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Characterization of Glass Hybrid composite: A Review
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICEMS 2016
Characterization of Glass Hybrid composite: A Review Yash M. Kanitkara, Atul P. Kulkarnib, Kiran S. Wangikarc a,b,c
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Kondhawa Bk., Pune-411048, India
Abstract Light-weight structure using advanced material and novel design is one of the keys to design the new generation mechanical applications. The requirement of high strength to weight ratio and the ability to withstand most of the working condition is imperative leading to use of composite materials. Composite materials are two or more materials combined at macroscopic scale to form useful third material. Glass fibre is one of the renowned materials having numerous applications like building automobile bodies, thermal and electrical insulation and various sports goods. But it cannot be used for applications requiring high strength which can be overcome by using costly materials like Carbon and Kevlar fibre having high strength. To ensure low cost of using fibre-reinforced materials in various applications, it is sensible to combine various fibres with Glass fibres to form hybrid composite which will give desired strength for the required application. Many hybrid composites having Glass and other material like Carbon, Hemp and Jute fibre have been tested for their mechanical properties, now a new trend of research focusing on the mechanical properties of Glass- Kevlar hybrid composite has started as many applications are available which can utilize the combination of Glass and Kevlar hybrid composite. This paper is a survey of the research work carried out on Glass fibre based hybrid composite. It contains the research data on the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites. Most of the data available in this literature concerns Glass fibre hybrid composite. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Material Sciences (ICEMS-2016). Keywords: Glass Fiber, Hybrid Composite, Mechanical properties
1. Introduction Metals have been used for decades in various engineering fields due to their good availability and ease of manufacturability. But metals are susceptible to corrosion which results in decrease in strength and ultimately leads to sudden breakdown. _________ *Yash Kanitkar. Tel.: +917387193580 Email address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Material Sciences (ICEMS2016).
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Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
This has led us to search for the new type of materials; the solution for which was obtained in the form of composites. Composites are two or more physical & chemically different constituents combined macroscopically to produce a useful material. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. In ancient time mankind made use of various composites like wood and natural fibres. Composite are classified in two categories namely composite made of natural fibres and artificial fibres. Composite made of natural fibres use the fibrous materials like wood, cotton, hemp, Kenaf, banana fibres etc. The artificial fibres include Glass, Carbon, and Kevlar etc. The artificial fibres have high strength, resistance to corrosion, inert to atmospheric effects, electrically nonconductive and do not loose the strength at high temperature working conditions. Now the trend of use of composite is increasing and led to use for many design criteria required to make components out of these materials. These composites exhibit different properties owing to their orthotropic nature and also when the laminates are made having different volume fraction, fibre orientation and stacking sequence making it mandatory to determine their mechanical properties before they can be used for any application. Many experiments and analysis are currently being carried out on these materials and the parameters that should be used while designing the components. The composites manufactured using one type of fibre is called as pure composites and if two or more fibres are used for making composites they are called hybrid composite for example Carbon-Glass, Glass-Kevlar Hybrid etc. these type of combination gives an advantage of good strength at lower cost which can be used for applications that were not possible by using the pure composite. So Hybridization of composite fibrous material is the key to designing new components having good strength at relatively lower cost. This paper is the review of the mechanical properties of the Glass based hybrid composites. 2. Literature review Fu et al.[1] determined that the mechanical properties of a composite containing 60% fibre volume fraction when compared with 30% and 90% fibre volume fraction had the best mechanical properties for the fibre orientation of 0o, 45o, 90o, -45o, 0o. Xiong et al.[2] joined CFRP and Titanium using surfi-Sculpt joint by increasing the volume fraction from 11.1% to 88.9% the joint damage initiation load was increased by 24.84% and ultimate strength by 134.5% also energy absorbed was increased by 257.39%. Song[3] the difference of 3-4% in mechanical properties was found out for hybrid composite made of CarbonGlass and Carbon-Aramid hybrid composite. Guermazi et al.