- Email: [email protected]
Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode
Journal Pre-proof Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode H. Pai, Rajkumar Santra, Sujib Chatterjee, Dwijendra Das, Subinit Roy
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0168-9002(19)31603-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163363 NIMA 163363
To appear in:
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
Received date : 14 October 2019 Revised date : 9 December 2019 Accepted date : 23 December 2019 Please cite this article as: H. Pai, R. Santra, S. Chatterjee et al., Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163363. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Journal Pre-proof
Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode H. Paia,∗, Rajkumar Santraa,b , Sujib Chatterjeea , Dwijendra Dasa , Subinit Roya,b a Nuclear
Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064, India. Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
b HBNI,
Abstract
pro
of
It has been found that the low cost commercial photodiode BPW21 (P-N Junction Diode) can be used for the detection of charged particles such as alpha particles and fission fragments. Suitability of this photodiode for fission fragments detection has been checked and mass-dependent energy calibration has also been carried out. It indicates that it can be used as a detector for charged particle detection. Keywords: Photodiode, Charged particles, Fission fragments. 1. Introduction
29
2. Experimental details and Results
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
30 31 32 33
urn al P
4
Jo
3
re-
28
Silicon (Si) surface barrier and silicon strip detectors are well-known detectors for charged particle detection in nuclear physics experiments [1–3]. Although these detectors are used extensively by the experimentalist for the charged particle spectroscopy over a long time, however, above mentioned detectors cannot be used for the long time run due to the radiation damage. These detectors are quite expensive as well. It has been frequently observed that radiation damage occurs rapidly for the monitor detectors those are usually the silicon surface barrier detectors. As a result, energy resolutions become worst. Usually, monitor detectors are placed symmetrical to the beam direction at the extreme forward angles (depending upon the experiment) with respect to the beam direction, such that the scattered particles detected by monitors are originated from pure Coulomb scattering. One can compare the number of events with the known Rutherford cross-section and, can get the product of the numbers of beam and target particles. Therefore, an alternative cost-effective charged particle detector is required that can operate with the lifetime comparable to the detectors as discussed above. This prompted us to investigate the low-cost (∼ 5 euro) commercially available BPW21 Si photodiode (OSRAM Opto Semiconductors) [4] which can stand to achieve our goal.
2
consumes light energy to produce an electric current. It is designed for applications from 350 to 820 nm, similar to the visible range. The borosilicate glass window was removed in order to expose the active area (7.45 mm2 ) directly to a charged particle. The 252 Cf source was placed in front of the diode device at a distance of 1.2 cm in order to measure the alpha and fission fragment. Measurement was carried out with 1 × 103 mbar pressure. 252 Cf source used in the experiment is an Electrodeposited Californium Oxide on Platinum clad Nickel backing with 50 mg/cm2 Gold cover. The data have been collected with a reverse bias of 100 V which optimizes the energy resolution of 5.48 MeV alpha (from 241 Am source). In this configuration, the dark current of the diode found to be 0.004 µA.
8e+05
6.12 MeV
252
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Cf Source
Peak position = 130 Channel
6e+05
Counts
1
FWHM = 5.2 Channel
4e+05
2e+05
0
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Channel
Figure 1: (color online) The alpha spectrum from
252 Cf
source. 48
Commercially available BPW21 Si photodiode (PNA representative alpha spectrum from 252 Cf source junction) from OSRAM Opto Semiconductors has been has been shown in Figure 1. The energy resolution has used for charged particle detection. The BPW 21 is been found to be 245-KeV at 6.12 MeV alpha (4 %) a photodiode within a TO-39 metal can package. It which is decaying from 252 Cf source. After that, we have checked the sustainability of the diode against the radiation in an online experiment at ∗ Corresponding author at: Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata India. with energy 34.5 MeV alpha beams that were bomEmail address: [email protected]; [email protected] (H. Pai) barded onto a 1.5 mg/cm2 thick 9 Be target. The moPreprint submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
December 9, 2019
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Journal Pre-proof Table 1: Parameters of the
252 Cf
Fission Fragment Spectrum.
