233 204" 312 199

28 ~ aoovo 28.4 Kal~akra 20.5 RaSS_NOVlDaZar _25.6VeIH
BC MedmvaHaver ~R !umaceconsj~ctJon*gnsufflc~entburnmg BR Medmvalt~n KL Tza,~vetz BR ~tour BR __Med~evalchu[ch BR ooyarnouse BR Meme~l church BR Med~evalfortrsss -KL" OrtaBurun--destr=-Eg-E1CklmNoqovenCT BR mmb BR OesDOtS~avfortress-SalntNikolamlace BR Medmvalchurch"$amtJana" BC destructlonsafteranan¢lentfire BR Ojur~e~s,uoove BR . . church"SamtNikola" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KL FAedlevalsettlement-Marko~rawatermllldmtr BR TzePmafortres.s-v.'aterreservollS BR I~echurch BR ¢~. . . . fort. . . . . . hurch"S~og~odPelr" B~R ~church ' S ~ n t D l l m ~ . . . . "KL" ~l~us~l to the-m~*c~of12 century B-C ~ h r e KL ceramiccenter-kiln in monasteryestate KL ~OrtaBurun- kiln No2 BR ~suarv Be the remainsof an ancient fire KL the Kingsestate HR ProtobtAgananOWellmgS KL the r~,d- kim no= masters BR theinnerfortressWall -H--R ] S l a ~ v ~ n t . . . . . . . . . . BR thernonas~erye~atemthelnnertown KL ~¢erimlccenteroftheldngsestate KL ceramiccenteron the roadto Patle~ HR EadyBulgariandwelhng "

4 4 64.72 3.71 1.362archeeolog~c~l 3 ~ 3- 55.18; 3 . 6 7 ~ o f e l a b o r a t , o n 6 5 6 0 3 9 7.78 1.28 archeeologlcar 3 3 6 0 . 2 2 4 . 5 6 1.25_(~_archaeolog,ca~ 6 0 0 0 0 historical 4 ~ 5439156" 1/135%r~haeolog,ca, 81 7 51.64 4 . 9 7 1.098 archaeological 3 3 51 12 4 14 1.065 =rchaeo~og~r~t 5 5 55.79 6.26 1.159archesok~cal 13 11" 51.64- 2 7 - 1.095-coms-hegm l~c . 4 . 4. 53 . 53 . . 4.75 1.117 corns t5 5 61 88~ 4.71' 1.315"archeeoloO~cal 6 2" 5 6 4 3 3.41~ 1.191 archeeok~mca~ 1 { 5" 62.46 2.57 1.314coms 2 157~1-3~O-2-m.~cnption 0" 0 00" {)~archeeolog,cal 5 5 60.64 3.9~ 1.275archaeologlcat 3 3" 58.72 5.36b 1.24 archaeolog~ca~ 13" 6- 51.1 4.7]= 1.078 archeemogJca ~ 3152~64--5-63T'1.1~3~storica, 7 7 55.64 3.06J 1.161 .h~tonca~ . . 1.6111.097 . 4. 3. 52.03 archaeo~ogcal

424 434 432' 43.2 429 432 415 43.2 4~36" 41 8 432

1 4 4 _42. 196 42.3 19043.?_ 189 43.2 188 42.5 195 42.1 2"1:1-- 42.2 192 42 191 43.2 31342.1 197 42.6 ~ 183-- 43-.2 311 41.8 - 186 ~ 1 ~ ~.2" 182"- ~ - 1 7 8 43.2 175~44.2T 174 43.2 17343.2+ 177~43.2176" 43-.2-

28~-.5-OL'rar~ulak 28.81Preslav 28.8--Girvan 28.61Preslav 26.8Vin-~ 26~--Pr~av 27.8:Vama

1350 1400 1375 10 16.3 54.47 18 130_0__1400 13:50 O 00 O 1300 1400 1350 3 0 48.1 262 13(}C)- 1 ~ O 1330- 3- 3-54"97" 48.41 1023 1313 1319 1316 15 0 51.91 377 12801320_" 13-00 5 050" 5151280 1300 1290 13 0 5255 7 02 1200 1360 1280 4 0 57 02 7 59 I200 1300 1250 15 0 5149 624 1200 1"2"50 1225 22" 14.85 59 71 1 82 1203 1 2 3 0 - - 1 2 t 6 5 - "-;- . . .0 .61 . 0"1. . 5 8. 4 . 1 1 8 0 1210 1195 24 0 517 5.4 1180-- 12~O- - T195 4 O--55.3"" -5.6 1180 1180 1180 5 121=6- 57.26 751 1170 1170 1170 50" 5578 2.96 1150 11801165---16" 0~ 63.79-5~ . . . 1100 1200 1150 ? 13.04 5 4 8 9 39 1100 1200 1150 9 0 52 8.09 1100 1180 1140 ~ - -- 0 54.81 607 1100 1150 11"~'5" 0- 62.16- 2 0 1 1 ~ 1125 1 6 ~ 0 54.86 5.24 - 11-0()~ '1150' '~ . . 7.08 . . 1125 6 8.22. 60.68 " "~0- ~530 10~5- 7~ 2.83- 6165 §.8~ " 1 0 5 0 1100 1075 3. 3 5 9 . 4 62.28 3_7. 1040 1060 1050 8j 358 63.8 6.8 " 1000-" 1 0 5 ~ 0 - - 1 0 2 5 0 0 ---0O1014 1014 1014 ,4~ ~19~:35-5 9 ~ - - ' ~ " - 9 5 0 - 1030990 13 2.88 64.68 4.35 950- 1020 9-8547.~-69.86~6 970 1000 985 17 11.64 68.43 2 900 950 9~- 5 .... ~58~6~.8 900 _ 9 5 0 925 2 O. 6 7 . 3 6.08 900 950 925 11 0 6618 7.4 900 920 910 9 22.95 ~ " 4?__ 900 920 910 4 21.2 71.4 7,25 880 940 910 18T 14.32~6-857 47

9 3- 69.09; 8.151 1 . 2 3 9 ~ , ~ -

3 1. 66-:_2~.2.211 1.256 archeeok~ 0 0 0' 0 0 coins 1 1 62.02 1.94 1.314=rchaeolom~l 5" ~ 65~-,4"-~'821 1.304 h~orca, 9 6 ~ ~ 9 + 1.543 archaeologcal 1 1" 80.11! 8' 1.668arc~%,~og~a~ 9 8 73.87~ 4.85 1.535 archeeoiog¢,~_ 4- ¥ 7-8.06" 7.54 1.629 archeeologcal 7 2 74.73 9.22 1.543 a ~ 9 6 8858 8.4 1.848,archaeological 6 6- 79.41- 5.48~ 1.867--histoncal 2 2 69,03 6.56, 1,441archaeo~_!cal 8 57288 61.518Jt~onca~

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M. Kovacheva / Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

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Table 1 (continued) 179 314 181 1_70 172 171 157 167 137 164 149~ 166

43.6 43.4 43.2: 43.41 43.2!

28.6Duranku~ak 283iT~om 27.6iKJpra 23.2jM~_tana 25.8 VelikoTarn~o 42.9 i 25.4Drjanovm~i_mon 43.6 25.6!Knwa 43,3; 27.6iS~'ba 43.21 22.6;Pirot 42.7 27.7'Nessebar 43.21 27.8 varr~ 42.7; 2 7 . 7 ~ N ' ~ r 25.7Hrtstene 163 42.61 26.3!No~os~ki 165; 42.61 23.3,Boiana 169 43.2i 21.2iKurshumlja 155i 43.4! 28.41Kaliakra ~. 1681 43.2 i 27.7!Belo=ld~ 160 43.2 27.1iPro'.'~ija ~-2~.21 21.2!PIochnik 24.71Lo~c~ 150~ 42.71 23.215o~a 23.9iGolj=mo_~ene 256; 441 22.51P~lm,etz 244; 42.31 22.65;Kustendil 147! 42.7 / 21.21eri~na " 202 i 42.5} 24.31Strecha 156i 43.5! 27.1 Vo~oda 143! 43.7 24.g Nikopol _ 151 43.7 ~ 2 2 . 7 M a ~ h 661 43.3! 27.SIvarn~_emri~, 1581 43.2! 27.8!F.mt~ .... 126 43.4] 23.2jMor~ma ~ 5 9 i 42.1j 242iPazardik1451 43.5i 2 6 . 5 1 R ~ 148! 427i 27,71Neuebar "

_

142 42.5 23.2Kratev_dol 154-421~24.2Pa~_-r~lk ....... 138 43.4 23.2Montana 136:. 42,5~'-25.7's~a-~Zagora . . . . . . 121 43.3,. 25.2Butovo 258--43,6 25.4svistov 125 43.3 25.2'Sutovo 128:432 23.2:Pavlikeni 139-42,3' 22.81Ku~en~=l 134" 4.'1+5 26.211vaJV~Jrad 130~42:? - 23.2!S£fia 141 42.7 ~ 140 43.6 27.1=Vo)vod~ 120 42.2 24.81PIovdiv 132 42.7 23.2Sofia 129 42.5 24 7 Hissarja "i23; 43.6 25.5is'astor 127 43.5 26.5iRazgtad 118 44.7 20.7'Brestovm 119 43,3 21.9Nmh 131 43.6 24.5,Gig~ 117 43.6; 25+5svistov 122 43.1 26.5;Targovtste 112 43.2! 25,21Pakiikeni 124---42.5i 23+2!Kmlevdol !13~ 42.51 116 42.31 ~.51Jambol 25.6~SlaraZagsra - i53 43' 27.6!Dew~a 1-15---43-i 2 7 . 6 1 ~ a 111 43.2i 25.81Nikjup- 1 0 4 43.2 27.81vama, 27.8!B~ki 109 42+31 25.61m,r~ Z.,~,~ 110~:71 23.2+sor~ -+ "i~-~.61 25.5~ 103 41.91 25.61H~ovo

KL therkiand-Meeldvldhor~zon 870 KL kflnsundertherOofofiron¢onstructkin 650 KL $1avceramk;center 800 KL ;RegoMontanensium-kilnfldorofclay 600 BC jTza~'evetz-thefire 641 BR :tourldBorun)adistnct -" + 580 BC !Jatrus-thefire, squaresX-T9;X-B;IX-O 5£0 !KL :remainsofakiln - 560=BR IRornanburldings 550 ~ BR IWe~emwatloftheRomantown 500 B R ;[3janavartepe-theB~itica 500 B R ~UofaRornantown 540 ;BR ,.EariyChristianBa~]ica 500 ;KL =well~re'~=rvedfumz~e 500 IBR buildings 620 IBR "ByzardineBasilica&church"SBogorodica" 500 JBR ~.~ond~u.~-=dm,at~rialinachurch $00" !BR ~mate¢i~lfromDobrevachul(~dkitnct 500 8 R Medievmfor~essO'*~,d~gra~ 500 ~BR Rom~nthermes 500 IBR 1ragmentsneartheMedlevalchurch 400 i'BR !Serdika-Southtmmgulartour:Eastdoor 527 IBR i~amlca 480 tBR LateRornanf~8ovon~ 520 +KL GoranoV, zi-EarlyMedmvalsanctuary .... ~ 530 K~u~pmna+ki~noor 500 !BR kaleto-M--ed~a~foRressandachUrCh 500 iMI {burnt~llmadebybrlcks 500 IBR ChnstianchurcninaRornandomination 336 BR Bwlca 450~ BR EarlyByz~ntinefor~re~"Muhalij~kotepe" 45oi IBR Late,mm_ue. . . . . . . . 400[ i KL Romanc~ramiccenterof M.~z~ana- kilns 4401 ieR TzepmaoEarlyByzantlnechurch ~: iBR ~,bdtus+the fortress- Eastwalt 400,

920 900! 830 700 647: 650 620 600 600: 600, 600 560 600 600 586 600 600 600= 600' 600 700 ~ 5651 600! 560 550! 5601 560:

}BR tpublkihou.

500i

KL Rornanvilla BR_.Tzepina*dwen',l~gNo4:EMedievaltegulae " KL Montana-villaNot-kilnfloorofceramtcfragm ',KL ChataJ~-kilnf)oorrnadebybncks ~ lump? _i~ ~BC Nove-remamsofanancienlflre iBR bricks !KL Hotn~.aRomanc~,'~m~ccenter ~BR Paut~ia-thefortressvtkii~thecftadet -+ IKL RomanviliaArmira-thefire,hypocaust . . . . . .

400:

5501

700j

550 550 520 470 500 500

895 875 815 650 644; 615 605 580 575 550 550 550 5501 550 550 550 550= 550: 550 550 550 546, 540 540 540 530i 530 525, 518 L

8 12.33,. 6425 • 6 95 5 4; 61.76 0.42 _ l ~ . i , , ~ . _ o g ~ ! 0 0 0 O 4. 4~61.62 297 1.2811archaeoldgcm 13 10.19 5762 2.39__ 10" 9 62.12 5 6 2 1.2961arc~zeokig~l 6 346.97 5458 64 4 3 68,52 5.58 ~ o & m ~ g 31 351.14:56.33 2.'i- 13 12--77.34 571 l ~ m = ~ _ p t k i n 15 0' 58.05 5."15" 4. ;3 67.96 7.99 ~ ' - 1 +archaeologcal 42 16 1.24 60.87 3:3- 13 10 86.45 i 4,58 1.~archaeo~jca~ 5 78 62.42 4,2i- 4 4 68 4,16 1,417archaeoldgcm 4 0 61.08 4.82 4 0 0' OO archaeological 3 0 53.77 35 2 2 59,3 2.~2 ~, 1.244'archae~ogkim " 4 0 57.88 266 3 2 67,31 4+66i 1.404:==rchaeologca+ 5 0 62.96 522 4 3 6851 4.~T1.437!s~mYustkiian 11 0:57.27 421 3+ 3 6943; 5.2 ~ ~.461ia~!o~.= = 7 3.63 59.84 3.9 3! 3 5981 3.92 1.2561arch~eokigcal 9 0 5849 2.7 9- 9 63.61 6.72 1.334ia~logicm 20 0 60.87 4.87 4 4 6846+ 2.67 1 . 4 2 8 1 a r ~ 13 O 60.09 5.59 7! 6 67 12= 5.771 1.397iarcha,=oldg~= 7~ 01 643 5.82 3! 3 63.23' 3.461 1.319!~,rchaeok~l 6 0! 58.35 7.66 4 3 64.96 2.91j 1.3551archaeoldg!cal 10, 01 54.4 4.46 2, 2 581 ~ 1,211archaeoldgkial 6 01 68.67 7.41 5 5 56~1"i 3.061 1.168~arch~.og~,.al 221 01 60.99 5.37 9 8 68,8 6.681 1.441
400" 480 440 l0 358.43.'49.94 + 2 6 74.._ ~ 5 9 2 7 5.'(9 1.245archaepIog,£.al . _ 4.00~ 450 425_ 3 0 45.8 381" 2 ~ 1 5898 3.6 1_:242aF.haeologcal __ 3801 400 390 4 3,3 54.78 "/:9~2 6082 0.77:. 1.266:arch=eo!o~cal _ 3601 400 375 8-355153 54.73 7.51 7~ 7 57.35 2.92 1206archaeolo~cal ~3"1~0:i~ :~751 14------2--/1~--~.53--: 4 . - ( i - ~ 4 ~ 5 7 . 4 3 1 5,19~l~-~9~-a-~-ha~oki~a, 360[ 380 370 3 0 439 1.56 0i 0 0 0 0amhNo~og..cal 360; 400 350 5 0 54.56 1.32 4! 4 5656 2.91 1.179archa~logkial 300; 400 350 12 359 97"4.7.564.2i 6i 5 69.08 5,57~1_43Yarcha-e~ldg~'a~-~ 300~4007 350 1 9 0' 53.09 8.28i 5J 5 63.22 6~_.1~332archajk~,cal __ 300! 400! 350" 5_ 34601--4~8.'14" 7.~--5~"5" 71.33. 2.4 1.514archaeo~og~al ~_B._R t hechuch"SaintGeorgue" 30Oi 380 340 12 0 51 43 5.62' 6 5 68.13 6.3 1.429 archaeoldgcal IBR Secdika-theEastcl~or 310 360; 335 112 0~504" 7".21~ 8 8 53.71 418 1.127archaeoldgkial 'BR Rornanlortress ---- - 306--'3"37" 3215 10 O 5433 6.9~'-8: 8 48.~Z4- 4.~19-1.012-s~a/D~l~ B R PhilipoIDol-aRoman roadafter an anQenflre 250 350 300- 40T51~73 2.08! 2 ~ 2 76.36-5.94 1.611archaeokigcm B ~ Serdikm-Romanes~ate 260 350i 300 4 0! 48.07 6.58 4, 4 65.22" 1.04" 1.368-arc~ologica~ Diokkitlanopol 280 310 295 12 +0-- 52713; 4 3 5 ' - - 5 ~ 4 71.88- 9 ~ "1.509 arch~i~cal KL "Nove-fumaces . . . . . . . 270:-"-30~0 ~ 285 9 359.67 = 55.2 5.2 7 7 67.84 1.55-;i,409a~c~kigcal~ +BR Ab~us+secondaryusedmaterml? 260 300+ 280- 2 0 OT 80 4.47 5 5 5804 1.11 1.205archaeokigcal BR Romantomb*bncks i 250 300 275 3 0, 50.73 1.25i 3 3 61 15 2.24 1256arcl~eokigicm 250 . . 4 . . O . 63.63 4.54; ~ - 3; 3 + 5849 3.88, 1219:amhaeoldgical .BR . Mediana-Romanvilla . . . . . . . . . . . I . 200 . . 300 BR Escues+abuik~ing i 200 300 250 19 0 60:58:. 5 . 7 1 t ~ 6 - - 6- 67~7 5.08 1 . 4 0 6 ; a ~ ¢ a l BR iNove-bncks I 200: 300; 250 2 0 50.2 0228 3 60.27 1.16i 1 . 2 5 2 1 ~ a l MI Thraciantell - bumt stonesin a ntualoven ! 200 250 225 0 0 0 0 2 71.55 0.961 1.4941archaeok~cki KL ifurn~.es-bigRomanceramldcenter I 200i 240 220 49 351.62 58.3 1.9 23 61.69 5,4= 1.287'~arcl~ological BR iaomanvilla ! 100! 300 200 16 0 56.69 6.17 --276.8872.'()57~"1 IKab~e - furnace j 150i 250 200 8 35547 65.23_ 6.15 6 68.74; 3.82. 1+445iarchuoldgkia_l KL 'AugustaTralana 195 29 0 55.16 5.65 - - 9 " 75.97~5.85 1.508arChaeoldglCal BR ;____ : Romanpublic . . . . . houses , 170i 220 BR Iaarclanopol+EattychdstkinBa$iJica ~ 160, 200 180- 8 0 54.05 5.88 1 51.43 3 1.075archa~gcal BR iMarcla~opol-g~iatoYsfightsamphitheater i 160: 200' 180 6 0 56.12: 2.06 --5--49.34~, ~92 1.032amh=~og~cal BR NikoDolisadislrum I 170i 190t - - = 1 - 8 ~ 3 4 - 0~56~5:3 5.76 6 5 1 . ~ , 5 ~ BR [the R , : ~ n ~ " 15~, 200, 7 5 : ~ 9 3 ..... __366 6 59,721-2~Ji 1.246!atchuo,kigical, Ente-Rornanroadstatkin-secusedmatenat ! 140 200 770 10 0 60.87: 5.44 4 49.01:4.82 1.0241=rCh~oldg~l BR IAugusta'rraiana:ti~emineraibalhs ~ -~2"'~3162~5- ;~'i .... 0~58+78--'--4 81 5 _55.05~494! 1.16ir=cri~on BR ISerdika-themonet~lryhou~ i 130i 190i 160 19, 0 58.24 5.67 5 63.03 3.87 1.321arct,Moldgical -BR iJat~-squar~gF-brick$.~or~arfL~.ed !1001 2001 150 21: 6; 55.43. 5.45 12 11 6 8 . 5 8 1 - ~ 7 ~ I ~ BR Imemir.~l~,mrooms i 100! 200! 150- 2 0 6885; 3.04 27"63.76i ~ + 1.349;ar¢~¢al

148

M. Kovacheva / Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

Table 1 (continued)

108 42.3 22.8;K~ustendil BR !Pautalia-thefortress 135 41,6 25.Soo4.o_Botevo BR ,R. . . . . . . . . . . built4c:-sec:u~enai-240 4.2:9 2 3 = G a b e r O ~ n B R iant~quebuilding 105T 4 3 . 2 - - - 2 5 1 ~ % : - - ~ - ;BC ,~etomb 284- 43.8-- 22.8:Var~op B R ,triangular0~c~ ........... 107 42.2 24.8'Plovdiv B R Philipopol-meForurn 102- ~,3~6-- 27.~=0--dorog/ed " - BR--~e Eastfort.... 114-41.5- "26~-;~a~vgmd BR Romanvl~laArmira -+ 99" 42.5" 25.9iKamnovo BC Antique~lettlement-thefumace . . . . . . . . 101 43.7 24,9,Nikopo~ B R the fottress - Eastpart 264" 44:.-8:- 20.4 Beograd B R Kaiemegdan-Romantour 98 42.7 23.2 Sofia IBR 'Serd~-rneaquadu~ 320 42.5' 25.9'Kamnovo !BR igraveoltheantlquesettlement IBR ~Thracmnbunal.MogtlaNo6-sec used 10ricks 97 42.5 25.7 iChat=ll
283~'42134 24.08V@/;i~n

151 41.61 25.4 Kardzhmi

,+.+

,++no

88 42.21 24+8,Proem +

, 42.31

25.7P,her,cPP~wo 20.1iKm,acha 26.74ilSl>enh 4371

L 89 45.21 ~

|

igC iP.~Em~o,=-~.~r.m-,m.~eoo. IBC IThracia.fi-redr,oor

+

+++

B'C +ron+%~-m~tructio,= _ ;BC Lat*=ronA0e(Sm'bmn) PHR KIime~Rid-Kakdo-Thraclanfortress

!.c ,-,-..-++,+,_,,,,. . . . . .

~ ! 43.61 28,6+Dumnkualk 316 i 42.11 231B=p~,V,'=

IKL LateBrom,e IBC L=,,Sr=',.-'*-,~--,~'=,~'~;~,~

~8g142,4__ 75 42.6 290 42.4 71 42.2 64 42.2 291 42.4 304, 42.5 303i 42.5 74; 42.2 70 42.2 292:42.4 73! 44.9 275 42.2 831 42.2; 272; 42.21 68! 42.4t 72i 44.9 i 286i 42.51 691 42.5 i

: "i 43.2! 671 43.11 62] 41.6i

.,

150 150 150 1275 127 5 125 125 ~20 115 1075 100 85 50 -50 -150 -155 -200_ -215 -240 -250 -280 -290 -300" +335 -400

7 0 6204 I0---~ 6+3 42 15O~ 58.4 ~-----0i---61.1 0~ 0 15. . . . . . ~ ! 593`2 10 0446195 24 0 5692 5 350.371 55.56 12 0:60.62 3" O: 6 7 7 3 5 0 5758 10 0 6079 3 0 643 0 0 0 3 2 354+66:~736 15 357'; 63.7 0 0 0 6 346.74! 64.73 0 O) (~ 0 0; 0 3 352.771 68.51 4 0 66.7 4:344.25 61.75 0i 0 0

-43o I -35o

-406

~ 343.03 !