[4] determined the mechanical properties of Carbon-Epoxy, Glass-Epoxy and the Hybrid of Carbon-Glass Epoxy composite. The Carbon-Epoxy had best mechanical properties and the hybrid composite had intermediate properties even when the composite were aged at 90oC for 90 days. Jones et al.[5] performed FEM analysis on Epon 828/Versamid 140. E-glass, AS-4 and IM6-G carbon, and Kevlar-49 fibres. The result gave 3.65-6.65 GPa which was in close correlation with the experimental values. Joshi et al.[6] The combination of polypropylene, glass fibre and wollastonite fibre as was used the volume fraction used for polypropylene to glass fibre and wollastonite fibre was 70:30:0 and 70:10:20 which gave 565 and 501 Mpa tensile modulus Flexure modulus and impact strength being 53.1, 49.6 and 32.2 , 23.7 respectively which were max. Murugan et al.[7] the mechanical properties such as Tensile, Flexural, and Impact was determined for 4 layers of Glass, Carbon and Glass- Carbon Hybrid and the mechanical properties of Hybrid were between pure Glass and pure Carbon composite. 2.1. Tensile Properties The tensile properties greatly depend on the volume fraction of the combining elements present in the hybrid composite. According to Dong[8] when the S-2 glass fibre was combined with T700S Carbon fibre with the volume
Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
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fraction of Vfc= 47.8% and Vfg= 63.29% the strength was 56.1% more when compared with the Glass and Carbon configuration respectively. Qi et al.[9] showed that when fibre volume fraction was kept at 45% for the 45o and 90o orientation of fibres the increase in 112.5% and 63.9% tensile strength was obtained. Isa et al[10] found tensile strength of the Kevlar Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (KGFRP) was 19.4% higher than that of Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) while the Modulus of Elasticity of KGFRP and KGNFRP were 89.22% and 55.82% higher respectively. The densities of the entire hybrid composite were 7%-30% less than GFRP. 2.2. Flexure Strength Gellert et al.[11] used Glass fibre Reinforce Polymer to age in sea water loaded under a set strain the flexure strength was found to fall by 15-21% for water saturated polyester and vinyl-ester GRPs and 25% for phenolic GRP Kalantari et al.[12] used weighted sum method on hybrid of S-2 Glass and T700S Carbon fibre to determine the Flexure strength, weight, cost and robustness and concluded that the optimum design was not always at the critical hybrid ratio with maximum flexure strength or hybrid effect but it depended on the objective preferences. Zhang et al.[13] used carbon-Glass hybrid to determine the flexure strength of the hybrid composite and found that the composite having 50% Carbon fibres showed increase in flexure strength when Carbon fibres were kept at exterior region. 2.3. Impact strength Randjbaran et al.[14] tested hybrid of Kevlar, Glass and Carbon fibres for the ballistic impact test and found that the configuration having Glass fibre as 1st layer and combination of Glass-Carbon fibre for middle layer had maximum energy absorption of 95.17J. Yang et al.[15] performed impact tests on the hybrid composite made of Carbon and Glass fibres. The impact velocities were kept at 3m/s, 5m/s and 7m/s. It was found that the hybrid containing 37:63 hybrid mass ratios[C/G] absorbed more energy than the pure composite. Woo et al.[16] Impact test for very high velocity 5000m/s was carried out on hybrid composite containing sixlayer, namely S2-glass-1, CMC, EPDM rubber, Al7039, Al-foam and S2-glass-2. The result showed a wide range of damage and local delamination for S2-glass; CMC and aluminium foam revealed a narrow band of damage. 3. Conclusion After conducting the extensive literature survey it can be concluded that the hybrid composite show promise to be used for next generation engineering application. Glass fibre being renowned material but having limited low strength application, when combined with materials having good mechanical properties like Kevlar, Carbon fibre and Wollastonite etc. to form hybrid composite shows improvement in mechanical such as Tensile, Flexural and Impact strengths. Which is advantageous as it helps in creating new material that has high strength, low cost and light weight, which is the primary requirement for new generation engineering applications. References [1] Yiming Fu, Pu Zhang, Fan Yang. Materials and Design 31 (2010) 2904–2915. [2] Wei Xiong, Bamber Blackman, John P. Dear, Xichang Wang, Composite Structures 134 (2015) 587–592. [3] Jun Hee Song, Composites Part B 79 (2015) 61e66 [4] N. Guermazi, N. Haddar, K. Elleuch, H.F. Ayedi, Materials and Design 56 (2014) 714–724. [5] Keith D. Jones & Anthony T. DiBenedetto, Composites Science and Technology 51 (1994) 53-62. [6] Himani Joshi, J. Purnima, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 1946–1951. [7] R. Murugan, R. Ramesh, K. Padmanabhan, Procedia Engineering 97 (2014) 459 – 468. [8] Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Composites: Part B (2014). [9] L.H. Qi, Y.Q. Ma, J.M. Zhou, X.H. Hou, H.J. Li, Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 343–349. [10] M.T. Isa, A.S. Ahmed, B.O. Aderemi, R.M. Taib, I.A. Mohammed-Dabo, Composites: Part B 52 (2013) 217–223. [11] E.P. Gellert, D.M. Turley, Composites: Part A 30 (1999) 1259–1265.