pro
of
Spectrum Parameter Recommended Value Using silicon PIN photodiode Estimated value from present work Refs. [5–7] Refs. [5–7] Ref. [8] With constraint∗ Without constraint NL ∼2.85 2.85 2.1 1.9 NV NH ∼2 2.23 1.4 1.5 NV NL ∼1.30 1.25 1.45 1.26 NH ∆L <0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 L−H ∆H ≤0.45 0.43 0.56 0.61 L−H H − HS <0.70 0.70 0.78 0.87 L−H LS − L ≤0.49 0.48 0.58 0.53 L−H LS − HS ∼2.18 2.19 2.37 2.4 L−H ∗ Fitting the spectrum with the two Gaussian distributions under the constraint of equal area for both peaks. 80
80
252
Cf NL = 61.6
Cf Source
Counts
60 NL = 55.8
60
50 N = 44.4 H 3/4NL
40 30
NV = 29.4 3/4NH
∆L = 229
∆H = 437
urn al P
HS=1450
H = 2069
L = 2781.6
10 1/10NL
LS=3161
∆S = (LS-HS) = 1711
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Channel
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
tivation of the experiment was to populate the nearthreshold resonant states in 9 Be and study of 8 Be decay of the states. In this experiment, the diode has been placed at a laboratory angle around 20.0◦ with respect to the beam direction, in the horizontal plane, inside the target chamber and the distance between diode and target position was 25.5 cm. In the time of the experiment total active area (7.45 mm2 ) was opened. It was estimated that the elastic count rates in the active area of the diode will be around 2 × 105 per hour and the experiment was running about 6 days. Diode was kept at high vacuum (1 × 105 mbar). During the experiment reverse bias was kept at 100 V and the dark current was found to be less than 0.01 µA throughout the experiment.
NV = 29.4 3/4NH
∆L = 253
∆H = 401
HS=1508
1/10NL 0 1000
LS=3197
H = 2069 L = 2781.6
∆S = (LS-HS) =1689
2000
3000
4000
Channel
dark current of the diode again found to be 0.004 µA. Therefore, this diode can sustain against the radiation in a typical online nuclear physics experiment. Fission fragments (FF) of 252 Cf source with the spectrum shape parameters [5, 6] have been shown in Figure 2. Heavy fragments are shown by a fitted dashed blue (Gaussian fit) line. Whereas light fragments have been shown with the dotted green fitted line. The ratio of area under the curve of the heavy and light fragment has been found to be 1.4. NL is the most probable light fragment peak height, NH corresponds to most probable heavy fragment peak height and NV is the symmetric fragment peak height. H and L are the most probable peak position of heavy and light fragments, 1 NL . respectively. HS and LS are the positions at After the online experiment, we have placed the 10 252 diode in front of Cf source (for 3 days) at a disSuitability of this diode for FF detection has been tance of 1.2 cm with the 100 V reverse bias in order to checked following the prescription of Schmitt et al,. [5, find out the resolution of 6.12 MeV alpha particle again 6]. The shape parameters obtained by fitting the to check the radiation damage. The energy resolution spectrum with the two Gaussian distributions under has been found to be 245-KeV at 6.12 MeV alpha. The the constraint of equal area for both peaks have been
Jo
59
3/4NL
40
Figure 3: (color online) Pulse height spectrum of fission fragments (FF) from 252 Cf source with spectrum shape parameters under the constraint of equal area for both peaks.
Figure 2: (color online) Pulse height spectrum of fission fragments (FF) from 252 Cf source with spectrum shape parameters.
58
NH = 42.4
20
20
0 1000
Counts
70
re-
252
2
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
94 95 96 97 98
Journal Pre-proof
103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123
145
Acknowledgment
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
[5] H. W. Schmitt, et al., Phys. Rev. 141 (1966) 1146. [6] H. Schmitt, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 40 (1966) 204. [7] G. F, Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd Edition, 2009, John and Sons Inc. [8] G. Knyazheva, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. B 248 (2006) 7. [9] E. Weissenberger, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. A 248 (1986) 506.
[10] W. Meczynski, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. A 580 (2007) 1310.
3
158 159
161
[4] https://docs-emea.rsonline.com/webdocs/1715/0900766b817157b5.pdf.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. C. Bhattacharya, Dr. T. K. Rana, Mr. P. Bhaskar, Dr. S. Kundu, Dr. S. Mukhopadhyay, Dr. S. Manna, Dr. Md. Moin Shaikh, Dr. P. Roy, Mr. P. Mukhopadhyay (VECC), Dr. Anjali Mukherjee, Mr. A. Gupta, Dr. N. Deshmukh, Dipankar Das (SINP), Dr. S. Chakraborty (IUAC), and Dr. S. Nag (IIT-BHU) for helping in the experiment and fruitful discussion. I would like to pay my sincere gratitude to Late Prof. Asimananda
157
[2] M. M. Shaikh, et al., J. Phys. G 45 (2018) 095103. [3] R. N. Sahoo, et al., Physical Review C 99 (2019) 024607.
