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ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jafar Jafari Department of Hospitality and Tourism University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie WI 54751-2500, USA Tel +1(715)232-2339, Fax +1(715)232-3200 Email [email protected] http://www.elsevier.com/locate/annals/ ASSOCIATE EDITORS
앫 Anthropology: Nelson H. H. Graburn (Univ. of California-Berkeley, USA) Dennison Nash (Univ. of Connecticut, USA) 앫 Economics: Rebecca M. Summary (Southeast Missouri State Univ., USA) 앫 Geography: Lisle S. Mitchell (Univ. of South Carolina, USA) 앫 History: Auvo A. Kostiainen (Univ. of Turku, Finland) 앫 Hospitality: Kaye Chon (Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., China) 앫 Leisure/Recreation: Geoffrey Wall (Univ. of Waterloo, Canada) 앫 Management: Abraham Pizam (Univ. of Central Florida, USA) 앫 Political Science: Linda K. Richter (Kansas State Univ., USA) 앫 Psychology: Regina G. Schlu¨ter (Univ. Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina) 앫 Regional Planning: Douglas G. Pearce (Victoria Univ. of Wellington, New Zealand) 앫 Sociology: Erik Cohen (The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Israel) David H. Harrison (Univ. of North London, UK)
FIELD EDITORS Antonios Andronikou (Former Director General, Cyprus Tourism Organization, Cyprus) Alexander Anolik (President, International Forum of Travel and Tourism Advocates, USA) Francesco Frangialli (Secretary-General, World Tourism Organization) Eric Friedheim (Editor-in-Chief, Travel Agent Magazine, USA) Victor S. Kachanov (Vice President, Central Council for Tourism and Excursions, Russia) Walter Leu (Executive Director, European Travel Commission, Belgium) Geoffrey H. Lipman (Former President, World Travel and Tourism Council, UK) Bengt Pihlstrom (Former Director, Finnish Tourist Board, Finland) Salah E. A. Wahab (President, Tourismplan, Egypt)
COMMENTARY EDITOR Graham M. S. Dann* (Sociology, Univ. of Luton, UK)
REPORT EDITORS Juergen Gnoth* (Marketing, Univ. of Otago, New Zealand) Russell A. Smith* (Planning, Nanyang Tech. Univ., Singapore)
PUBLICATION EDITOR Stephen L. J. Smith* (Recreation, Univ. of Waterloo, Canada)
CALENDAR EDITOR Tom Selanniemi (Anthropology, Aurinkomatkat-Suntours, Finland) INDEX EDITOR Honggen Xiao (Linguistics, Huaqiao Univ., China)
RESOURCE EDITORS Eugeni Aguilo (Economics, Univ. de las Islas Baleares, Spain) Jong-yun Ahn (Public Admin., Hanyang Univ., R. Korea) Julio R. Aramberri (Sociology, Drexel Univ., USA) Brian H. Archer (Economics, Univ. of Surrey, UK) Rene´ Baretje (Economics, Centre International de Recherches et d’Etudes Touristiques, France) Mario Carlos Beni (Communications, Univ. de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil) Jeremy F. Boissevain (Anthropology, Univ. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Jozsef Bo¨ro¨cz (Sociology, Rutgers Univ., USA) Georges Cazes (Geography, Univ. de Paris I, Panthe´on-Sorbonne, France) Sidney Cheung (Anthropology, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, China) Michael Clancy (Political Science, University of Hartford, USA) Frederick M. Collison (Business, Univ. of Hawaii, USA) Heidi Dahles (Anthropology, Vrije Univ., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Rodrigo de Azeredo Gru¨newald (Anthropology, Federal Univ. of Campina Grande, Brazil) Peter U. C. Dieke (Tourism, Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, UAE) Kadir H. Din (Environment, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia) David A. Dittman (Accounting, Cornell Univ., USA) William R. Eadington (Economics, Univ. of Nevada-Reno, USA) Bryan H. Farrell (Geography, Univ. of California-Santa Cruz, USA) Eduardo Fayos-Sola (Economics, Univ. of Valencia, Spain) William