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Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
[12] Mehdi Kalantari, Dr Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Composites Part B (2015). [13] Jin Zhang, Khunlavit Chaisombat, Shuai He, Chun H. Wang, Materials and Design 36 (2012) 75–80. [14] Elias Randjbaran, Rizal Zahari, Nawal Aswan Abdul Jalil, and Dayang Laila Abang AbdulMajid, The Scientific World Journal (2014). [15] Bin Yang, Zhenqing Wang, Limin Zhou, Jifeng Zhang, Wenyan Liang Composite Structures (2015) [16] Woo, S.C., Kim, J.T., Kim, J.Y. and Kim, T.W., Impact Energy And Damage Behaviour Of Hybrid Composite Structures Under High Velocity Impact. red, 1, p.2.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICEMS 2016
Characterization of Glass Hybrid composite: A Review Yash M. Kanitkara, Atul P. Kulkarnib, Kiran S. Wangikarc a,b,c
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Kondhawa Bk., Pune-411048, India
Abstract Light-weight structure using advanced material and novel design is one of the keys to design the new generation mechanical applications. The requirement of high strength to weight ratio and the ability to withstand most of the working condition is imperative leading to use of composite materials. Composite materials are two or more materials combined at macroscopic scale to form useful third material. Glass fibre is one of the renowned materials having numerous applications like building automobile bodies, thermal and electrical insulation and various sports goods. But it cannot be used for applications requiring high strength which can be overcome by using costly materials like Carbon and Kevlar fibre having high strength. To ensure low cost of using fibre-reinforced materials in various applications, it is sensible to combine various fibres with Glass fibres to form hybrid composite which will give desired strength for the required application. Many hybrid composites having Glass and other material like Carbon, Hemp and Jute fibre have been tested for their mechanical properties, now a new trend of research focusing on the mechanical properties of Glass- Kevlar hybrid composite has started as many applications are available which can utilize the combination of Glass and Kevlar hybrid composite. This paper is a survey of the research work carried out on Glass fibre based hybrid composite. It contains the research data on the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites. Most of the data available in this literature concerns Glass fibre hybrid composite. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Material Sciences (ICEMS-2016). Keywords: Glass Fiber, Hybrid Composite, Mechanical properties
1. Introduction Metals have been used for decades in various engineering fields due to their good availability and ease of manufacturability. But metals are susceptible to corrosion which results in decrease in strength and ultimately leads to sudden breakdown. _________ *Yash Kanitkar. Tel.: +917387193580 Email address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Material Sciences (ICEMS2016).
9628
Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
This has led us to search for the new type of materials; the solution for which was obtained in the form of composites. Composites are two or more physical & chemically different constituents combined macroscopically to produce a useful material. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. In ancient time mankind made use of various composites like wood and natural fibres. Composite are classified in two categories namely composite made of natural fibres and artificial fibres. Composite made of natural fibres use the fibrous materials like wood, cotton, hemp, Kenaf, banana fibres etc. The artificial fibres include Glass, Carbon, and Kevlar etc. The artificial fibres have high strength, resistance to corrosion, inert to atmospheric effects, electrically nonconductive and do not loose the strength at high temperature working conditions. Now the trend of use of composite is increasing and led to use for many design criteria required to make components out of these materials. These composites exhibit different properties owing to their orthotropic nature and also when the laminates are made having different volume fraction, fibre orientation and stacking sequence making it mandatory to determine their mechanical properties before they can be used for any application. Many experiments and analysis are currently being carried out on these materials and the parameters that should be used while designing the components. The composites manufactured using one type of fibre is called as pure composites and if two or more fibres are used for making composites they are called hybrid composite for example Carbon-Glass, Glass-Kevlar Hybrid etc. these type of combination gives an advantage of good strength at lower cost which can be used for applications that were not possible by using the pure composite. So Hybridization of composite fibrous material is the key to designing new components having good strength at relatively lower cost. This paper is the review of the mechanical properties of the Glass based hybrid composites. 2. Literature review Fu et al.[1] determined that the mechanical properties of a composite containing 60% fibre volume fraction when compared with 30% and 90% fibre volume fraction had the best mechanical properties for the fibre orientation of 0o, 45o, 90o, -45o, 0o. Xiong et al.[2] joined CFRP and Titanium using surfi-Sculpt joint by increasing the volume fraction from 11.1% to 88.9% the joint damage initiation load was increased by 24.84% and ultimate strength by 134.5% also energy absorbed was increased by 257.39%. Song[3] the difference of 3-4% in mechanical properties was found out for hybrid composite made of CarbonGlass and Carbon-Aramid hybrid composite. Guermazi et al.[4] determined the mechanical properties of Carbon-Epoxy, Glass-Epoxy and the Hybrid of Carbon-Glass Epoxy composite. The Carbon-Epoxy had best mechanical properties and the hybrid composite had intermediate properties even when the composite were aged at 90oC for 90 days. Jones et al.[5] performed FEM analysis on Epon 828/Versamid 140. E-glass, AS-4 and IM6-G carbon, and Kevlar-49 fibres. The result gave 3.65-6.65 GPa which was in close correlation with the experimental values. Joshi et al.[6] The combination of polypropylene, glass fibre and wollastonite fibre as was used the volume fraction used for polypropylene to glass fibre and wollastonite fibre was 70:30:0 and 70:10:20 which gave 565 and 501 Mpa tensile modulus Flexure modulus and impact strength being 53.1, 49.6 and 32.2 , 23.7 respectively which were max. Murugan et al.[7] the mechanical properties such as Tensile, Flexural, and Impact was determined for 4 layers of Glass, Carbon and Glass- Carbon Hybrid and the mechanical properties of Hybrid were between pure Glass and pure Carbon composite. 2.1. Tensile Properties The tensile properties greatly depend on the volume fraction of the combining elements present in the hybrid composite. According to Dong[8] when the S-2 glass fibre was combined with T700S Carbon fibre with the volume
Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