-560l

-460

0!

-360'

+ + +

iBC NebetTepe+Thraclantow~Evmolpm-dwellmg

2,,7 42:21 24.6i,+ +

80 42.2 84.: 4 i 6 321 42.1 77 42.2 85- 42.2 78" 42.679 42.2 278 42.4 76-. 42.6 280 424 309 42.1 81" 42.2 310 42.1 281 ~ 42.4

100; 200 I'00+" 2(~050~250 "~'13`8~1-7133 . . . . 100 ~- '150" 1001 150 " 1(]0~ 14:0" 100 13098 117 " " 50-----15(~-" 50: 120 O 100 -100 0 m200 "100 -170: -140 -250~ -150 -2701..Z160 -250i -230: -280l -220 -320i -240 -300 i -280 -3251 -275 -3501 -320 ~ -380_ :

-6001 -600 -1000] -800: .+-10001 - 8 0 0 "-10001_:900_

.1100+ 100o =-12C04-1000 ~ ' ~

+ -700

.

.

.

.

.

4.84; 5 4 5356 7 13 1 . 3 3 7 1 a r c h ~ l '7.04~7 7 (+811 1.03"1.444:arcmmologcal 4 : 8 8 ~ 6 - - 5 7606 4.98 1459~cnaeologcal 4.92i 3 3 68.82 4.65 1.394=co~ ~ 3 3 61.27 2.66-- 1.27 i--r~,crlmonHadn~ "/.05: 3- 3 66.76 4.64 1.408am~a~ogcal 7.051 1 1 56.75' 1.95- 1 : 3 8 _ 7 ~ ' c = h ~ T - " 5.13i 22 i6 6761 396 1.435arch~o~og~.,al 7.33~ 3 2 68.45 0.48 1.437:coinsTra~an~Oorn 5.82i 4 4 7086 2.99 1.468co~r~ 6.04i 3 3 6788- ~ 9 2 - ~ ' C ~ ¢ a [ 4:4~. 2 2 7048 5.16 1.479=cPi~k)gi~l 5.111 5 5 70.35 7.95 1.477co,nsTra~ln&Dom 6.27! 2 0" 0" 0-. 0 cu~tur~,ma~.ic O) 3 2 6901 0.43 1.453archaeological 1.58i 20 18- 65.11 7.91 1.351archuo&magneac _2._3,' -11.. 8_ 66.44 6.96 1.361,a~cl-,No~gCai 0 5 5 71 73 2.18 1+512,c,Jltur~,magn~ic 5.11 12 6 6794 217 1.409;c=ns ---0-:13--10 74.5- 3+~3 1.545--arci~ma~c0; 4 4 7705 339 1.579arch~o~ogCal "~4.--'--4L 4 8773-1.73' 1.847"~r~ . . . . . . . . 4.4i 9 8 80.22 8.57 1.687c=r~auchNok~g 5.56i 4 2 82.99 0.34' 1.721 =rch=*olog~ Oi 2 + 2 79.9 2.06 1.6694amh~olog=a

4.o51 3 o

0 0~ 01 2 + + +- + - - 6+3 . 3 5 i - 3 ~ - 5 ~ 3, 356.32l 65.7] 1.41 3

-900 ~ 24.7 65.5 -000 ~ 9 - - e :95_0+ 31 ! 17.2i 17.2: 71.2~r _1++o + ~ 6 - - 1 : 8 6 1 -1100 ++: 3 ~ - ~ e~..7~0.~ :~ ~ ~-

24.8 Pk~liv B C INeb~Tepe-Vlhor downward-LateBror,ze -1500j -1300 -1400 7 25.4 :Kar=hali KL-Tv~m~gr~d-Midd,e-LateBro ~ + -16_0~ -1500 3 25.8 Ga~bovo H R 'l+llhor:dwd-MlddteBro_n~uppesthonzon ~ : 1 ~ -1725 4624.8 PIO~[V iBC iNebetTepe-rloorofdwettNo4-E-MB. . . . ~-1850! -1630 -1750 6 24.8 Plovdiv B C ':BrezovHighway-Bro~zeAge ~-19001-1700 -1800 5 -- 26N~_Zagora H R Ill+lVhordw~Tzlganskatelt-Mk~leBronze - 2 4 0 0 - 2 2 0 0 -2300 1(] 24..3-~'u~tz~te • H R IIIh~ d~ward-endofMIddleBronz.e ~250--2300 6 25 ;Dj~ovo iHR Ilhor downward.sqs K24:~;t4~_~ I ___ ---2500; - 2 4 0 0 -2450" 12 2 6 Nova Zagom IHR Vlthor dwd-Tzlganskatell*firedl~tus -2550; -2450" -2500 4 28 O,adovo 'HR I~1hot downward- M27 M28.--525 " --2~2450: -250(] 3`5 26.1 Madrec :HR IVhordownwa~d+EBAil-III.Mihalic-Y-J{dOvo -2610!-2410 -2510 6 24.3 Yunat~e iHR VllhO< downwam-.LZ. . . . . . . . . . . . -2530i -2490- -251(] 5 26.1Madrec - ...... iHR ;Vh~:downvtatd:EBAIl-III. Mihalic-KJril. . . . 2650i-2450 ..2550:13 25Dladovo IHR Id/Vhor dOWrlward-P20 -26001 -2500 -2550" 14 iHR iVhor, downv~rd_:Q23 -2650;-2500 -25-75 @ 26:OLp~O 26'Nova_Zagora IHR :Vlflhor dwd-TZlganskatetl*EarlyBronze -2650:-2550- "-2600 4 26iOjaOovo iHR Vlhor downward-Q23.P23 O23 -2660 -2560 -2510: 7 24.3Hunatz~e iHR iXhordown*ard ~ 2 6 4 0 ; :260()- :-2620" 1(]" 24+3jYunatzite IHR iXlho(downward -2685'-2600-2642.5 5 26;01aOovo ;HR !VLihor Ct~S23:U24:U25 O~9 ~2700~-2600:-2650" 7" 24.gs='OVka ~lev.'~Aand B . . . . . . - 2 6 8 0 t - 2 6 3 0 -2655~ 30. 24.9'S=ovka iHR iborehole !-2685-2655! -2670 9 24.8Plo,Kliv !BC :NebetTepe-cultureEzero phazeMihalic !-2750:-2650r -2700- 8 24.3 Yunatzite B C ,Xll hot downward : -2725; -26851 -2705" 7" 26 Dja~ovo H R iVIIIhor ~mwerd-U25 V25 P20-21 ; -27601 -26601 -2710 9 19.8!Gomolava BC ~E~O~'-'Ko,~o~c i - 2 ~ ..2775~ 1326.1 Staroseletz HR 'EarlySronze-secondhalf ~ - - 2 ~ 2800" 11 24.3Yun=zee HR :XVthordo~enward-squaresOTandO$ -2870] -27701 -2820 12 24.31Yum,mte H R iXVlll'~,or,doWlwfmrd , -2906~:27801 ..2840" 37 261Djadovo H R ~st~opoll~XV]hordow'nward(borehole) -3000j -2-90()T :2950- 4~ 19+8i~ BC IGn111ta-~ -3t06t-2900! -3000 2 4 26iEz~o :BC iXho¢ downward-Bronze . . . . + -30701-3015;-30423 0'. 2e Ez~o B C =X,+X,,~=~,*.,,-B.. . . . . 31551-3"+O0' :3`127:5 ~25.6i,,.~ iBC burntlayer- LateEneo@th~-EattySronze -38001.-36001 -37()O 025.51Hotr,Cza " B C V~-trarmitiomllpedodLE-EB -3cool -3650i -3725- 7a7 I 24.31Jeqe~ IHR iJa~dgW~cave-t~etth$ -3850l -3790 -3820 17

4.41

7'

0

0

0 4 . . .

2 75.14 0.85+ 1 . 5 9 6 ! ~ 73`.§3: 5.35i 1.528jamha~k:~ll 2:'69~14 0.19i 1.4581at¢l141~gcal 5:73~6

7.51 1 . 5 4 1 ; ~

1.21 20; 18 75.59+ 4.37 1 . 5 6 8 4 m m a l V ~ i ¢ 31 6 6; 77.83-- 1.7i 1.642!beto~Tro~X/,

3.2 0

6; 51 ~2 ~ ?.571 1.604h~ 91 71 72+73 4.41 t 1.535jr~mro~&m=~.~

7.2 ~ 56 ' 17 2 1 7635 3.321 1.611 archaeo~gmm 2~--58:92 3.9 ~ 3 - 3: 684- 174~ 1.a,5:3~archa~o&mag~etic 2.29 60.4;I- "i~5~18~ 10 6388 1.69~-:l~h~o~magmt~c 9~4 56:34.~_ ~1~-_'--5~'~5 63.3_ 3`.9T 1.335-14c 18.56:47.98 4.7: 2; 2 6021 0 4 ~ 1.27archae~,magnetm 5.33+ 56.78 418 10 3 48.02 49B~l..O07~chaec&s~gr 3.88 59.36 48 3 3 53 18 0.85 1.122 14C 0.281 58.37~ 3.3-- O- 4" 53 9"7 i.33 1.136 arChaeo&str~KJr 0.41 ~ 60+2t 4.8 3 3 5432 5.25: 1.139-1~1C 2.42 ~ 56.66~ -15: "-12- 12 52.92" 46;~ T . ~ a e o & s t r a t i g r 359.44; 53.92' 5.39 7 5 5137 3.04 1.0~3relchron.&magnet 193i 59.58= 4.6 3 3 49.95 019- 1.~0~1.~4C --353837-51~23T 2~33~ 8 7 4-526 1~5~.912:r,~chron&mangei35794J 59.19i "2-62~ 454 0 0 00"i4C 35904; 50.32! 4.27 6 5 5(3.4.9 1.81 1.063,archaeo&stratigr 353 61.2 8~8-----8- 5- 53.75" 3.34 1.127 f4C 3:51-55.63`~ 3 . 3 ~ - - : 3 43`.36" 2.28-(}.911_r~chron&itratigr -4~---56--~ 8 6 47.86 3.18 1.0114C 358.9 52' 2.3i 7 4 5617 7.5 1.18514C 355.68 56.13 2.32' 3 2 53.97 0 7 6 1.136 rel chron&magnet 351:33. 51.26 1.8 16~ 11 55.54 195 1.168 rel.clvon&rnagnet 359.69 52.14 3.53i 5! 5 55.3 1.95 1.163;reLclvon&magnet 1 56.2 2 5 4 49.62 0.76 1.047amt,.m~o@cal i-1-= 52~1- 4 3 ~ ~ 7 47.81 5.79 1,009 14C 354.5 56.02 _ 2 ~ 6" 39:02- l~050.8~-'~.cllro~&stratigf 357~5~9i+-"-3~: 3 ~ 4 - 5.43 0.77514(:: ~ ~ 4.9~540.07: 1.8 0.845 reLchron&strangr 355.46] 60.2 1.51 51 5 4321 3.61 0.912,=rchaeo&str~gr 358.831 57.88 1.241 91 8 _ 4 3 4 1 1 1 . 3 8 0.909:arclmo&stratig_r_.... 359.77; 60.14 6.18 3[ 2 41.12 222 o+865p~ogical 356.38 61.37. 1,7r 12 7i ,47~08 2.88 0+965h~.c . . . . . 0i O' 01 3/ 31 ~ 2 . ~ 8 - 0 . g 4 7 : l , e . C -355.671 57. 5~__ ~ i , ~ . ~ 0.934i14C .... ~ 0 71 4i 53.05 3.84 1.1051ar~'l,=~=cal _ 1.411 61.61~ 1.31 251 25 5218j 5.42 1.09!14c , , 351.49] 54.14, 10 4 49.66 i 2.55 1.053!14c

2.2L

M. Kouacheva/ Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

149

Table 1 (continued) '65; 41.6 6 1 43.3 133, 43.2 801 43.3 63i 42.7 571 43.3 273 42.2 288 411933i 43.7581 43.2 59~ 43.3 4 9 43.1 521 43' 254 43.1 51 43 297 43.3 55:43.2 298; 43.B 53i 42.5

24.4Tr,w=d HR Hanlmijlklhole-tran$itlonalpenodLE-E~ 24.3 Tza=.h B C ,l(IV)h~.~:,ward 23.6Gmtin -HR Chukata-SEerKI-transltionalpenodLE-EB 24.3T-BC it(,,,)hor, u - 23.4Ret~tVavo BC Olug~-tnm~tlonperiodLE-EB 23,5Knvoe~ HR Ihor upward 24,3 Yun~e • HR Eneoathichodzon -25 O~no~m, BC L o ~ - K V l 23.2 6agach~a BC the end of EneoNthic 23.7 Goma Kremena BC th~lndofEr~ol~llc "-" 24.3T~d~ BC i]{[I)hor upwlrd 27.1 Srnjadovo BC qlhor downvmrd-EneOlith¢ 27.5 Col Delch~o ~HR IXIVhor.upward-LateEneolithic 27.1 SmjIK~ovo '.BC itlhor, dowllw~.d 27.5 Gol. Delchevo H R Xitl hot. upward- Late Eneolithic 25.9Ru==e H R Ih=dwd-sqs.112.L7.A12-LateEneoltthic 26.70~hwo~o BC iXllho¢.upward 25.9~Ruue H R iIIhot, d~K~-N14,M10-LateEneolithic 26;Ezero H R XlV+XV*XVIhordvrd-Late Eneo~ithic

47 r 43.2 2991 43.81

HR -~--'~"l*~X*Xh°r upward ~ ,IHhor.dv~-sq. KB-LateEneollthlc ~ lVll+Vlit hot upv,~td- unorientatedsamp~s HR ~lVaho(.downward-~Jinofdweitingge HR Vllhot. up,~rd BC IMtdd~eEneoUthic HR ILateEn~lth¢-I~age 'BC IGm,b-Vin&h=C, KV 'BC iUndlg~W¢lt~ ~HR iNhet, upw=rd-M~dk, Er,eoath¢ IHR !Vhor, dwd-dv,~v,ng9 ~,~;Ing7 .heaths

26.7:C*~ . . . . . 25.9 Ru~se 28.8 P~W,,¢,~ 307! 43.8, 28.6 Oumnkutak 305; 43.2: 26.7Ovcharovo 43.6i 27.4iP~Mo~H 48i 43.1i 26,1iOmurtag 42' 44.81 1 9 . 8 : ~ 401 43.3n 26.5;Ul~k 4.4L 43.3! 28.TLPo~,r,~, 306', 43.6 28.6J0umnkulak • ,, 435 ~61,.~r. 300i 43.8 25.9iRu=~e 35 43 27.5iGoL_Deld~ew 287i 42.7 23.2tSO~ 3151 42.5 25.91Kmanovo 2~Sr 43.81 28.81Dutm(ulak 3 ~ 42.4, 25.6~Chatalka ~ 0 ~ " 43.8~25.91RU=~ 39! 43.2; 26.7!O,,~tarovo --2.~7" 42.3! 22.7 S.'atlno ~43"4-35~ 26.5[Radingnm 38 43.5; 2 3 . 4 ~ n - ~ . ~ a 41= 44.9; 19.8Gomolava 3 2 43.2! 26.7rOvchuovo ' 301 42.31 22.7!S~ino ~ 2 ~ o ~ 3 6 43,3= 26.6 Poljanica 22 441 20.9:O~n 28 4 2 23.1 Strums~o ~ 2 7 43.4! 24.2;Bren~tza 26~4.1.9 i 23.51El~hn~a 25; 42.6 i 26iNovaZ~ora 260; 41.4i 23.31Topo(n~"a ~ 2 4 1 432 25.61Kachitza ~ 9 3 i 43 31 25.91K.w, ve~ --3-02; 43.8! 25.9iR.s= -- 17! 43.11 25.8 Samovo~ene ~ 6 43.3j 2e.SiPod~o~ _ 2 1 43.5l 21.3JTrsten¢ 40 43.51 21.3i8~agari--283i 43.31 26.2LPopom..pre=erve 25.4 ~ k 23 43.1 27.4 U=,wto 121 43.8 3! 42.6 15; 43.2 10! 43.1 6 43 262! 43,3 14j 42.1 9! 43,1

HR 10",~-*.~n--=-8o~,~-,=~=.

'HR IVhor. dwd-IIq=.ET.N9-aiddleErmoitthk: ;HR ]lVhor. up~ud-MlddleEneoitthlc

-3900-38001 -3850 '-395(]!-3850~ -3900 ~ -4050 -3900 -3975 ~-405n~-3950, -4000 ~-41 -3970 L -4065 L ~,~---~..4'1£>0.-4050L -4100 ~ -41601 -4080i -4120 ~-4170 -4070 i ~.120 I -42001 -4050 -4125 1-4210 -4070 . . -414~0-. . -4200 -4100 -4150 -4200 -4100 -4150 -4200 -4150 -4175 -4250; -4150 -4200 -4250; -4200 -4225 -4300;-4200 -4250 -4300i-4250i "4275 -43501 -4250i -4300 -4350L -4290 -4320 -4450i-4350l -4400 -4480.11--4380 -4420 -4480; -4500! -4520 ~4550 i -45601 -4800] : -4580 i -4560i i -4800i

-4380 -4430 -4480 -4450, -4450 -4420 -4440 -44601 "44501

-44301 -4465 -4500 -4500 -4505 -4510 -4510 -4510, -4525

r.4665] -4,951 .4530

i-4580! -4540 -46001 -4550

-4560' -4576;

26 356.3" 51.6 "14" 354.67 52.28i 15 355.65 51.33 '3" 3545! 53T 8- 357~4-2~-~41".25+2-7 5,11 50.25 L 8 15.33, 48.07 45 10.64 46,9 15 8.85 501 0 -O--'~0 ~ 15 6.63 54,73; 20 2.77 48.42 12 4.98 49143~ 7 11.8 ~.1~" 1=0-- 6.85, 45.95 18 6.72 49.87 0 0 0 16 8.36 46.59 3 8.63 51.56 1'1 6.3 46.9, 0 0 0 01 8 11.6 47.35 2 10.6 5 ~ " 6 24.571 53.24l 4 13.9! 47.71 5 13.09i 61.341 4 19i 58.8; 15 16i 601 10 8.081 52.191 14 991] 55.011. 4 14.5] 52,31: 5 15.27! 53.27!

,~c ~--...~,-6~.~.o-4850i-4500i

~675

;HR KV-KVl ;HR Vll',or.~KI-h~rth6-z,dw~w3-10

i-46401 -4530 i -4635 -4535

-4585 5 -45851 24!

-4640 -4540 -4850 ..4550" -4830 -4570 -4680 -4580 -4660 -4580 -4665 -4565 -4700 -4540 -4700 -4580 -4700 -4600 -4730 -4630 -4790 -4620 -4810 -4630 -4890 -4810 -4900 -4840 -5130 -4930 -5150 -4950 -5120 -5060 -5170 -5100 -5170 -5130 -5220 -5110 -5325 -5125 -5290 -5190 -5345 -5145 -5300 -5200 -5320 -5180 -5330 -5230 -5330 -5230 -5420-5220 -5500;-5300 -5470i -53701 -5490-5390= -55201 -5420! -5520 -5420! ; -5630-5430l i -55201 -54501 ! -5525 i -5465

-4590 -4600 -4600 -4610 -4610 -4615 -4620 -4640 -4650 -4680 -4705 -4720 -4850 -4870 -5030 -5050" -5100 -5135 -5150 -5165 -5225 -5240 -5245 -5250 -5250 -5280 -5280 -5320: -5400 -5420J -5440! -5470 -5470, -5480 -5485 -5495

HR HR HR HR HR HR BC HR HR HR HR BC HR HR HR HR BC BC HR HR HR BC BC BC HR HR BC HR 21,5 BC 25.4 K~mak HR 26.6 Ru~:_Ovch~rovo H R 25,8 S = ~ HR 27.5 C-,~,J:~che~ BC 26.2 Popo~_p*e=~ :KL 23.1 HR 25.6 S ~ !HR

KV. KVI Vlhor. dwd-sqs.K6. M6.15-MiddleEneolith¢ Vhor upward 1hot ~wnw=rd IIIhor. dovmwerd*MiddleEneolithic Midd4eEt~eoitthlc-KV Gml-a-Vincha, Ptochnic,KV ~Vhor upward Ilhor~rd-hearths,bumtequiprnerlts I , hor upward _1- II +llFhor upward VlnChaC llho¢-EarlyEneollthic EadyEneolithic - KIV, KV LateNeolithic-~V Mechanic~bakery-LateNeo[ith~c-KIV Kremenitza-IIIhordownward-KIV Vlll-thsector-KIV. VinchaA IV hot upv,azd. LateNeolithic VIIhor, dowr,w=~-LateNeoa~¢ II÷iti+lVttor downward- MiddleNeolithic Mrd-Midd~Neolithic-KIII EarlyNeolithlC($e~lan) EarlyNeoiithlc(Se~ian) iNI~ithic-KIII, KIV FIl÷lVhordownward-Kill D'algopol-KIV- Kill V+Vlhor.~ neerParachln-Stlrchevo-Vlncha-KlI-KIII =[Xhor.dowrr,~rd !O'~harm'o-Gen,ta-Neoitthc-Kl~ iX+lXdowmtlrd+bumtdwqlitng ilhor, up',Mzrd-Nedith¢ k'eoilhlc-KII I e,or. upw=rd - ==ib~on oven iXrhor, d~,'n~d

0 8 22 8 10 3 12 12 61 13 2 21 17; O: 15 16 10 13 6; 6~ 2: 121 4 0: 0 391 30

0:

-0'

o~

3.751 50.52i 2.68 t 45.52!

'2.41 19; 5.2 7! 3.8 ~ 5.2" 8, 8.01 7~ 2.2 ~ 2.6 31 1.59 8: 2.51 91 0' 81 3.9 81 3.54 11i JL7 ! 12! 2.9 3 1.9 11, 2.46 7 0 5 2.68 5 4.8 11 5.4 231 0 51 6 6i 437 8! --'5- ~41i 6.03 51 5.8 6i 6.1 41 5.9 81 2.7 141 5.1:12 3.14 81 1.64: 1 i 4.7:12

11! 47.63 ~ 47.15 8~ 43.93 8, 47.82 6! 3938 13-39.22 31 37.7 8 38.43 7! 49.33, 7 50.36 8i 46.28 10j 48 91 45,55. 31 42.68 11 i 39.23 31 40.93 5 35.42 5 36.14 10 47.2 18] 45.75 5i 42.77 61 44.36 41 42.24, ' 47.72 5 51.31 5 54.53 4 55.25 8 43.54~ 8 52.67' 10 42.24~

0

I 44.45! 12 49.43J o~ ,18 44.17! 4.16, 6 48.351 0.9! 121 121 47.64 i 4.3

252 5.8 85 6~15.19 5.3 4,3 5 2.5 38 () 2.8 1.9 7.68 4.7 5.17 5.48 3.15 4.1 3.7 0 0 19_ 1.3

7 7 48.63i 4.95 5 4 51.06' 1.82 2 2 47,73~ 4,38 7" 7 4971 2,94 11 9 48.5 8,65 6 6 51.991 6,24 8 8 42.171 3,52 2 2 51~0.91 14 4 50.13 702 59 56 47.07' 4.31 3 3 51.31 3.6 i 3 12 53.26 592 8 8 51.35 3.25 6 6~54.94 391 7 2 43.68 0.73 8 6 46.04 6.09 4 4 45.94 066 2 0 0 0 7 7 44.85 1.3 7 7 46.82 4.48 3 3 45.37 5.59 16 16 42.82' 2.44 .57 5 ~ . S 30 2 5 40.59i 5.58

1015j(14C}a~slr 1.074~4C}r=lchrorolo; 0~aa;c-~; 1,034'archmo~og&al 0,994{=rch~o~g~ca= 1,085114C 0.8891(14C) 1.0681(14C/ 1.0451(14C)=rchaeo&str 0.973i(14Clac~&mag 1~085114c 1.109iarch~ogcal 1.087:r~chror~cgy 1.1521(14C)rel.chronolog! 0.918~chr.&mag&14C 0.96114(:: 0.~chron&magnet 0Trll,cht&m~f, str 0.933ir~chron&stratigr 0.972]r~chro~Y, ogy 0.9441~chron~ogy 0.891ir~chtono4ogy O.816i~ro~g~i-

32 0i 2.5; 2.26 1.8 01 1.9 4.5' 2.7

9 15! 111 12 i 20, 8! 51 57!

0.9141mchr~,&=tr=~, 0,897 ~.¢hro,~,o~ 0.93tel, chronology 0.686 14C 0.794 r~.d'~ron~gy 0.756 r~.~ron.&=traUgr. 0.T'/7!rd.ct, ro..&magnet. 0.977 14caupal~e¢ 0.865 rel.,=hron.&=~gr

oi

53,4 Ol 54.531 61.121 59.9!. 0j 59.9 I 55.7 51.8

0

4

50.5L3.28

0.92 r=l.chr.S=tr.&mag 1.034 wchmos,=~r 0.927 r ~ . ~ 1.018 r ~ . c h ~ n . ~ = O,99ir~.=hr~. ~

8.73; 52.89

0!

3

1.26i 3.5 2.24~ 0.671 1.54 i

431 = 53.721 19.9 ~ 5 5 1 1 1 9 7 5654 7,11 54,253,27! 5695 9.09~ 44,38 8,8! 45,1 467 12.7 52.1 6.61 51.73 0; 0 14.18'. 4986 3.371 56.46 12.85 55.73 18.04i 52.12 7.27 49.53 22.41 45.08 22.76j 57.7 10.3i 64.1 12.2i 57.6 01 0 0! 0 "~ 58~6 11.98] 54.04

17 5.7 0 01 111 358.94 24 = 353.5 291 4.13 0 0! 281 353.8i 61 352.8 16i 355

4

3.49 1.01 (t4C)luchaeo~og 2.59 0.983 14C 1.54 0.917(14C)ucha,W~og 5.96 0.997 t4Ct.~,,~..,~,~ 4.06, 0.815=ch~elq~;,:~ 3.99 0,817=¢h=x~=u=tigr 1 0,795 r= chro~olow 3.69 0.813:relchr,&m=g~4C 3.62 1 . 0 2 4 1 a ~ r r q r , ~ c ; 6.96 '1~0-51ar&t~eo~o~ic=" _ 5.09 0.96514(3 3.84 1.001 m.r..hronologyg14c 5.36 0.962 achNo&=ttat~ 2.93= 0.891 ~ ' l t ~ r 4.93 0.82 archNo&=tt~,gr 3.82 0.847nachr&=T.&m=E.5.07 0.73814C 1.64 0.749r=chr&=W.&mag 4.72 0.992'(14C)=rch.&=trat. 61 0.953,14c 2.8 0.885i~.ch¢.&=~r.&n'.~ 3.51: 0 . 9 2 3 i a r c ~ t g r 1.01 0876:~.=hr&mag&_14C 3.36 0.996(14C)~rch&~'at 4.24= 1.63; 1.137h4c 2.3i 1.132iar~haeaeg¢~ 3.81 0.9071w©he~o~ica[ 7.83: 1.0981archa~&=tra~" 2.12! 0.8781m.¢hr.&rr,ag&14C

1,063',archaaolog,:ad

~-~'~-~

6; 121 10 8 18 7 5 5 5

43.78; 43.251 44.261 32.931 38.03i 36.17i 37.291 48.251 41.431

3.42 5.61 4.141 2.84= 5.151 5.39! 1.06i 2.041 2 59i

150

ll4. Kovacheva / Physics of the Earth and Planeta~ Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

Table 1 (continued)

_. 2611 81 294 i ___259j _ 71 "'~ 2491 2431 2411 -,

242, 2461 2501 2851 -

I

41.51_ 23.5 K~Lc._hevo ~ _ iB C ibul~lmg NO1in squa~ K13-20- KI , -55901 -5410 -65351 -6485; 41.8~ 23.7 DobRnishte HR !Blagoe~ra~ - EarlyNeolith¢ (sBconahalf) -55401 -5520, 43,31 25.9 Kop.'M~ :HR ll*llhot. upward - Early Neolitt~ (theend ) 42.5i 25.9 Kamnovo ;BC Ki~ -56001 -5500 -5625 -5575 42.3 i 25.7Sm~Zagora B C i O k ~ a ho~pRal- Early Neolithic- KII -5740 ! -5540 42.31 23.05 Galal~ik HR III cUlUl'al hor - 2-225 m. depth -5775[-5575 42.31 23.05_Galp~ik " iBC :EarlyNIoilthic-26mal~th 41.91 23.5 Ele~nCca ;BC . . . . 42.7 i 23.2Stanna !BC Irner~ :_5~-5680, -5630 -5630 42.71 2 3 . 4 : ~ = - - - !BC iPrtntinghouse-NeoCd~-Kl-$tarchevoA-B 4'4.51 22.1 Leplme~_vir _~ jLetoen~d~rI-ProtoStztr(;hevoculture -58351 °5836 42.2! 24.1 Raidtovo Re IMakakovbridge-StarchevoI-KI -57901-5690 ~5850] -56501 44.21 20.9Gdvac ~BC S~S~uc~ 42.71 2 3 . 2 s . n a BC ~ - p l ~ t e r -5810! -5740 42.3j 23.2 K,aF,,tZ, ~IBC IE~lyN~eh,~-begmmg -58701 -5710: I,~C iI ~ I~r - EariyNeolithic- 4.5 m aepth 42.31 23.05 C.-~ik -5975i -5775, of .snnr.h,~ ; -62001 -6000 44.71 21.2:vim,n~Wm BC lem =~=t ~ i =

dates of the number of sites have been discussed again with the archaeologists excavating the sites and they were also corrected to some extent. For the prehistoric past the biggest problem arises with the calibrated 14C for the Bulgarian Eneolithic period (Boyadziev, 1995). The numerous multilevel sites studied, where the vertical stratigraphy is clear, helped a lot in this respect. The rough site directional and intensity average results are given in Table 1. They are available as: (i) printed output; (ii) an ASCII data text file; or (iii) a DBase IV data file (* .dbf).

3. Description of the data set representation The structure of the local database has been organised mainly according to the IAGA (Vienna, 1991) recommendations for the World Archaeomagnetic Data Base. Each site is given with the corresponding geographical latitude and longitude, with the type of material used, with the dating interval, number of used independently orientated samples for directional results and number of palaeointensity experiments and that of accepted ones, experimental uncertainties and methods of dating. Results are given as the feature mean values "Feature is a volume of material that can be considered to have been magnetised at the same time" (Tarling, 1983). To each feature (Kovacheva and Toshkov, 1994) a different laboratory number

-5500

10i

355.5:

':-s~Yo~ IT,-Y~:~; :553~6

63.8

~55~.~.__~.~:

-5600 30; 3 5 1 9 65.17 -5640 ~ 1 4 ~ 3 5 5 . g - - : 6 0 9 -5675 0] 0 0

o_:

' 3.3

~5:5 " 3.~

357.1 ~ 6611-

6

6 37.59 4 . ~ l _ : r p c h r o n & r n ~ g e t ~

~ 7~ ~:4q- ~

225-

15! 1-0 34.272:56.45 i 3.1 13~ 1 3 45.63 2~.4 1 0 " ~ 6 ~ 5 7 2 7 0 ~ r 2 55.46

1.6- 8~

51 ......

_c:c5642

-5730 10 L 347 57.1: 4.8 10i 8; 45,07i -5730' 0; O: O" - - - 0 3"- 3] 44.88 - 5 7 ~ 339.2- 6 0 . 8 1 6 . 3 6 - 3 ~ 2! 49.221 -5740; ~ r - - - - ~ - -~0- 3=- 31 52.36 -5750i 01 0 0 0 1 3 13= 48.811 -57751 7 341.6 6 0 . 5 7 9 6 ~ 61.641 -5790= 3~ 325.13 63.95~_ 9.12 4 - 4 - 56.14~ -5875! 4 328.02 49.091 10.57 5. 2 44.121 2 2 37.17 -6100] 0 i 0 0[ 0 ! : , i

2.521 1.781 4.12 2.66 1.61 2.08 1.86 0.86 1.41 3.~ 1.65 2.53 4.85 4.84 0.2.

0.8~7~,c 0.713ir~c;v,~&~_ 1.185!,elclvonology 1.0231~ :

1.206tr~chron&stmter

1 .I 68 rt4.clvon&stnltig;T 1.173=14c 0.944irel ~

0.~2-;,~~,,~0~ 1.013~ 1.105 -rei ~rono(ogy 1.008 re chro~o~ 1.291:14C

1.183,r~ c;vonok~ 0.929:14(:: 0.763 rr~:c~ 0.783 ,¢:¢~

-

(LABNO) corresponds; SLAT and SLONG are the geographic latitude and longitude for the feature location; PLACE is name of the feature location; MAT is a code to indicate the type of material (BR for brick; BC for baked clay; HR for a hearth or oven; KL for a kiln or furnace; MI for miscellaneous); SITE_HORIZON--site is an archaeological area and for the AD period of time mostly meets the meaning of feature, but for the prehistoric period the different features with different LABNO correspond to different excavating horizons in a multilevelled prehistoric sites (tells). Levels can be counted from top to bottom (downward) or from bottom to top (upward). Some abbreviations are used in this column as: hor. for horizon; destr, for destructions; dwd for downward; fragm, for fragments; sq. for square; distr, for district; S. for Saint; sec. for secondary; EBA for Early Bronze Age; LE for Late Eneolithic and EB for Early Bronze; LAGE is the more ancient endpoint of the age range; HAGE is the more recent endpoint of the age range; DTPOINT is the middle of the dating range to which the available results are associated; NDIR is the number of samples used to compute the average direction; DEC is the average declination--the zero value in this column means that the declination result is not available for this feature; INC is the average inclination; ALPHA95 is a95 (Fisher, 1953) for the feature presented with both the declination and inclination; for I results (no data for D), the standard deviation (s) is noted instead of t~95 (Kovacheva and Toshkov, 1994);

M. Kovache~a /Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 102 (1997) 145-151

NOPI is the number of samples experimented and NPI the number o f samples used (accepted) to compute the average paleointensity; PI is the weighted average palaeointensity in SI units (Kovacheva and Kanarchev, 1986); STDPI is the standard deviation of the weighted average palaeointensity; F a / F d is the palaeointensity result normalised to the dipole value for the corresponding geographical latitude, due to an axial geocentric dipole o f present-day moment of 8 × 10 22 A m 2 (Creer et al., 1983); D A T I N G - - t h e column describes the used method for dating. Sometimes the obtained magnetic characteristics for direction and intensity are used for detailisation of the archaeological dating interval and making it narrower (this is the meaning of 'archaeo & magnetic'). For the sake of place some abbreviations have been also used as: arch. and archaeo for archaeological; mag and magnet, for magnetic; str. and stratigr, for stratigraphy; begin, for beginning; rel. for relative; chr., chron, for chronology; Dom. for Imperor Domician; when the radiocarbon dating 14C is in brackets, it means that its calibrated value is available, but not taken into account, because of complete contradiction with the vertical stratigraphy or the relative chronology (Boyadziev, 1995).

Acknowledgements The contribution o f all the Bulgarian archaeologists, who gave us the materials and dates, is highly appreciated. As far as the prehistoric past is concerned, thanks are due to Prof. H. Todorova and specially to Dr. Yavor Boyadziev, who has compiled all the available 14C datings from Bulgaria (Boyadziev, 1995). The author is indebted to Prof. V. Courtillot who organised her stay in the Institute of Physics of the Globe in Paris in 1996, where the usefull discussions and participations in the seminars have given the impulse for a final revision and publication of the database. Finally the constant help o f my younger colleagues Neli Jordanova and Vassil Karloukovski as

151

well as Marija Dolapchieva during the entire work is highly appreciated.

References Boyadziev, Y., 1995. Chronology of prehistoric cultures in Bulgaria. In: D. Bailey, I. Panajotov (Eds.), Prehistoric Bulgaria. Monogr. Word Archaeol. 22, 149-208. Daly, L., Le Goff, M., 1996. An updated and homogeneous world secular variation data base. I. Smoothing of the archaeomagnetic results. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 93, 159-190. Creer, K., Tucholka, P., Barton, C., 1983. Discussion. In: K. Creer, P. Tucholka, C. Barton (Eds.), Geomagnetism of Baked Clays and Recent Sediments. Elsevier, p. 184. Cui, Y., Verosub, K.L., 1995. A mineral magnetic study of some pottery samples: possible implications for sample selection in archaeointensity studies. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 91, 261271. Cui, Y., Verosub, K.L., Roberts, A.P., Kovacheva, M., 1997. Rock magnetic studies of archaeological samples: implications for sample selection for paleointensity determinations. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. (in press). Fisher, R.A., 1953. Dispersion on a sphere. Pro. R. Soc. London A 217, 295. Jordanova, N., Petrovski, E., Kovacheva, M., 1997. Priliminary rock magnetic study of archaeomagnetic samples from Bulgarian site of BC time. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. (in press). Kovacheva, M., Stefanovich, D., Veljovich, D., 1974. Some results from the archaeomagnetic studies of the samples from Bulgaria and Eastern Yugoslavia. Bull. Geophys. Inst. 19, 219-228, (in Bulgarian). Kovacheva, M., Veljovich, D., 1976. New results from the archaeomagnetic studies of the samples from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Archaeology 2, 63-65, (in Bulgarian). Kovacheva, M., Veljovich, D., 1977. Geomagnetic Field's variations in South-Eastern Europe for the time period 6500 years B.C. to 100 years B.C. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 37, 131-138. Kovacheva, M., Kanarchev, M., 1986. Revised Archaeointensity Data from Bulgaria. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 38, 1297-1310. Kovacheva, M., 1992. Updated archaeomagnetic results from Bulgaria: the last 2000 years. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 70, 219-223. Kovacheva, M., Toshkov, A., 1994. Geomagnetic field variations as determined from Bulgarian archaeomagnetic data. Part I: the last 2000 years AD. Surv. Geophys. 15, 673-701. Tarling, D.H., 1983. Palaeomagnetism. Principles and Applications in Geology, Geophysics and Archaeology. Chapman and Hall, London, p. 76. Thellier, E., Thellier, O., 1959. Sur l'intensite du champ magnetique terrestre dans le passe historique et geologique. Ann. Geophys. 15, 285-376.