P. Fisher (Education Administration, Univ. of Central Florida, USA) Alan Fyall (Marketing, Bournemouth Univ., UK) William C. Gartner (Resource Economics, Univ. of Minnesota, USA) Charles R. Goeldner (Marketing, Univ. of Colorado-Boulder, USA) Anton F. Gosar (Geography, Univ. of Ljubljana, Slovenia) Jan Vidar Haukeland (Sociology, Inst. of Transport Economics, Norway) Shuzo Ishimori (Anthropology, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan) Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen (Sociology, Stravanger Univ. College, Norway) Myriam Jansen-Verbeke (Geography, Erasmus Univ., Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Carson L. Jenkins (Economics, Univ. of Strathclyde, UK) Christina A. Joseph (Anthropology, Univ. of Georgia, USA) Jiri Kaspar (Economics, Prague School of Economics, Czech Republic) Michael J. Keane (Economics, National Univ. of Ireland-Galway, Ireland) Mahmood Ketabi (Political Science, Univ. of Isfahan, Iran) Maria Kousis (Sociology, Univ. of Crete, Greece) Neil Leiper (Tourism, Southern Cross Univ., Australia) Alan A. Lew (Geography, Northern Arizona Univ., USA) Dean MacCannell (Applied Behavior Sciences, Univ. of California-Davis, USA) Yoel Mansfeld (Geography, Univ. of Haifa, Israel) Josef A. Mazanec (Commerce, Vienna Univ., Austria) Jerome L. McElroy (Economics, Saint Mary’s College, USA) Bob McKercher (Tourism, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., China) Bernard Morucci (Mathematics, Univ. de Paris I, Panthe´onSorbonne, France) Peter E. Murphy (Business, La Trobe Univ., Australia) Lars Olov Nyberg (Geography, Mid Sweden Univ., Sweden) Philip L. Pearce (Psychology, James Cook Univ. of North Queensland, Australia) John J. Pigram (Geography, Univ. of New England, Australia) Oriol Pi-Sunyer (Anthropology, Univ. of Massachusetts, USA) Robert A. Poirier (Political Science, Northern Arizona Univ., USA) Krzysztof Przeclawski (Sociology, Warsaw Univ., Poland) Michael Riley (Sociology, Univ. of Surrey, UK) Gisbert Rinschede (Geography, Univ. Regensburg, Germany) Melville Saayman (Recreation, Potchefstroom Univ., South Africa) Tom Selwyn (Anthropology, Univ. of North London, UK) Pauline J. Sheldon (Economics, Univ. of Hawaii, USA) Egon Smeral (Economics, Institute of Economic Research, Austria) Ginger Smith (Communication, George Washington Univ., USA) Valene L. Smith (Anthropology, California State Univ.-Chico, USA) Trevor Sofield (Anthropology, Murdoch Univ., Australia) Margaret B. Swain (Anthropology, Univ. of California-Davis, USA) Victor B. Teye (Geography, Arizona State Univ., USA) Rex S. Toh (Business, Seattle Univ., USA) John Tribe (Tourism, Buckinghamshire Chilterns Univ. College, UK) Paris Tsartas (Sociology, University of the Agean, Greece) John Urry (Sociology, Lancaster Univ., UK) Muzaffer Uysal (Recreation, Virginia Tech, USA) Pierre L. van den Berghe (Sociology, Univ. of Washington-Seattle, USA) Turgut Var (Business, Texas A&M Univ., USA) Boris Vukonic (Faculty of Economics, Croatia) Ning Wang (Sociology, Zhongshan Univ., China) Paul F. Wilkinson (Geography, York Univ., Canada) Robert E. Wood (Sociology, Rutgers Univ.-Camden, USA) Shinji Yamashiti (Anthropology, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
ASSISTANT EDITORS Richard Gardner, English Text Sheherazade Jafari, Editorial Assistant Martha Wallen, French and Spanish Text *Department Head and Associate Editor Editors represent various disciplines in order to ensure both strength and balance in Annals’ multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. Annals Language Bank (Editors): Afrikaans, Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, Ghanian, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portugese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish.