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fraction of Vfc= 47.8% and Vfg= 63.29% the strength was 56.1% more when compared with the Glass and Carbon configuration respectively. Qi et al.[9] showed that when fibre volume fraction was kept at 45% for the 45o and 90o orientation of fibres the increase in 112.5% and 63.9% tensile strength was obtained. Isa et al[10] found tensile strength of the Kevlar Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (KGFRP) was 19.4% higher than that of Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) while the Modulus of Elasticity of KGFRP and KGNFRP were 89.22% and 55.82% higher respectively. The densities of the entire hybrid composite were 7%-30% less than GFRP. 2.2. Flexure Strength Gellert et al.[11] used Glass fibre Reinforce Polymer to age in sea water loaded under a set strain the flexure strength was found to fall by 15-21% for water saturated polyester and vinyl-ester GRPs and 25% for phenolic GRP Kalantari et al.[12] used weighted sum method on hybrid of S-2 Glass and T700S Carbon fibre to determine the Flexure strength, weight, cost and robustness and concluded that the optimum design was not always at the critical hybrid ratio with maximum flexure strength or hybrid effect but it depended on the objective preferences. Zhang et al.[13] used carbon-Glass hybrid to determine the flexure strength of the hybrid composite and found that the composite having 50% Carbon fibres showed increase in flexure strength when Carbon fibres were kept at exterior region. 2.3. Impact strength Randjbaran et al.[14] tested hybrid of Kevlar, Glass and Carbon fibres for the ballistic impact test and found that the configuration having Glass fibre as 1st layer and combination of Glass-Carbon fibre for middle layer had maximum energy absorption of 95.17J. Yang et al.[15] performed impact tests on the hybrid composite made of Carbon and Glass fibres. The impact velocities were kept at 3m/s, 5m/s and 7m/s. It was found that the hybrid containing 37:63 hybrid mass ratios[C/G] absorbed more energy than the pure composite. Woo et al.[16] Impact test for very high velocity 5000m/s was carried out on hybrid composite containing sixlayer, namely S2-glass-1, CMC, EPDM rubber, Al7039, Al-foam and S2-glass-2. The result showed a wide range of damage and local delamination for S2-glass; CMC and aluminium foam revealed a narrow band of damage. 3. Conclusion After conducting the extensive literature survey it can be concluded that the hybrid composite show promise to be used for next generation engineering application. Glass fibre being renowned material but having limited low strength application, when combined with materials having good mechanical properties like Kevlar, Carbon fibre and Wollastonite etc. to form hybrid composite shows improvement in mechanical such as Tensile, Flexural and Impact strengths. Which is advantageous as it helps in creating new material that has high strength, low cost and light weight, which is the primary requirement for new generation engineering applications. References [1] Yiming Fu, Pu Zhang, Fan Yang. Materials and Design 31 (2010) 2904–2915. [2] Wei Xiong, Bamber Blackman, John P. Dear, Xichang Wang, Composite Structures 134 (2015) 587–592. [3] Jun Hee Song, Composites Part B 79 (2015) 61e66 [4] N. Guermazi, N. Haddar, K. Elleuch, H.F. Ayedi, Materials and Design 56 (2014) 714–724. [5] Keith D. Jones & Anthony T. DiBenedetto, Composites Science and Technology 51 (1994) 53-62. [6] Himani Joshi, J. Purnima, Materials Science and Engineering A 527 (2010) 1946–1951. [7] R. Murugan, R. Ramesh, K. Padmanabhan, Procedia Engineering 97 (2014) 459 – 468. [8] Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Composites: Part B (2014). [9] L.H. Qi, Y.Q. Ma, J.M. Zhou, X.H. Hou, H.J. Li, Materials Science & Engineering A 625 (2015) 343–349. [10] M.T. Isa, A.S. Ahmed, B.O. Aderemi, R.M. Taib, I.A. Mohammed-Dabo, Composites: Part B 52 (2013) 217–223. [11] E.P. Gellert, D.M. Turley, Composites: Part A 30 (1999) 1259–1265.
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Yash Kanitkar / Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (2017) 9627–9630
[12] Mehdi Kalantari, Dr Chensong Dong, Ian J. Davies, Composites Part B (2015). [13] Jin Zhang, Khunlavit Chaisombat, Shuai He, Chun H. Wang, Materials and Design 36 (2012) 75–80. [14] Elias Randjbaran, Rizal Zahari, Nawal Aswan Abdul Jalil, and Dayang Laila Abang AbdulMajid, The Scientific World Journal (2014). [15] Bin Yang, Zhenqing Wang, Limin Zhou, Jifeng Zhang, Wenyan Liang Composite Structures (2015) [16] Woo, S.C., Kim, J.T., Kim, J.Y. and Kim, T.W., Impact Energy And Damage Behaviour Of Hybrid Composite Structures Under High Velocity Impact. red, 1, p.2.