Jo
127
156
160
urn al P
144
The obtained results show that the low-cost (∼ 5 euro) commercial photodiode BPW21 compare to the expensive silicon surface barrier detectors (∼ 2000 USD) can be used for the detection of charged particles such as alpha particles and fission fragments. Their small size and reasonable good characteristics as detectors, make them very suitable for building large arrays of detectors. Our future goal is to separate the evaporation residues (for heavy mass compound nuclei ( A ≈ 200)) from other reaction products (Scattered projectiles, fission fragments as well as light nuclei produced in fusion reactions with target impurities) by their time-of-flight (ToF) using this diode and subsequently it can be used for the evaporation residues filtering device like recoil filter type ancillary detector (RFD) [10]. Eventually, if the plan succeeds, then aim can be set to build an RFD type cost-effective detector system for the Indian National Gamma Array (INGA) facility.
126
155
[1] L. Canto, et al., Phys. Rep. 424 (2006) 1.
of
3. Conclusion and outlook
102
pro
125
101
Goswami (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India) for his constant encouragement and invaluable suggestions regarding this work. H.P. is grateful for the support of the Ramanujan Fellowship research grant under SERB-DST (SB/S2/RJN-031/2016).
re-
124
shown in figure 3. The define shape parameters of FF energy spectra (Figure 2 and Figure 3), measured with the present diode have been shown in Table 1 and compared with the expected values for those parameters [5– 7]. The measured values are close to the parameters of “reasonable limit parameters” as set by Schmitt et al,. [5–7]. The shape parameters obtained without the constraint of the equal-area are also corroborated reasonably well with the expected values. It may be pointed out that, shape parameters obtained using the silicon PIN photodiode [8] also corroborated reasonably well with the present work (shown in Table 1). Mass-dependent energy calibration has also been carried out using the prescriptions as described in Refs. [7–9] to obtain the fragment energy in terms of its mass and the corresponding pulse height. The energies of light, heavy and symmetric fragments have been estimated. The energy values of respective fragments were found to be 102.0 ± 1.0 MeV (most probable light fragment), 78.5 ± 0.6 MeV (most probable heavy fragment) and 91.7 ± 0.8 MeV (symmetric fragment) in the present work. The estimated values of the fragment energies compare well with those reported in the literature [7–9]. The average mass values of the fragments were taken from the Ref. [8].
99 100
162 163
164 165
166
167 168
169 170
171 172
173 174
175 176
Journal Pre-proof
Author contributions: Manuscript Title: Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode
of
Author 1: Dr. Haridas Pai
pro
Conceived and designed the analysis, Collected the data, Performed the analysis, Wrote the paper, Contributed data or analysis tools. Author 2: Mr. Rajkumar Santra
Author 3: Mr. Sujib Chatterjee
re-
Collected the data and discussion.
Other contribution: Electronic circuit design, experimental setup and discussion.
urn al P
Author 4: Mr. Dwijendra Das
Other contribution: Electronic circuit design. Author 5: Dr. Subinit Roy
Jo
Other contribution: Discussion.
Journal Pre-proof
Dr. Haridas Pai Ramanujan Fellow Nuclear Physics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064. Room No- 214
of
Ph: +91 33 23375345-49 (5 lines)
To The Chief Editor
Dear Sir/Ma'am
re-
Nuclear Instrumentation and Method A
pro
Ext:1614 (O) +91-9432169694 (Mobile) Email: [email protected]
urn al P
We would like to submit our original research article entitled "Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode" by H. Pai, Rajkumar Santra, Sujib Chatterjee, Dwijendra Das, and Subinit Roy for your kind consideration of publication in your esteemed journal. We have detected Charged particle with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode for the first time. The work described above has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. All the authors in the manuscript have approved and agree with submission to this journal to NIMA.
Jo
We hope that our interesting result will be consider for publication in your journal.
Yours faithfully,
Haridas Pai (H. Pai) et al.
PII: DOI: Reference:
S0168-9002(19)31603-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163363 NIMA 163363
To appear in:
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A
Received date : 14 October 2019 Revised date : 9 December 2019 Accepted date : 23 December 2019 Please cite this article as: H. Pai, R. Santra, S. Chatterjee et al., Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163363. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Journal Pre-proof
Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode H. Paia,∗, Rajkumar Santraa,b , Sujib Chatterjeea , Dwijendra Dasa , Subinit Roya,b a Nuclear
Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064, India. Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
b HBNI,
Abstract
pro
of
It has been found that the low cost commercial photodiode BPW21 (P-N Junction Diode) can be used for the detection of charged particles such as alpha particles and fission fragments. Suitability of this photodiode for fission fragments detection has been checked and mass-dependent energy calibration has also been carried out. It indicates that it can be used as a detector for charged particle detection. Keywords: Photodiode, Charged particles, Fission fragments. 1. Introduction
29
2. Experimental details and Results
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
30 31 32 33
urn al P
4
Jo
3
re-
28
Silicon (Si) surface barrier and silicon strip detectors are well-known detectors for charged particle detection in nuclear physics experiments [1–3]. Although these detectors are used extensively by the experimentalist for the charged particle spectroscopy over a long time, however, above mentioned detectors cannot be used for the long time run due to the radiation damage. These detectors are quite expensive as well. It has been frequently observed that radiation damage occurs rapidly for the monitor detectors those are usually the silicon surface barrier detectors. As a result, energy resolutions become worst. Usually, monitor detectors are placed symmetrical to the beam direction at the extreme forward angles (depending upon the experiment) with respect to the beam direction, such that the scattered particles detected by monitors are originated from pure Coulomb scattering. One can compare the number of events with the known Rutherford cross-section and, can get the product of the numbers of beam and target particles. Therefore, an alternative cost-effective charged particle detector is required that can operate with the lifetime comparable to the detectors as discussed above. This prompted us to investigate the low-cost (∼ 5 euro) commercially available BPW21 Si photodiode (OSRAM Opto Semiconductors) [4] which can stand to achieve our goal.
2
consumes light energy to produce an electric current. It is designed for applications from 350 to 820 nm, similar to the visible range. The borosilicate glass window was removed in order to expose the active area (7.45 mm2 ) directly to a charged particle. The 252 Cf source was placed in front of the diode device at a distance of 1.2 cm in order to measure the alpha and fission fragment. Measurement was carried out with 1 × 103 mbar pressure. 252 Cf source used in the experiment is an Electrodeposited Californium Oxide on Platinum clad Nickel backing with 50 mg/cm2 Gold cover. The data have been collected with a reverse bias of 100 V which optimizes the energy resolution of 5.48 MeV alpha (from 241 Am source). In this configuration, the dark current of the diode found to be 0.004 µA.
8e+05
6.12 MeV
252
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Cf Source
Peak position = 130 Channel
6e+05
Counts
1
FWHM = 5.2 Channel
4e+05
2e+05
0
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Channel
Figure 1: (color online) The alpha spectrum from
252 Cf
source. 48
Commercially available BPW21 Si photodiode (PNA representative alpha spectrum from 252 Cf source junction) from OSRAM Opto Semiconductors has been has been shown in Figure 1. The energy resolution has used for charged particle detection. The BPW 21 is been found to be 245-KeV at 6.12 MeV alpha (4 %) a photodiode within a TO-39 metal can package. It which is decaying from 252 Cf source. After that, we have checked the sustainability of the diode against the radiation in an online experiment at ∗ Corresponding author at: Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata India. with energy 34.5 MeV alpha beams that were bomEmail address: [email protected]; [email protected] (H. Pai) barded onto a 1.5 mg/cm2 thick 9 Be target. The moPreprint submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
December 9, 2019
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Journal Pre-proof Table 1: Parameters of the
252 Cf
Fission Fragment Spectrum.
pro
of
Spectrum Parameter Recommended Value Using silicon PIN photodiode Estimated value from present work Refs. [5–7] Refs. [5–7] Ref. [8] With constraint∗ Without constraint NL ∼2.85 2.85 2.1 1.9 NV NH ∼2 2.23 1.4 1.5 NV NL ∼1.30 1.25 1.45 1.26 NH ∆L <0.38 0.37 0.36 0.32 L−H ∆H ≤0.45 0.43 0.56 0.61 L−H H − HS <0.70 0.70 0.78 0.87 L−H LS − L ≤0.49 0.48 0.58 0.53 L−H LS − HS ∼2.18 2.19 2.37 2.4 L−H ∗ Fitting the spectrum with the two Gaussian distributions under the constraint of equal area for both peaks. 80
80
252
Cf NL = 61.6
Cf Source
Counts
60 NL = 55.8
60
50 N = 44.4 H 3/4NL
40 30
NV = 29.4 3/4NH
∆L = 229
∆H = 437
urn al P
HS=1450
H = 2069
L = 2781.6
10 1/10NL
LS=3161
∆S = (LS-HS) = 1711
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Channel
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
tivation of the experiment was to populate the nearthreshold resonant states in 9 Be and study of 8 Be decay of the states. In this experiment, the diode has been placed at a laboratory angle around 20.0◦ with respect to the beam direction, in the horizontal plane, inside the target chamber and the distance between diode and target position was 25.5 cm. In the time of the experiment total active area (7.45 mm2 ) was opened. It was estimated that the elastic count rates in the active area of the diode will be around 2 × 105 per hour and the experiment was running about 6 days. Diode was kept at high vacuum (1 × 105 mbar). During the experiment reverse bias was kept at 100 V and the dark current was found to be less than 0.01 µA throughout the experiment.
NV = 29.4 3/4NH
∆L = 253
∆H = 401
HS=1508
1/10NL 0 1000
LS=3197
H = 2069 L = 2781.6
∆S = (LS-HS) =1689
2000
3000
4000
Channel
dark current of the diode again found to be 0.004 µA. Therefore, this diode can sustain against the radiation in a typical online nuclear physics experiment. Fission fragments (FF) of 252 Cf source with the spectrum shape parameters [5, 6] have been shown in Figure 2. Heavy fragments are shown by a fitted dashed blue (Gaussian fit) line. Whereas light fragments have been shown with the dotted green fitted line. The ratio of area under the curve of the heavy and light fragment has been found to be 1.4. NL is the most probable light fragment peak height, NH corresponds to most probable heavy fragment peak height and NV is the symmetric fragment peak height. H and L are the most probable peak position of heavy and light fragments, 1 NL . respectively. HS and LS are the positions at After the online experiment, we have placed the 10 252 diode in front of Cf source (for 3 days) at a disSuitability of this diode for FF detection has been tance of 1.2 cm with the 100 V reverse bias in order to checked following the prescription of Schmitt et al,. [5, find out the resolution of 6.12 MeV alpha particle again 6]. The shape parameters obtained by fitting the to check the radiation damage. The energy resolution spectrum with the two Gaussian distributions under has been found to be 245-KeV at 6.12 MeV alpha. The the constraint of equal area for both peaks have been
Jo
59
3/4NL
40
Figure 3: (color online) Pulse height spectrum of fission fragments (FF) from 252 Cf source with spectrum shape parameters under the constraint of equal area for both peaks.
Figure 2: (color online) Pulse height spectrum of fission fragments (FF) from 252 Cf source with spectrum shape parameters.
58
NH = 42.4
20
20
0 1000
Counts
70
re-
252
2
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
94 95 96 97 98
Journal Pre-proof
103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123
145
Acknowledgment
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
[5] H. W. Schmitt, et al., Phys. Rev. 141 (1966) 1146. [6] H. Schmitt, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 40 (1966) 204. [7] G. F, Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd Edition, 2009, John and Sons Inc. [8] G. Knyazheva, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. B 248 (2006) 7. [9] E. Weissenberger, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. A 248 (1986) 506.
[10] W. Meczynski, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. Sec. A 580 (2007) 1310.
3
158 159
161
[4] https://docs-emea.rsonline.com/webdocs/1715/0900766b817157b5.pdf.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. C. Bhattacharya, Dr. T. K. Rana, Mr. P. Bhaskar, Dr. S. Kundu, Dr. S. Mukhopadhyay, Dr. S. Manna, Dr. Md. Moin Shaikh, Dr. P. Roy, Mr. P. Mukhopadhyay (VECC), Dr. Anjali Mukherjee, Mr. A. Gupta, Dr. N. Deshmukh, Dipankar Das (SINP), Dr. S. Chakraborty (IUAC), and Dr. S. Nag (IIT-BHU) for helping in the experiment and fruitful discussion. I would like to pay my sincere gratitude to Late Prof. Asimananda
157
[2] M. M. Shaikh, et al., J. Phys. G 45 (2018) 095103. [3] R. N. Sahoo, et al., Physical Review C 99 (2019) 024607.
Jo
127
156
160
urn al P
144
The obtained results show that the low-cost (∼ 5 euro) commercial photodiode BPW21 compare to the expensive silicon surface barrier detectors (∼ 2000 USD) can be used for the detection of charged particles such as alpha particles and fission fragments. Their small size and reasonable good characteristics as detectors, make them very suitable for building large arrays of detectors. Our future goal is to separate the evaporation residues (for heavy mass compound nuclei ( A ≈ 200)) from other reaction products (Scattered projectiles, fission fragments as well as light nuclei produced in fusion reactions with target impurities) by their time-of-flight (ToF) using this diode and subsequently it can be used for the evaporation residues filtering device like recoil filter type ancillary detector (RFD) [10]. Eventually, if the plan succeeds, then aim can be set to build an RFD type cost-effective detector system for the Indian National Gamma Array (INGA) facility.
126
155
[1] L. Canto, et al., Phys. Rep. 424 (2006) 1.
of
3. Conclusion and outlook
102
pro
125
101
Goswami (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India) for his constant encouragement and invaluable suggestions regarding this work. H.P. is grateful for the support of the Ramanujan Fellowship research grant under SERB-DST (SB/S2/RJN-031/2016).
re-
124
shown in figure 3. The define shape parameters of FF energy spectra (Figure 2 and Figure 3), measured with the present diode have been shown in Table 1 and compared with the expected values for those parameters [5– 7]. The measured values are close to the parameters of “reasonable limit parameters” as set by Schmitt et al,. [5–7]. The shape parameters obtained without the constraint of the equal-area are also corroborated reasonably well with the expected values. It may be pointed out that, shape parameters obtained using the silicon PIN photodiode [8] also corroborated reasonably well with the present work (shown in Table 1). Mass-dependent energy calibration has also been carried out using the prescriptions as described in Refs. [7–9] to obtain the fragment energy in terms of its mass and the corresponding pulse height. The energies of light, heavy and symmetric fragments have been estimated. The energy values of respective fragments were found to be 102.0 ± 1.0 MeV (most probable light fragment), 78.5 ± 0.6 MeV (most probable heavy fragment) and 91.7 ± 0.8 MeV (symmetric fragment) in the present work. The estimated values of the fragment energies compare well with those reported in the literature [7–9]. The average mass values of the fragments were taken from the Ref. [8].
99 100
162 163
164 165
166
167 168
169 170
171 172
173 174
175 176
Journal Pre-proof
Author contributions: Manuscript Title: Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode
of
Author 1: Dr. Haridas Pai
pro
Conceived and designed the analysis, Collected the data, Performed the analysis, Wrote the paper, Contributed data or analysis tools. Author 2: Mr. Rajkumar Santra
Author 3: Mr. Sujib Chatterjee
re-
Collected the data and discussion.
Other contribution: Electronic circuit design, experimental setup and discussion.
urn al P
Author 4: Mr. Dwijendra Das
Other contribution: Electronic circuit design. Author 5: Dr. Subinit Roy
Jo
Other contribution: Discussion.
Journal Pre-proof
Dr. Haridas Pai Ramanujan Fellow Nuclear Physics Division Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064. Room No- 214
of
Ph: +91 33 23375345-49 (5 lines)
To The Chief Editor
Dear Sir/Ma'am
re-
Nuclear Instrumentation and Method A
pro
Ext:1614 (O) +91-9432169694 (Mobile) Email: [email protected]
urn al P
We would like to submit our original research article entitled "Charged particle detection with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode" by H. Pai, Rajkumar Santra, Sujib Chatterjee, Dwijendra Das, and Subinit Roy for your kind consideration of publication in your esteemed journal. We have detected Charged particle with the low-cost BPW21 Si Photodiode for the first time. The work described above has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. All the authors in the manuscript have approved and agree with submission to this journal to NIMA.
Jo
We hope that our interesting result will be consider for publication in your journal.
Yours faithfully,
Haridas Pai (H. Pai) et al.