앫 Anthropology: Nelson H. H. Graburn (Univ. of California-Berkeley, USA) Dennison Nash (Univ. of Connecticut, USA) 앫 Economics: Rebecca M. Summary (Southeast Missouri State Univ., USA) 앫 Geography: Lisle S. Mitchell (Univ. of South Carolina, USA) 앫 History: Auvo A. Kostiainen (Univ. of Turku, Finland) 앫 Hospitality: Kaye Chon (Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., China) 앫 Leisure/Recreation: Geoffrey Wall (Univ. of Waterloo, Canada) 앫 Management: Abraham Pizam (Univ. of Central Florida, USA) 앫 Political Science: Linda K. Richter (Kansas State Univ., USA) 앫 Psychology: Regina G. Schlu¨ter (Univ. Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina) 앫 Regional Planning: Douglas G. Pearce (Victoria Univ. of Wellington, New Zealand) 앫 Sociology: Erik Cohen (The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Israel) David H. Harrison (Univ. of North London, UK)
FIELD EDITORS Antonios Andronikou (Former Director General, Cyprus Tourism Organization, Cyprus) Alexander Anolik (President, International Forum of Travel and Tourism Advocates, USA) Francesco Frangialli (Secretary-General, World Tourism Organization) Eric Friedheim (Editor-in-Chief, Travel Agent Magazine, USA) Victor S. Kachanov (Vice President, Central Council for Tourism and Excursions, Russia) Walter Leu (Executive Director, European Travel Commission, Belgium) Geoffrey H. Lipman (Former President, World Travel and Tourism Council, UK) Bengt Pihlstrom (Former Director, Finnish Tourist Board, Finland) Salah E. A. Wahab (President, Tourismplan, Egypt)
COMMENTARY EDITOR Graham M. S. Dann* (Sociology, Univ. of Luton, UK)
REPORT EDITORS Juergen Gnoth* (Marketing, Univ. of Otago, New Zealand) Russell A. Smith* (Planning, Nanyang Tech. Univ., Singapore)
PUBLICATION EDITOR Stephen L. J. Smith* (Recreation, Univ. of Waterloo, Canada)
CALENDAR EDITOR Tom Selanniemi (Anthropology, Aurinkomatkat-Suntours, Finland) INDEX EDITOR Honggen Xiao (Linguistics, Huaqiao Univ., China)
RESOURCE EDITORS Eugeni Aguilo (Economics, Univ. de las Islas Baleares, Spain) Jong-yun Ahn (Public Admin., Hanyang Univ., R. Korea) Julio R. Aramberri (Sociology, Drexel Univ., USA) Brian H. Archer (Economics, Univ. of Surrey, UK) Rene´ Baretje (Economics, Centre International de Recherches et d’Etudes Touristiques, France) Mario Carlos Beni (Communications, Univ. de Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil) Jeremy F. Boissevain (Anthropology, Univ. of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Jozsef Bo¨ro¨cz (Sociology, Rutgers Univ., USA) Georges Cazes (Geography, Univ. de Paris I, Panthe´on-Sorbonne, France) Sidney Cheung (Anthropology, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, China) Michael Clancy (Political Science, University of Hartford, USA) Frederick M. Collison (Business, Univ. of Hawaii, USA) Heidi Dahles (Anthropology, Vrije Univ., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Rodrigo de Azeredo Gru¨newald (Anthropology, Federal Univ. of Campina Grande, Brazil) Peter U. C. Dieke (Tourism, Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management, UAE) Kadir H. Din (Environment, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia) David A. Dittman (Accounting, Cornell Univ., USA) William R. Eadington (Economics, Univ. of Nevada-Reno, USA) Bryan H. Farrell (Geography, Univ. of California-Santa Cruz, USA) Eduardo Fayos-Sola (Economics, Univ. of Valencia, Spain) William P. Fisher (Education Administration, Univ. of Central Florida, USA) Alan Fyall (Marketing, Bournemouth Univ., UK) William C. Gartner (Resource Economics, Univ. of Minnesota, USA) Charles R. Goeldner (Marketing, Univ. of Colorado-Boulder, USA) Anton F. Gosar (Geography, Univ. of Ljubljana, Slovenia) Jan Vidar Haukeland (Sociology, Inst. of Transport Economics, Norway) Shuzo Ishimori (Anthropology, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan) Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen (Sociology, Stravanger Univ. College, Norway) Myriam Jansen-Verbeke (Geography, Erasmus Univ., Rotterdam, The Netherlands) Carson L. Jenkins (Economics, Univ. of Strathclyde, UK) Christina A. Joseph (Anthropology, Univ. of Georgia, USA) Jiri Kaspar (Economics, Prague School of Economics, Czech Republic) Michael J. Keane (Economics, National Univ. of Ireland-Galway, Ireland) Mahmood Ketabi (Political Science, Univ. of Isfahan, Iran) Maria Kousis (Sociology, Univ. of Crete, Greece) Neil Leiper (Tourism, Southern Cross Univ., Australia) Alan A. Lew (Geography, Northern Arizona Univ., USA) Dean MacCannell (Applied Behavior Sciences, Univ. of California-Davis, USA) Yoel Mansfeld (Geography, Univ. of Haifa, Israel) Josef A. Mazanec (Commerce, Vienna Univ., Austria) Jerome L. McElroy (Economics, Saint Mary’s College, USA) Bob McKercher (Tourism, Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., China) Bernard Morucci (Mathematics, Univ. de Paris I, Panthe´onSorbonne, France) Peter E. Murphy (Business, La Trobe Univ., Australia) Lars Olov Nyberg (Geography, Mid Sweden Univ., Sweden) Philip L. Pearce (Psychology, James Cook Univ. of North Queensland, Australia) John J. Pigram (Geography, Univ. of New England, Australia) Oriol Pi-Sunyer (Anthropology, Univ. of Massachusetts, USA) Robert A. Poirier (Political Science, Northern Arizona Univ., USA) Krzysztof Przeclawski (Sociology, Warsaw Univ., Poland) Michael Riley (Sociology, Univ. of Surrey, UK) Gisbert Rinschede (Geography, Univ. Regensburg, Germany) Melville Saayman (Recreation, Potchefstroom Univ., South Africa) Tom Selwyn (Anthropology, Univ. of North London, UK) Pauline J. Sheldon (Economics, Univ. of Hawaii, USA) Egon Smeral (Economics, Institute of Economic Research, Austria) Ginger Smith (Communication, George Washington Univ., USA) Valene L. Smith (Anthropology, California State Univ.-Chico, USA) Trevor Sofield (Anthropology, Murdoch Univ., Australia) Margaret B. Swain (Anthropology, Univ. of California-Davis, USA) Victor B. Teye (Geography, Arizona State Univ., USA) Rex S. Toh (Business, Seattle Univ., USA) John Tribe (Tourism, Buckinghamshire Chilterns Univ. College, UK) Paris Tsartas (Sociology, University of the Agean, Greece) John Urry (Sociology, Lancaster Univ., UK) Muzaffer Uysal (Recreation, Virginia Tech, USA) Pierre L. van den Berghe (Sociology, Univ. of Washington-Seattle, USA) Turgut Var (Business, Texas A&M Univ., USA) Boris Vukonic (Faculty of Economics, Croatia) Ning Wang (Sociology, Zhongshan Univ., China) Paul F. Wilkinson (Geography, York Univ., Canada) Robert E. Wood (Sociology, Rutgers Univ.-Camden, USA) Shinji Yamashiti (Anthropology, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
ASSISTANT EDITORS Richard Gardner, English Text Sheherazade Jafari, Editorial Assistant Martha Wallen, French and Spanish Text *Department Head and Associate Editor Editors represent various disciplines in order to ensure both strength and balance in Annals’ multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. Annals Language Bank (Editors): Afrikaans, Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, Ghanian, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portugese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish.