- Email: [email protected]
Chemical oceanography
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on airborne particles, held in Atlanta, April, 1991. Dept. of Chem. and Biochem., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. (fcs) 92:1946 Simoneit, B.R.T., J.N. Cardoso and N. Robinson, 1991. An assessment of terrestrial higher molecular weight lipid compounds in aerosol particulate matter over the South Atlantic from about 30-70"S. Chemosphere, 23(4):447-465. Environ. Geochem. Group., Coil. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
B350. Pollution (see a l s o C210--Chemical pollution, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of pollution, F 2 5 0 W a s t e disposal) 92:1947 Broman, Dag, Carina NM and Yngve Zebtlhr, 1991. Long-term high- and low-volume air sampling of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along a transect from urban to remote areas on the Swedish Baltic coast. Environ. Sci. Technol, 25(11):1841-1850. Dept. of Zool., Stockholm Univ., S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 92:1948 Schltlnzen, K.H. and Silke Pahl, 1992. Modification of dry deposition Iof pollutants] in a developing sea-breeze circulation---a numerical case study. Atmos. Environ., 26A(I):51-61. Meteorol.
Observ. llamburg, Frahmredder 95, W-2000 Hamburg 65, FRG.
B380. Forecasting 92:1949 Roch, Michel, Robert Benoit and Nell Parker, 1991. Sensitivity experiments for polar low forecasting with the CMC [Canadian Meteorological Centre] mesoseale finite-element model. Atmos. Ocean, 29(3):381-419. The operational (1989) 100-km version and a 50-kin version of the model have been run for two different polar low cases: one over Hudson Bay and one over Davis Strait. More integrations have also been performed on the ttudson Bay event both at 50 and 25 km to assess the model sensitivity to ice cover. As expected, the reduction in spatial truncation errors provided by the increase in resolution results in a better simulation of the systems. Moreover, when run at higher resolutions the model shows a significant sensitivity to ice cover. The results of the ice-cover experiments also put into perspective the interaction between the beat and moisture fluxes at the surface, the low-level wind structure, and the relation of these to the development of the polar low. The improved forecast accuracy obtained from increased resolution is limited by the correctness of the analysis of the ice cover, which acts as a stationary forcing for the entire forecast period. Canadian Meteorol. Cir., Atmos. Environ. Serv., 2121 N. Service Rd., Trans-Canada Hwy, Dorval, PQ lt9P I J3, Canada.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY C10. Apparatus and methods 92:1950 Baudinet, Dominique and Francois Galgani, 1991. A new application of microplate reader in oceanography: colorimetric assays to determine some nitrogen forms. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 33(5): 459-466. In this preliminary study, a new application of microplate readers for determination of N corn-
pounds is presented. The use of microplate reader for marine environmental monitoring is possible. This apparatus is easy to use and of the order of 1000 samples can be run per day. It is suitable for taking on board a vessel for automated and routine monitoring of water quality. Modifications to extend the application to other nutrient determinations are possible. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Sta. Mar. Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
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92:1951 Chiswell, S.M., 1991. D)nnamic response of CTD pressure sensors to temperature. J. atmos, ocean. Technol, 8(5):659-668. Pressure sensors used in CTDs respond to transients in temperature. It is often assumed t h a t these transients have a negligible effect on pressure. However, in a Sea-Bird CTD used in Hawaiian waters, these transients lead to pressure errors as high as 8 db. We describe how we correct these errors using linear system theory by computing the response function of the pressure sensor to temperature transients; pressure is corrected to within ! db. The impulse response functions for two similar pressure transducers are quite different, probably due to small manufacturing variations. Thermal insulation of pressure sensors also varies from CTD to CTD. The net effect is that the response functions vary considerably from CTD to CTD. Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. 92:1952 Reisenbichler, K.R. and T.G. Bailey, 1991. Microextraction of total lipid from mesopelagic animals. Deep-Sea Res, 38(10A):1331-1339. A modification of the Bligh arid Dyer 0959) lipid extraction method is described which utilizes commercially available Teflon membrane microfiltration units that permit filtration and solvent separation to occur simuhaneously. Thus, rapid and efficient microextraction of total lipid can be accomplished from tissue homogenates at reduced solvent volumes with increased accuracy for small samples, increased productivity and reduced exposure to solvent fumes. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 95 to 100% for standards and naturally occurring lipid extracts of two midwater fish species. Precision of the method, measured as per cent standard deviation between replicate extracts of whole fish homogenates, range from 0.7 to 2.7%. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., 160 Central Ave., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
C40. Area studies, surveys 92:1953 Konnov, V.A. and Ye.A. Romankevich, 1990. Biogeochemical investigations in the inshore zone of Curieuse Island (Seychelles Islands). Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 179184. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
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C50. Seawater composition 92:1954 de Baar, H A . W , 1991. Scientific comment. On cerium anomalies in the Sargasso Sea. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 55(10):2981-2983. High cerium (Ce) values were found in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea in 1980. Subsequent investigation of Ce in marine waters has established a global pattern of Ce depletion in oxygenated surface waters making the high Sargasso values very anomalous. Remeasurement of 1980 Sargasso Sea Water samples showed normal (depleted) values. Analytical techniques and possible oceanic controls on enrichment and depletion are discussed. Nederlands Inst. voor Onderzoek der Zee, 1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. (rjw)
C80. Physical chemistry in seawater 92:1955 Karavayeva, YeN. et al., 1990. Nonequilibrium character of ion fractionation in the surface layer of seawater. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 166-169. Comparison of data on the ionic composition of the thin surface layer of seawater in seas with considerably different thermohaline characteristics (the Black Sea and the White Sea) indicates that the K + / N a § ratio is greater with more rapid evaporation from the surface. This confirms the hypothesis that a nonuniform distribution of ions in the surface layer of the sea results from irreversible processes at the ocean-atmosphere interface and is nonequilibrium in character. Moscow Univ., Moscow, USSR. 92:1956 Pettine, M., F.J. Millero and T. La Noce, 1991. Chromium (III) interactions in seawater through its oxidation kinetics. Mar. Chem, 340-2):29-46. Water Res. Inst., C.N.R., Via Reno l, Rome 00198, Italy. 92:1957 Savenko, V.S., 1991. Forms taken by Mn in sea water. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 28(I):69-78. Moscow Univ., Moscow, USSR.
C90. Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity 92:1958 Toompuu, A., J. Heinloo and T.S. Soomere, 1989.
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Modeling the Gibraltar salinity anomaly. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):698702. We propose a model for turbulent diffusion based on the assumption of asymmetry in the turbulent transport tensor for media with a preferential orientation for rotational-pulsational motion. The model is used to describe the Gibraltar salinity anomaly. Inst. of Appl. Phys., Tallinn, USSR. 92:1959 Yefimov, V.V. and P.E. Boguslavskiy, 1989. On the formation of a subsurface salinity maximum in the tropical Atlantic. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):673-676. Results are given for observations of the spatial distribution for the characteristics of the subsurface salinity maximum in a trans-Atlantic tropical test area. In the western part of the area the mechanism for the formation of enhanced salinity is related to the geostrophic dynamics of the layer bounded by the o, 25.0 and 26.0 isopycnals. Several assumptions of the 'ventilated thermocline' theory are offered as proof. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukrainian SSR Acad. of Sei., Sevastopol, USSR.
Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 92:1960 Nagaya, Yutaka, Yuzuru Suzuki and Kiyoshi Nakamura, 1990. ~924~ and ~37Cs concentrations in some marine organisms, mostly from the Ibaraki and Aomori coasts, Japan, 1987-1989. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi (Bull. japan. Sor scient. Fish.), 56(10): 1599-1604. Div. of Mar. Radioecol., Natl. Inst. of Radiol. Sci., lsozaki, Nakaminato 31112, Japan. 92:1961 Prandle, D. and J. Beechey, 1991. Marine dispersion of caesium 137 released from Sellafield and Chernobyi. Geophys. Res. Letts, 18(9): 1723-1726. This modelling study examines the dispersion within the shelf seas surrounding the UK, of ~TCs discharged from Sellafield between 1969 and 1988 together with the atmospheric deposition following Chernobyl (April 1986). The close agreement obtained between computed and observed distributions lends confidence to estimates of flushing times-fundamental parameters in determining pollutant concentrations. Moreover, this study confirms, to first-order, the estimates of Chernobyl fall-out
OLR (1992) 39 (4)
provided by atmospheric dispersion models. Proudman Oceanogr. Lab., Bidston Observ. Birkenhead L43 7RA, Merseyside, U.K.
C120. Dissolved gases 92:1962 Butler, J.H. and J.W. Elkins, 1991. An automated technique for the measurement of dissolved N20 in natural waters. Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):47-61. We have developed a fully automated technique for measuring dissolved NzO in freshwater and seawater. This system can measure N20 intervals as short as 6 rain in a virtually continuous mode, and provides for repeat analysis where greater precision is needed. The method is precise to _ 2 % and has been used for more than 3000 measurements of N20 in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Black Sea. It also has been used to measure N20 dissolved in surface water and groundwater. On a recent cruise to the east Pacific Ocean, we were able to analyze up to 125 samples per day. NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab., Boulder, CO 80303, USA. 92:1963 Fashchuk, D.Ya. et al., 1990. Hydroehemical structure of the layer of coexistence of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea and a possible mechanism of its generation. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2):185-192. Data on oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and the oxidation rate of the latter in the layer of their coexistence (the C layer) are analyzed statistically. The Fisher criterion gives statistical portraits of the variability of the characteristics, which suggest hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that govern them in different seasons. A statistically significant correlation between the position of the hydrogen sulfide boundary in the vicinity of the south coast of the Crimea with the atmospheric pressure at Yalta, with a time lag of 0.5-2.0 days, and in the eastern part of the sea, with a time lag of 2 months, are found. Synoptic processes are unlikely to cause hydrogen sulfide to reach the surface in this area in the summer. All-Union Inst. of Sci. and Tech. Inf., Moscow, USSR. 92:1964 Semiletov, I.L., 1989. Heat of solution of atmospheric carbon dioxide in ocean water. DokL Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR), 307(4):262-264.
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This paper examines the effect of the solution of atmospheric CO 2 in seawater on the heat balance of the ocean. If the average absorption of CO 2 in the high latitudes is 20 moles/m2/yr the corresponding heat flux is +0.23 x l0 4 cal/cm2/min. If the total rates of absorption and release of CO z differ by less than an order of magnitude, the corresponding heat flux is ~0.1 • 10 4 cal/cm2/min or less than 0.01% of incoming solar radiation. The local effect of CO 2 release may be as great as -0.35 • 10 -~ cal/cm2/min or ~0.04% of sea surface re-radiation; this may be enough to compensate for the greenhouse warming due to a 0.8-1.6 ppm increase in anthropogenie CO v In general, the heat fluxes associated with CO 2 absorption and release are the greatest of all the 'secondary terms' in the heat budget and need be considered in constructing global climatic models. Far Eastern Dept., Pacific Oceanol. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Vladivostok, USSR. (rjw) 92:1965 Woolf, D.K. and S.A. Thorpe, 1991. Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions. J. mar. Res., 49(3):435-466. The net air-sea transfer of gases is not simply proportional to the surface gradient of gas concentration as is widely assumed but, when proper account of bubbles is taken, is asymmetrical with a net invasion of gas at 100% saturation. The nitrogen and oxygen saturation levels and the variation of the composition of a bubble during its lifetime affect the transfer of all gases. The development of the distribution and composition of bubbles, after the initial injection of air bubbles by breaking waves, in the upper ocean layer is modelled, and the transfer of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon determined. The variation of the flux of these gases with the supersaturation of each gas and with the strength Of Langmuir circulation is investigated. Bubble-mediated gas transfer will support supersaturations of typically I-2% for nitrogen, oxygen, argon and other very poorly soluble gases, but will not support a globally significant supersaturation of CO2. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Southampton, ltighfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK.
C130. Organic compounds 92:1966 Charrirre, Bruno, Francois Gadel and Lron Serve, 1991. Nature and distribution of phenolic compounds in water and sediments from Mediterranean deltaic and lagunal environments, llydrobiologia, 222(2):89-100. Lab. de Biol. Vegetale,
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Univ. de Perpignan, Ave. de Villencuve, 66025 Perpignan, France. 92:1967 llanda, Nobuhiko, 1991. Chemical studies on organic mailer and carbon cycle in the ocean. Lecture by the member awarded the Oceanographical Society of Japan Prize for 1990. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 47(2):49-61. Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan. 92:1968 Lapin, I.A. et al., 1990. Biogeochemical aspects of the behavior of dissolved organic matter in the Razdolnaya River Estuary (Amur Gulf, Sea of Japan). Oceanology (a translation of OkeanoIogiia), 30(2):170-174. Hydrochem. Inst., Rostov-na-Donu, USSR. 92:1969 Lyutsarev, S.V., 1989. Calculated vertical profile of mean dissolved organic carbon concentration in the ocean, Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR), 307(4):268-271. This paper derives equations to describe mean profiles of dissolved organic carbon (C~,.,) in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Results show that published mean values of Cot2 at individual stations can be accurately approximated (__.2%) using the formula: Cor~ = A + B log z + D(log z) 2 where A, B and D are coefficients and z is the mean depth of the layer for which Co,~ is given. The method assumes that where horizontal scale is 2 or 3 orders of magnitude greater than vertical scale (i.e., large ocean basins), water transport speeds (mixing energy) decrease logarithmically with depth. Calculations of Co,.~ on a layer-per-layer basis produce good agreement for upper water column values and satisfactory agreement for deeper waters. The equations derived in this paper may be used to calculate the 'steady state" distributions of other conservative properties in large ocean basins. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (rjw) 92:1970 Moran, M.A., R.J. Wicks and R.E. Hodson, 1991. Export of dissolved organic matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem: evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser. 76(2): 175-184. Concentrations of both lignin phenols and fluorescent compounds indicated the tidally-mediated movement of DOM offshore from the swamp to distances at least 1 km seaward. Laboratory studies documented the formation of significant amounts of
324
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DOM from degrading mangrove leaves, about 20% of which was highly-fluorescent humic substances. At the I km station, vascular plant-derived material was calculated to account for about 10% of the total DOM, based on simple mixing models. A correlation between apparent concentrations of vascular plantderived DOM and rates of bacterial secondary production suggests that some components of exported DOM are available for bacterioplankton growth in offshore environments. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, G A 30602, USA.
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Gulf of St. Lawrence as a major source of terrigenous OM to the shelf east of 62~ The distribution of less polar organic fractions in the gulf indicates that there is OM of both marine and terrestrial origin in surface unconsolidated sediments with a dominance of the terrigenous component. PCS, DFO, BIO, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
C140. Nutrients 92:1971 Nemirovskaya, I.A., 1991. Dissolved and suspended lipids in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 28(3):89-97. Data gathered over many years are presented on lipids in dissolved and suspended forms in the thin surface layer and the surface waters of the western Pacific and of the Bering, Japan, Philippine and South China seas. The lipid concentrations differ by orders of magnitude between the thin surface layer and the surface waters. The dissolved form has a more monotonal distribution. Positive correlations are established between the lipids, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the one hand and the Cot~ in the suspensate on t h e o t h e r . Petroleum hydrocarbons are less important than biogenic ones. Oceanol. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 92:1972 Nichols, P.D. and Q.I. Espey, 1991. Characterization of organic matter at the air-sea interface, in subsurface water, and in bottom sediments near the Malabar ~wage ouffaii in Sydney's coastal region. ~lust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res, 42(4):327348. Div. of Oceanogr., CSIRO Mar. Lab., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. 92:1973 Pocklington, Roger, J.D. Leonard and N.F. Crewe, 1991. Sources of organic matter to surficial sediments from the Scotian shelf and slope, Canada. Continent. Shelf Res, i1(8-10):10691082. On the basis of chemical analyses of sediment sampled on the Scotian shelf and slope off Nova Scotia, an attempt is made to assign to source the organic matter (OM) found in surface and nearsurface sediments. Concentrations of organic C and N were higher in shelf basins and the Laurentian Channel than on the shelf banks and slope. Organic C / N ratios within the basins and channel imply OM is predominantly marine in origin. Decrease in C / N with distance west of Cabot Strait implicates the
92:1974 Hollibaugh, J.T., R.W. Buddemeier and S.V. Smith, 1991. Contributions of colloidal and high molecular weight dissolved material to alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in shallow marine and estuarine systems. Mar. Chem., 34(1-2):1-27. Tiburon Ctr., San Francisco State Univ., P . O . Box 855, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA. 92:1975 Viel, Monique et al., 1991. Nutrient profiles in the pore water of a deltaic lagoon: methodological considerations and evaluation of benthic fluxes. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 33(4):361-382. The pore water obtained from two different sampiing techniques (dialysis, centrifugation) is compared. The two methods compare well for all the elements considered, except for Fe values in the topmost cm of the sediment and for NH4 in the lowest 15 cm; these differences can be explained by alterations of porewater composition during the manipulation of core samples and by spatial heterogeneity. The distributions obtained for the different ionic species are typical of anoxic sedimentary environments, rich in organic matter. Evaluation of silica, ammonia and phosphorus fluxes at the water-sediment interface is conducted by applying a one-dimensional model: the sediment is considered as a two-layer system and a steady-state diagenesis is assumed. When irrigation effects are considered independent of molecular diffusion, flux values are different from those obtained by combining the processes. ENEA, C.R.E.A., CP 316, 19100 La Spezia, Italy. 92:1976 Vitousek, P.M. and R.W. Howarth, 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochem, 13(2):87-115. The widespread occurrence of nitrogen limitation to net primary production in terrestrial and marine ecosystems is something of a puzzle; it would seem that nitrogen fixers should have a substantial
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325
competitive advantage wherever nitrogen is limitifig, and that their activity in turn should reverse limitation. We examine both how the biogeochemistry of the nitrogen cycle could cause limitation to develop, and how nitrogen limitation could persist as a consequence of processes that prevent or reduce nitrogen fixation. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
phase more rapidly at 15 than at 2~ Results provide direct evidence that fecal pellets and marine snow can effectively scavenge metals from seawater; of the metals examined, Zn and Cd are likely to be remineralized most rapidly in surface waters, while the others are likely to be vertically transported hundreds to thousands of meters. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
C150. Particulate matter
92:1979 Kahru, Mati and Aina Leeben, 1991. Size structure of planktonic particles in relation to hydrographic structure in the Skagerrak. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser~ 76(2): 159-166.
92:1977 Brun-Cottan, J.C. et al., 1991. Sources and transport of suspended calcites in Pacific deep water. J. mar. Res~ 49(3):543-564. Particle-rich layers in the deep Pacific, particularly at the depth of the Pacific Benthic Thermocline, cannot be explained by simple classical settling processes nor by resuspension of the underlying sediment. Two possible mechanisms are explored: the settling of large particles from surface waters and their preferential disaggregation at some specific depth, particularly at the PBT; or alternatively, the resuspension at those depths of old calcareous sediments from the flanks of the EPR associated with a horizontal advective "diffusive transport mechanism. New analyses suggest that the resuspension mechanism is the most probable. A simple model based on this mechanism, using our calcite concentrations at the PBT depth, implies that the CaCO 3 flux arising from this source ranges between 5 • 106 and 5 • l0 s tons per year. Inst. Biogeochim. Mar./ENS, 1 rue M. Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France. 92:1978 Fisher, N.S., C.V. Nolan and S.W. Fowler, 1991. Scavenging and retention of metals by zooplankton fecal pellets and marine snow. Deep-Sea Res. 38(10A): 1261-1275. Dissolved 6~ 65Zn, 1~ ul~ "~ 14*Ce,*~4Eu,237Pu and -'4JAm were scavenged from seawater onto copepod and euphausiid fecal pellets and marine snow. The fecal pellets and marine snow displayed metal depuration curves generally conforming to a two-compartment model, with overall retention half-times varying with each metal and type of debris. *~ was retained least effectively and *~ was generally retained for the longest periods, with retention half-times up to 66 days. Retention half-times of t4*Ce, mEu, 237Pu and :4*Am in each type of debris were comparable and were not appreciably affected by temperature. ~~ 6~Zn, J~176 and H~ were released into the dissolved
Horizontal distributions of particle size and chl a concentration in near-surface water in relation to hydrographic structure were studied along a transect across the Skagerrak in May-June, 1990. Results are compared with those of Kiorboe et al. (1990). Distributions along the transect changed considerably over 1 to 3 d due to advection. In addition to the basin-wide changes, correlations of the different particle size fractions to chlorophyll concentration changed over much shorter length scales, often being in opposite phase to each other. An equivalent spherical diameter of 4/tm was the size at which the most significant shift in the horizontal distributions occurred. Swedish Meteorol. and Hydrol. Inst., S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden.
92:1980 Shemshura, V.Ye. and V.L. Vladimirov, 1989. Evaluating the concentration of particulate matter in the sea by the visibility depth of a white disk and by upward radiation spectra. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):703-706. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukrainian SSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. 92:1981 Yakushev, Ye.V. and L.I. Korzhikova, 1990. Distribution of suspended phosphorus over size fractions in waters of different trophicity. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 175178. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
C180.
Geochemistry, biogeochemistry
(see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS)
92:1982 Kiene, R.P., 1991. Evidence for the biological turnover of thlols in anoxic marine sediments.
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C. ChemicalOceanography Biogeochem, 13(2):!17-135. Univ. of Georgia Mar. Inst., Sapelo Island, G A 31327, USA.
92:1983 Millero, F.J., 1991. The oxidation of H,S in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 33(5): 52 i-527. The oxidation of H2S with O z was measured in Chesapeake Bay waters at 30~ The rates of oxidation of surface water (half-time 25 h) were in good agreement with earlier measurements on Gulf Stream and Black Sea waters. The oxidation rates of the deep waters were quite fast (half-time 8 min) due to the high concentrations of Fe(lI) and Mn(I1) in the solutions, in agreement with earlier studies. The half-time for the oxidation of the deep waters with no added oxygen was 16 to 23 min. These results indicate that the oxides of Fe and Mn may be partly responsible for the fast turnover of H2S in these waters. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, F L 33149, USA. 92:1984 Rowe, G.T. and A.P. McNichol, 1991. Scientific comment. Carbon cycling in coastal sediments: estimating remineralizatlon in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 55(10):2989-2991.
The results of early benthic metabolism studies in Buzzards Bay were compared with those derived from a new model of porewater carbon dioxide profiles. Early studies used oxygen-demand data as an indicator of respiration in sediments. The new technique separates CO 2 produced by respiration from non-biogenic sources. Depth-integrated rates estimated for sample cores are averaged over a year to give a measure of annual metabolic activity. Results show that the annual estimate derived from the CO 2 profile method is only 48% of that derived from oxygen-demand studies. Possible causes for the large discrepancy may be related to spatial heterogeneity within the bay, changes in productivity between study intervals, or inherent problems in the methods. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (rjw)
C210. Pollution (see also B 3 5 0 - A t m o s p h e r i c pollution, Cll0-Radioactivity, radioisotopes, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of p o l l u t i o n , F 2 5 0 W a s t e disposal) 92:1985 Azzaria, L.M. and Alijan Aftabi, 1991. Step~Jse thermal analysis technique for estimating mercury
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phases in soils and sediments. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:203-217. Dept. de geol., Univ. Laval, Quebec, PQ G I K 7P4, Canada. 92:1986 Baeyens, W. et al., 1991. Modelization of the mercury fluxes at the air-sea interface, tVat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:731-744.
Aqueous and atmospheric Hg ~ concentrations for the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the North Sea, and Scheldt Estuary are discussed. Biological processes seem to be the origin of supersaturated Hg ~ concentrations in the water. Transfer velocities across the air-sea interface were calculated; Hg ~ fluxes from sea to atmosphere in the Pacific ranged from 0.43 to 6.5/~g Hg m -2 yr -I at a wind speed of 2.8 m s -~ and from 10.3 to 156/tg Hg m -2 yr -~ at a wind speed of 54 m s-', and higher when wave breaking is considered. These transfer fluxes are an order of magnitude higher in the Scheldt Estuary. Vrije Univ. Brussels, Analyt. Chem., Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. 92:1987 Broman, Dag et al., 1991. Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remote coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic. Environ. Sci. Technol~ 25(11):1850-1864. Dept. of Zoology, Stockholm Univ., S-I06 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 92:1988 Cripps, G.C. and J. Priddle, 1991. Hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine environment. Review. Antarct. Sci~ 3(3):233-250.
Low natural levels of primarily biogenic hydrocarbons and the small amount of local human activity make the Antarctic marine ecosystem suitable as a yardstick against which future global pollution by hydrocarbons can be assessed, At present, contamination is very low and difficult to resolve against the background. Local pollution is restricted to a very few events. A systematic program with a clear definition of the natural background is proposed to monitor both global and local pollution. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. 92:1989 Duarte, A.C. et al., 1991. Mercury resorption from contaminated sediments. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:77-82. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Aveiro, 3800 Aveiro, Portugal.
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C. Chemical Oceanography
92:1990 Krahn, M.M. et al., 1991. Rapid, semi-quantitative screening of sediments for aromatic compounds using sonic extraction and HPLC/fluorescence analysis. Mar. environ. Res, 31(3):175-196. This paper describes a method to screen sediments for aromatic hydrocarbons. Sonic extraction followed by size-exclusion HPLC with fluorescence detection is used to estimate concentrations of fluorescent aromatic compounds in sediment samples. The concentrations of aromatic compounds determined by the screening method are highly correlated with the sum of aromatic hydrocarbons determined by a standard analytical method which used HPLC cleanup and G C / M S quantitation. Environ. Conserv. Div., NFSC, N M F S , NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, W A 98112, USA. 92:1991 Macdonald, R.W. et al., 1991. Accumulation of heaD' metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd), carbon and nitrogen in sediments from Strait of Georgia, B.C., Canada. Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):109-135. Cores collected from three sites in Ballenas Basin in the Strait of Georgia and at a site in Jervis Inlet were measured for 2~~ metals, C, N, 8~3C, stable Pb isotopes and ~37Cs. The stable Pb isotope data indicate that the increased Pb burden in the top of the cores derives mostly from Canadian leaded gasoline. The chronology of Pb recorded in the sediments closely matches the history of Pb emissions from gasoline consumption around the Strait of Georgia Basin. From C / N ratio and 6~JC records, we infer an increased burden in terrestrial carbon toward the sediment surface, which we believe comes from pulp-mill effluent discharged into Strait of Georgia waters. Inst. of Ocean Sci., Ocean Chem. Div., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. 92:1992 Mason, R.P. and W.F. Fitzgerald, 1991. Mercury speciation in open ocean waters. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:779-789. Methylated Hg species, dissolved gaseous and reactive mercury were measured in the equatorial Pacific Ocean in early 1990. Both dimethylmercury (DMHg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) were found in subthermocline waters of the equatorial Pacific. A significant inverse correlation between DMHg, and M M H g concentration and O2 content was observed. The data suggest formation of alkylmercury species in the low oxygen zone, with Hg(lI) being the most likely substrate. A model for the cycling of Hg species in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is presented. These results are the first direct evidence of a significant open ocean source of
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methylated Hg species and suggest a pathway for mercury accumulation in pelagic fish. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Connecticut, Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340, USA. 92:1993 Miskimmin, B.M., 1991. Effect of natural levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on methyl mercury formation and sediment-water partitioning. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol, 47(5): 743-750. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. 92:1994 Petersen, S.P., B. Kruse and K. Jensen, 1991. Degradation of low toxicity drilling mud base oil in sediment cores. Mar. Pollut. Bully 22(9):452455. The removal of low toxicity base oil originating from drilling mud was tested in sediment cores. The sediment was contaminated with 200 mg kg -~ dry wt low toxic drilling base oil. The removal time in the upper centimetre of the sediment was estimated to be 147 days, and the velocity constant to be 1.4 mg total PHC kg -~ dry sediment.day-~. No degradation could be seen in the underlying sediment, where the oil content remained constant or increased slightly due to bioturbation during the test period of 66 days. Univ. of Roskilde, Inst. of Life Sci., Block 16.1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 92:1995 Seyler, Patrick and J.-M. Martin, 1991. Arsenic and selenium in a pristine river-estuarine system: the Krka (Yugoslavia). Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):137-151. Martin: Inst. de Biogeochim. Mar., Ecole Normale Sup., l rue Maurice Arnoux F 92120, Montrouge, France. 92:1996 Swartz, R.C. et al., 1991. Vertical profiles of toxicity, organic carbon, and chemical contaminants in sediment cores from the Palos Verdes shelf and Santa Monica Bay, California. Mar. environ. Res, 31(3):215-226. US EPA Agcy., Mark O. Hatfield Mar. Sci. Ctr., Newport, OR 97365, USA. 92:1997 Teksoz, G., I]. Yetis, G. Tuncel and T.I. Balkas, 1991. Pollution chronology of the Golden ttorn sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 22(9):447-451. Sediment accumulation in the Golden Horn has been established by means of the zt~ Radiometric Dating Method. This technique revealed a sediment accumulation rate of 3.5 cm yr-' which is very reasonable given the characteristics of the Golden
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Horn. The 2t~ profile also revealed three distinct levels in sediments of the Golden Horn, a surface layer with nearly uniform activities, an exponential decay interval and a lower region with almost constant low activity. Balkas: METU, Environ. Engng Dept., 06531 Ankara, Turkey. 92:1998 Tkalin, A.V., 1991. Chemical pollution of the northwest Pacific. Mar. Poll, a. Bull, 22(9):455-457.
Data on the distribution of anionic detergents and petroleum hydrocarbons in northwest Pacific surface waters are presented. Higher concentrations of these pollutants were observed in the Sea of Japan and in the Kuroshio region. The average content of total non-polar petroleum hydrocarbons, measured by IR spectrophotometry, was decreased from 26 ppb in 1980-1982 to 15 ppb in 1986-1988. Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorol. Res. Inst., 24 Dzerzhinsky St., Vladivostok 690600, USSR.
D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
D10. Apparatus and methods 92:1999 Allmendinger, R.W. et al., 1991. Microcomputer techniques and applications. Microcomputer software for structural geologists. J. struct. Geol., !3(9): 1079-1083. Excellent programs exist that store and manage structural data, display and analyze orientations, analyze strain in brittle and ductile rocks, and model folded and faulted strata. The essential characteristics of the best of these programs are reviewed and guidelines for software selection suggested. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-1504, USA. 92:2000 Carrion, Philip, 1991. Dual tomography for imaging complex structures. Geophysics, 56(9): 1395-1404. This paper discusses the major properties of dual tomography illustrated with examples of crossborehole geometry determined by transmission dual tomography. Dual inversion transforms a generalized constrained optimization problem formulated in the physical space of seismic velocities to a dual unconstrained problem posed in the vector space of Lagrangian multipliers. Dual tomography does not require accurate knowledge of the initial model and is relatively fast. Preliminary findings show that dual tomography yields better images than alternate techniques especially for the type of experiments typically used in seismic exploration. OGC, P.O. Box 2011, 34016 Trieste, Italy.
92:2001 Egan, M.S., Ken Dingwall and Jerry Kapoor, 1991. Shooting direction: a 3-D marine survey design issue. Leading Edge, 10(11):37-41. Shooting direction is a key parameter for improved marine 3-D data acquisition. Once the value of the 3-D marine survey was established and improvements such as 3-D dip moveout corrections and improved trace interpolation routines had been developed, cost frequently became an overriding consideration in planning surveys. However, geological objectives, operations and cost must all be considered in selecting the survey design. Simple modelling tools are described which can put the relative impact of these factors in perspective. Halliburton Geophys. Serv., Sugar Land, TX, USA. (hbf) 92:2002 Forman, S.L. and G. Ennis, 1991. The effect of light intensity and spectra on the reduction of thermoluminescence of near-shore sediments from Spitshergen, Svalbard: implications for dating Quaternary water-lain sequences. Geophys. Res. Letts, 18(9):1727-1730. Byrd Polar Res. Ctr., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. 92:2003 Kirk, R.E. et al., 1991. A technique for conducting seismic refraction experiments on the ocean bed using bottom shots. Mar. geophys. Res, 13(2): 153-160. A technique has been devised for firing arrays of bottom shots on the ocean bed in depths 4000 m or
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on airborne particles, held in Atlanta, April, 1991. Dept. of Chem. and Biochem., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. (fcs) 92:1946 Simoneit, B.R.T., J.N. Cardoso and N. Robinson, 1991. An assessment of terrestrial higher molecular weight lipid compounds in aerosol particulate matter over the South Atlantic from about 30-70"S. Chemosphere, 23(4):447-465. Environ. Geochem. Group., Coil. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
B350. Pollution (see a l s o C210--Chemical pollution, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of pollution, F 2 5 0 W a s t e disposal) 92:1947 Broman, Dag, Carina NM and Yngve Zebtlhr, 1991. Long-term high- and low-volume air sampling of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along a transect from urban to remote areas on the Swedish Baltic coast. Environ. Sci. Technol, 25(11):1841-1850. Dept. of Zool., Stockholm Univ., S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 92:1948 Schltlnzen, K.H. and Silke Pahl, 1992. Modification of dry deposition Iof pollutants] in a developing sea-breeze circulation---a numerical case study. Atmos. Environ., 26A(I):51-61. Meteorol.
Observ. llamburg, Frahmredder 95, W-2000 Hamburg 65, FRG.
B380. Forecasting 92:1949 Roch, Michel, Robert Benoit and Nell Parker, 1991. Sensitivity experiments for polar low forecasting with the CMC [Canadian Meteorological Centre] mesoseale finite-element model. Atmos. Ocean, 29(3):381-419. The operational (1989) 100-km version and a 50-kin version of the model have been run for two different polar low cases: one over Hudson Bay and one over Davis Strait. More integrations have also been performed on the ttudson Bay event both at 50 and 25 km to assess the model sensitivity to ice cover. As expected, the reduction in spatial truncation errors provided by the increase in resolution results in a better simulation of the systems. Moreover, when run at higher resolutions the model shows a significant sensitivity to ice cover. The results of the ice-cover experiments also put into perspective the interaction between the beat and moisture fluxes at the surface, the low-level wind structure, and the relation of these to the development of the polar low. The improved forecast accuracy obtained from increased resolution is limited by the correctness of the analysis of the ice cover, which acts as a stationary forcing for the entire forecast period. Canadian Meteorol. Cir., Atmos. Environ. Serv., 2121 N. Service Rd., Trans-Canada Hwy, Dorval, PQ lt9P I J3, Canada.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY C10. Apparatus and methods 92:1950 Baudinet, Dominique and Francois Galgani, 1991. A new application of microplate reader in oceanography: colorimetric assays to determine some nitrogen forms. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 33(5): 459-466. In this preliminary study, a new application of microplate readers for determination of N corn-
pounds is presented. The use of microplate reader for marine environmental monitoring is possible. This apparatus is easy to use and of the order of 1000 samples can be run per day. It is suitable for taking on board a vessel for automated and routine monitoring of water quality. Modifications to extend the application to other nutrient determinations are possible. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Sta. Mar. Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
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92:1951 Chiswell, S.M., 1991. D)nnamic response of CTD pressure sensors to temperature. J. atmos, ocean. Technol, 8(5):659-668. Pressure sensors used in CTDs respond to transients in temperature. It is often assumed t h a t these transients have a negligible effect on pressure. However, in a Sea-Bird CTD used in Hawaiian waters, these transients lead to pressure errors as high as 8 db. We describe how we correct these errors using linear system theory by computing the response function of the pressure sensor to temperature transients; pressure is corrected to within ! db. The impulse response functions for two similar pressure transducers are quite different, probably due to small manufacturing variations. Thermal insulation of pressure sensors also varies from CTD to CTD. The net effect is that the response functions vary considerably from CTD to CTD. Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. 92:1952 Reisenbichler, K.R. and T.G. Bailey, 1991. Microextraction of total lipid from mesopelagic animals. Deep-Sea Res, 38(10A):1331-1339. A modification of the Bligh arid Dyer 0959) lipid extraction method is described which utilizes commercially available Teflon membrane microfiltration units that permit filtration and solvent separation to occur simuhaneously. Thus, rapid and efficient microextraction of total lipid can be accomplished from tissue homogenates at reduced solvent volumes with increased accuracy for small samples, increased productivity and reduced exposure to solvent fumes. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 95 to 100% for standards and naturally occurring lipid extracts of two midwater fish species. Precision of the method, measured as per cent standard deviation between replicate extracts of whole fish homogenates, range from 0.7 to 2.7%. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., 160 Central Ave., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
C40. Area studies, surveys 92:1953 Konnov, V.A. and Ye.A. Romankevich, 1990. Biogeochemical investigations in the inshore zone of Curieuse Island (Seychelles Islands). Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 179184. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
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C50. Seawater composition 92:1954 de Baar, H A . W , 1991. Scientific comment. On cerium anomalies in the Sargasso Sea. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 55(10):2981-2983. High cerium (Ce) values were found in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea in 1980. Subsequent investigation of Ce in marine waters has established a global pattern of Ce depletion in oxygenated surface waters making the high Sargasso values very anomalous. Remeasurement of 1980 Sargasso Sea Water samples showed normal (depleted) values. Analytical techniques and possible oceanic controls on enrichment and depletion are discussed. Nederlands Inst. voor Onderzoek der Zee, 1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. (rjw)
C80. Physical chemistry in seawater 92:1955 Karavayeva, YeN. et al., 1990. Nonequilibrium character of ion fractionation in the surface layer of seawater. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 166-169. Comparison of data on the ionic composition of the thin surface layer of seawater in seas with considerably different thermohaline characteristics (the Black Sea and the White Sea) indicates that the K + / N a § ratio is greater with more rapid evaporation from the surface. This confirms the hypothesis that a nonuniform distribution of ions in the surface layer of the sea results from irreversible processes at the ocean-atmosphere interface and is nonequilibrium in character. Moscow Univ., Moscow, USSR. 92:1956 Pettine, M., F.J. Millero and T. La Noce, 1991. Chromium (III) interactions in seawater through its oxidation kinetics. Mar. Chem, 340-2):29-46. Water Res. Inst., C.N.R., Via Reno l, Rome 00198, Italy. 92:1957 Savenko, V.S., 1991. Forms taken by Mn in sea water. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 28(I):69-78. Moscow Univ., Moscow, USSR.
C90. Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity 92:1958 Toompuu, A., J. Heinloo and T.S. Soomere, 1989.
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Modeling the Gibraltar salinity anomaly. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):698702. We propose a model for turbulent diffusion based on the assumption of asymmetry in the turbulent transport tensor for media with a preferential orientation for rotational-pulsational motion. The model is used to describe the Gibraltar salinity anomaly. Inst. of Appl. Phys., Tallinn, USSR. 92:1959 Yefimov, V.V. and P.E. Boguslavskiy, 1989. On the formation of a subsurface salinity maximum in the tropical Atlantic. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):673-676. Results are given for observations of the spatial distribution for the characteristics of the subsurface salinity maximum in a trans-Atlantic tropical test area. In the western part of the area the mechanism for the formation of enhanced salinity is related to the geostrophic dynamics of the layer bounded by the o, 25.0 and 26.0 isopycnals. Several assumptions of the 'ventilated thermocline' theory are offered as proof. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukrainian SSR Acad. of Sei., Sevastopol, USSR.
Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 92:1960 Nagaya, Yutaka, Yuzuru Suzuki and Kiyoshi Nakamura, 1990. ~924~ and ~37Cs concentrations in some marine organisms, mostly from the Ibaraki and Aomori coasts, Japan, 1987-1989. Nippon
Suisan Gakkaishi (Bull. japan. Sor scient. Fish.), 56(10): 1599-1604. Div. of Mar. Radioecol., Natl. Inst. of Radiol. Sci., lsozaki, Nakaminato 31112, Japan. 92:1961 Prandle, D. and J. Beechey, 1991. Marine dispersion of caesium 137 released from Sellafield and Chernobyi. Geophys. Res. Letts, 18(9): 1723-1726. This modelling study examines the dispersion within the shelf seas surrounding the UK, of ~TCs discharged from Sellafield between 1969 and 1988 together with the atmospheric deposition following Chernobyl (April 1986). The close agreement obtained between computed and observed distributions lends confidence to estimates of flushing times-fundamental parameters in determining pollutant concentrations. Moreover, this study confirms, to first-order, the estimates of Chernobyl fall-out
OLR (1992) 39 (4)
provided by atmospheric dispersion models. Proudman Oceanogr. Lab., Bidston Observ. Birkenhead L43 7RA, Merseyside, U.K.
C120. Dissolved gases 92:1962 Butler, J.H. and J.W. Elkins, 1991. An automated technique for the measurement of dissolved N20 in natural waters. Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):47-61. We have developed a fully automated technique for measuring dissolved NzO in freshwater and seawater. This system can measure N20 intervals as short as 6 rain in a virtually continuous mode, and provides for repeat analysis where greater precision is needed. The method is precise to _ 2 % and has been used for more than 3000 measurements of N20 in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Black Sea. It also has been used to measure N20 dissolved in surface water and groundwater. On a recent cruise to the east Pacific Ocean, we were able to analyze up to 125 samples per day. NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Lab., Boulder, CO 80303, USA. 92:1963 Fashchuk, D.Ya. et al., 1990. Hydroehemical structure of the layer of coexistence of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea and a possible mechanism of its generation. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2):185-192. Data on oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and the oxidation rate of the latter in the layer of their coexistence (the C layer) are analyzed statistically. The Fisher criterion gives statistical portraits of the variability of the characteristics, which suggest hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that govern them in different seasons. A statistically significant correlation between the position of the hydrogen sulfide boundary in the vicinity of the south coast of the Crimea with the atmospheric pressure at Yalta, with a time lag of 0.5-2.0 days, and in the eastern part of the sea, with a time lag of 2 months, are found. Synoptic processes are unlikely to cause hydrogen sulfide to reach the surface in this area in the summer. All-Union Inst. of Sci. and Tech. Inf., Moscow, USSR. 92:1964 Semiletov, I.L., 1989. Heat of solution of atmospheric carbon dioxide in ocean water. DokL Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR), 307(4):262-264.
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This paper examines the effect of the solution of atmospheric CO 2 in seawater on the heat balance of the ocean. If the average absorption of CO 2 in the high latitudes is 20 moles/m2/yr the corresponding heat flux is +0.23 x l0 4 cal/cm2/min. If the total rates of absorption and release of CO z differ by less than an order of magnitude, the corresponding heat flux is ~0.1 • 10 4 cal/cm2/min or less than 0.01% of incoming solar radiation. The local effect of CO 2 release may be as great as -0.35 • 10 -~ cal/cm2/min or ~0.04% of sea surface re-radiation; this may be enough to compensate for the greenhouse warming due to a 0.8-1.6 ppm increase in anthropogenie CO v In general, the heat fluxes associated with CO 2 absorption and release are the greatest of all the 'secondary terms' in the heat budget and need be considered in constructing global climatic models. Far Eastern Dept., Pacific Oceanol. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Vladivostok, USSR. (rjw) 92:1965 Woolf, D.K. and S.A. Thorpe, 1991. Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions. J. mar. Res., 49(3):435-466. The net air-sea transfer of gases is not simply proportional to the surface gradient of gas concentration as is widely assumed but, when proper account of bubbles is taken, is asymmetrical with a net invasion of gas at 100% saturation. The nitrogen and oxygen saturation levels and the variation of the composition of a bubble during its lifetime affect the transfer of all gases. The development of the distribution and composition of bubbles, after the initial injection of air bubbles by breaking waves, in the upper ocean layer is modelled, and the transfer of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon determined. The variation of the flux of these gases with the supersaturation of each gas and with the strength Of Langmuir circulation is investigated. Bubble-mediated gas transfer will support supersaturations of typically I-2% for nitrogen, oxygen, argon and other very poorly soluble gases, but will not support a globally significant supersaturation of CO2. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Southampton, ltighfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK.
C130. Organic compounds 92:1966 Charrirre, Bruno, Francois Gadel and Lron Serve, 1991. Nature and distribution of phenolic compounds in water and sediments from Mediterranean deltaic and lagunal environments, llydrobiologia, 222(2):89-100. Lab. de Biol. Vegetale,
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Univ. de Perpignan, Ave. de Villencuve, 66025 Perpignan, France. 92:1967 llanda, Nobuhiko, 1991. Chemical studies on organic mailer and carbon cycle in the ocean. Lecture by the member awarded the Oceanographical Society of Japan Prize for 1990. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 47(2):49-61. Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan. 92:1968 Lapin, I.A. et al., 1990. Biogeochemical aspects of the behavior of dissolved organic matter in the Razdolnaya River Estuary (Amur Gulf, Sea of Japan). Oceanology (a translation of OkeanoIogiia), 30(2):170-174. Hydrochem. Inst., Rostov-na-Donu, USSR. 92:1969 Lyutsarev, S.V., 1989. Calculated vertical profile of mean dissolved organic carbon concentration in the ocean, Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR), 307(4):268-271. This paper derives equations to describe mean profiles of dissolved organic carbon (C~,.,) in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Results show that published mean values of Cot2 at individual stations can be accurately approximated (__.2%) using the formula: Cor~ = A + B log z + D(log z) 2 where A, B and D are coefficients and z is the mean depth of the layer for which Co,~ is given. The method assumes that where horizontal scale is 2 or 3 orders of magnitude greater than vertical scale (i.e., large ocean basins), water transport speeds (mixing energy) decrease logarithmically with depth. Calculations of Co,.~ on a layer-per-layer basis produce good agreement for upper water column values and satisfactory agreement for deeper waters. The equations derived in this paper may be used to calculate the 'steady state" distributions of other conservative properties in large ocean basins. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. (rjw) 92:1970 Moran, M.A., R.J. Wicks and R.E. Hodson, 1991. Export of dissolved organic matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem: evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser. 76(2): 175-184. Concentrations of both lignin phenols and fluorescent compounds indicated the tidally-mediated movement of DOM offshore from the swamp to distances at least 1 km seaward. Laboratory studies documented the formation of significant amounts of
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DOM from degrading mangrove leaves, about 20% of which was highly-fluorescent humic substances. At the I km station, vascular plant-derived material was calculated to account for about 10% of the total DOM, based on simple mixing models. A correlation between apparent concentrations of vascular plantderived DOM and rates of bacterial secondary production suggests that some components of exported DOM are available for bacterioplankton growth in offshore environments. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, G A 30602, USA.
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Gulf of St. Lawrence as a major source of terrigenous OM to the shelf east of 62~ The distribution of less polar organic fractions in the gulf indicates that there is OM of both marine and terrestrial origin in surface unconsolidated sediments with a dominance of the terrigenous component. PCS, DFO, BIO, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
C140. Nutrients 92:1971 Nemirovskaya, I.A., 1991. Dissolved and suspended lipids in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 28(3):89-97. Data gathered over many years are presented on lipids in dissolved and suspended forms in the thin surface layer and the surface waters of the western Pacific and of the Bering, Japan, Philippine and South China seas. The lipid concentrations differ by orders of magnitude between the thin surface layer and the surface waters. The dissolved form has a more monotonal distribution. Positive correlations are established between the lipids, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the one hand and the Cot~ in the suspensate on t h e o t h e r . Petroleum hydrocarbons are less important than biogenic ones. Oceanol. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR. 92:1972 Nichols, P.D. and Q.I. Espey, 1991. Characterization of organic matter at the air-sea interface, in subsurface water, and in bottom sediments near the Malabar ~wage ouffaii in Sydney's coastal region. ~lust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res, 42(4):327348. Div. of Oceanogr., CSIRO Mar. Lab., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. 92:1973 Pocklington, Roger, J.D. Leonard and N.F. Crewe, 1991. Sources of organic matter to surficial sediments from the Scotian shelf and slope, Canada. Continent. Shelf Res, i1(8-10):10691082. On the basis of chemical analyses of sediment sampled on the Scotian shelf and slope off Nova Scotia, an attempt is made to assign to source the organic matter (OM) found in surface and nearsurface sediments. Concentrations of organic C and N were higher in shelf basins and the Laurentian Channel than on the shelf banks and slope. Organic C / N ratios within the basins and channel imply OM is predominantly marine in origin. Decrease in C / N with distance west of Cabot Strait implicates the
92:1974 Hollibaugh, J.T., R.W. Buddemeier and S.V. Smith, 1991. Contributions of colloidal and high molecular weight dissolved material to alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in shallow marine and estuarine systems. Mar. Chem., 34(1-2):1-27. Tiburon Ctr., San Francisco State Univ., P . O . Box 855, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA. 92:1975 Viel, Monique et al., 1991. Nutrient profiles in the pore water of a deltaic lagoon: methodological considerations and evaluation of benthic fluxes. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 33(4):361-382. The pore water obtained from two different sampiing techniques (dialysis, centrifugation) is compared. The two methods compare well for all the elements considered, except for Fe values in the topmost cm of the sediment and for NH4 in the lowest 15 cm; these differences can be explained by alterations of porewater composition during the manipulation of core samples and by spatial heterogeneity. The distributions obtained for the different ionic species are typical of anoxic sedimentary environments, rich in organic matter. Evaluation of silica, ammonia and phosphorus fluxes at the water-sediment interface is conducted by applying a one-dimensional model: the sediment is considered as a two-layer system and a steady-state diagenesis is assumed. When irrigation effects are considered independent of molecular diffusion, flux values are different from those obtained by combining the processes. ENEA, C.R.E.A., CP 316, 19100 La Spezia, Italy. 92:1976 Vitousek, P.M. and R.W. Howarth, 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochem, 13(2):87-115. The widespread occurrence of nitrogen limitation to net primary production in terrestrial and marine ecosystems is something of a puzzle; it would seem that nitrogen fixers should have a substantial
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competitive advantage wherever nitrogen is limitifig, and that their activity in turn should reverse limitation. We examine both how the biogeochemistry of the nitrogen cycle could cause limitation to develop, and how nitrogen limitation could persist as a consequence of processes that prevent or reduce nitrogen fixation. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
phase more rapidly at 15 than at 2~ Results provide direct evidence that fecal pellets and marine snow can effectively scavenge metals from seawater; of the metals examined, Zn and Cd are likely to be remineralized most rapidly in surface waters, while the others are likely to be vertically transported hundreds to thousands of meters. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
C150. Particulate matter
92:1979 Kahru, Mati and Aina Leeben, 1991. Size structure of planktonic particles in relation to hydrographic structure in the Skagerrak. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser~ 76(2): 159-166.
92:1977 Brun-Cottan, J.C. et al., 1991. Sources and transport of suspended calcites in Pacific deep water. J. mar. Res~ 49(3):543-564. Particle-rich layers in the deep Pacific, particularly at the depth of the Pacific Benthic Thermocline, cannot be explained by simple classical settling processes nor by resuspension of the underlying sediment. Two possible mechanisms are explored: the settling of large particles from surface waters and their preferential disaggregation at some specific depth, particularly at the PBT; or alternatively, the resuspension at those depths of old calcareous sediments from the flanks of the EPR associated with a horizontal advective "diffusive transport mechanism. New analyses suggest that the resuspension mechanism is the most probable. A simple model based on this mechanism, using our calcite concentrations at the PBT depth, implies that the CaCO 3 flux arising from this source ranges between 5 • 106 and 5 • l0 s tons per year. Inst. Biogeochim. Mar./ENS, 1 rue M. Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France. 92:1978 Fisher, N.S., C.V. Nolan and S.W. Fowler, 1991. Scavenging and retention of metals by zooplankton fecal pellets and marine snow. Deep-Sea Res. 38(10A): 1261-1275. Dissolved 6~ 65Zn, 1~ ul~ "~ 14*Ce,*~4Eu,237Pu and -'4JAm were scavenged from seawater onto copepod and euphausiid fecal pellets and marine snow. The fecal pellets and marine snow displayed metal depuration curves generally conforming to a two-compartment model, with overall retention half-times varying with each metal and type of debris. *~ was retained least effectively and *~ was generally retained for the longest periods, with retention half-times up to 66 days. Retention half-times of t4*Ce, mEu, 237Pu and :4*Am in each type of debris were comparable and were not appreciably affected by temperature. ~~ 6~Zn, J~176 and H~ were released into the dissolved
Horizontal distributions of particle size and chl a concentration in near-surface water in relation to hydrographic structure were studied along a transect across the Skagerrak in May-June, 1990. Results are compared with those of Kiorboe et al. (1990). Distributions along the transect changed considerably over 1 to 3 d due to advection. In addition to the basin-wide changes, correlations of the different particle size fractions to chlorophyll concentration changed over much shorter length scales, often being in opposite phase to each other. An equivalent spherical diameter of 4/tm was the size at which the most significant shift in the horizontal distributions occurred. Swedish Meteorol. and Hydrol. Inst., S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden.
92:1980 Shemshura, V.Ye. and V.L. Vladimirov, 1989. Evaluating the concentration of particulate matter in the sea by the visibility depth of a white disk and by upward radiation spectra. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 29(6):703-706. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukrainian SSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. 92:1981 Yakushev, Ye.V. and L.I. Korzhikova, 1990. Distribution of suspended phosphorus over size fractions in waters of different trophicity. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 30(2): 175178. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.
C180.
Geochemistry, biogeochemistry
(see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS)
92:1982 Kiene, R.P., 1991. Evidence for the biological turnover of thlols in anoxic marine sediments.
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C. ChemicalOceanography Biogeochem, 13(2):!17-135. Univ. of Georgia Mar. Inst., Sapelo Island, G A 31327, USA.
92:1983 Millero, F.J., 1991. The oxidation of H,S in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 33(5): 52 i-527. The oxidation of H2S with O z was measured in Chesapeake Bay waters at 30~ The rates of oxidation of surface water (half-time 25 h) were in good agreement with earlier measurements on Gulf Stream and Black Sea waters. The oxidation rates of the deep waters were quite fast (half-time 8 min) due to the high concentrations of Fe(lI) and Mn(I1) in the solutions, in agreement with earlier studies. The half-time for the oxidation of the deep waters with no added oxygen was 16 to 23 min. These results indicate that the oxides of Fe and Mn may be partly responsible for the fast turnover of H2S in these waters. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, F L 33149, USA. 92:1984 Rowe, G.T. and A.P. McNichol, 1991. Scientific comment. Carbon cycling in coastal sediments: estimating remineralizatlon in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 55(10):2989-2991.
The results of early benthic metabolism studies in Buzzards Bay were compared with those derived from a new model of porewater carbon dioxide profiles. Early studies used oxygen-demand data as an indicator of respiration in sediments. The new technique separates CO 2 produced by respiration from non-biogenic sources. Depth-integrated rates estimated for sample cores are averaged over a year to give a measure of annual metabolic activity. Results show that the annual estimate derived from the CO 2 profile method is only 48% of that derived from oxygen-demand studies. Possible causes for the large discrepancy may be related to spatial heterogeneity within the bay, changes in productivity between study intervals, or inherent problems in the methods. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (rjw)
C210. Pollution (see also B 3 5 0 - A t m o s p h e r i c pollution, Cll0-Radioactivity, radioisotopes, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of p o l l u t i o n , F 2 5 0 W a s t e disposal) 92:1985 Azzaria, L.M. and Alijan Aftabi, 1991. Step~Jse thermal analysis technique for estimating mercury
OLR (1992)39 (4)
phases in soils and sediments. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:203-217. Dept. de geol., Univ. Laval, Quebec, PQ G I K 7P4, Canada. 92:1986 Baeyens, W. et al., 1991. Modelization of the mercury fluxes at the air-sea interface, tVat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:731-744.
Aqueous and atmospheric Hg ~ concentrations for the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the North Sea, and Scheldt Estuary are discussed. Biological processes seem to be the origin of supersaturated Hg ~ concentrations in the water. Transfer velocities across the air-sea interface were calculated; Hg ~ fluxes from sea to atmosphere in the Pacific ranged from 0.43 to 6.5/~g Hg m -2 yr -I at a wind speed of 2.8 m s -~ and from 10.3 to 156/tg Hg m -2 yr -~ at a wind speed of 54 m s-', and higher when wave breaking is considered. These transfer fluxes are an order of magnitude higher in the Scheldt Estuary. Vrije Univ. Brussels, Analyt. Chem., Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. 92:1987 Broman, Dag et al., 1991. Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remote coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic. Environ. Sci. Technol~ 25(11):1850-1864. Dept. of Zoology, Stockholm Univ., S-I06 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 92:1988 Cripps, G.C. and J. Priddle, 1991. Hydrocarbons in the Antarctic marine environment. Review. Antarct. Sci~ 3(3):233-250.
Low natural levels of primarily biogenic hydrocarbons and the small amount of local human activity make the Antarctic marine ecosystem suitable as a yardstick against which future global pollution by hydrocarbons can be assessed, At present, contamination is very low and difficult to resolve against the background. Local pollution is restricted to a very few events. A systematic program with a clear definition of the natural background is proposed to monitor both global and local pollution. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. 92:1989 Duarte, A.C. et al., 1991. Mercury resorption from contaminated sediments. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:77-82. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Aveiro, 3800 Aveiro, Portugal.
OLR (1992)39 (4)
C. Chemical Oceanography
92:1990 Krahn, M.M. et al., 1991. Rapid, semi-quantitative screening of sediments for aromatic compounds using sonic extraction and HPLC/fluorescence analysis. Mar. environ. Res, 31(3):175-196. This paper describes a method to screen sediments for aromatic hydrocarbons. Sonic extraction followed by size-exclusion HPLC with fluorescence detection is used to estimate concentrations of fluorescent aromatic compounds in sediment samples. The concentrations of aromatic compounds determined by the screening method are highly correlated with the sum of aromatic hydrocarbons determined by a standard analytical method which used HPLC cleanup and G C / M S quantitation. Environ. Conserv. Div., NFSC, N M F S , NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, W A 98112, USA. 92:1991 Macdonald, R.W. et al., 1991. Accumulation of heaD' metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd), carbon and nitrogen in sediments from Strait of Georgia, B.C., Canada. Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):109-135. Cores collected from three sites in Ballenas Basin in the Strait of Georgia and at a site in Jervis Inlet were measured for 2~~ metals, C, N, 8~3C, stable Pb isotopes and ~37Cs. The stable Pb isotope data indicate that the increased Pb burden in the top of the cores derives mostly from Canadian leaded gasoline. The chronology of Pb recorded in the sediments closely matches the history of Pb emissions from gasoline consumption around the Strait of Georgia Basin. From C / N ratio and 6~JC records, we infer an increased burden in terrestrial carbon toward the sediment surface, which we believe comes from pulp-mill effluent discharged into Strait of Georgia waters. Inst. of Ocean Sci., Ocean Chem. Div., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. 92:1992 Mason, R.P. and W.F. Fitzgerald, 1991. Mercury speciation in open ocean waters. Wat. Air Soil Pollut, 56:779-789. Methylated Hg species, dissolved gaseous and reactive mercury were measured in the equatorial Pacific Ocean in early 1990. Both dimethylmercury (DMHg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) were found in subthermocline waters of the equatorial Pacific. A significant inverse correlation between DMHg, and M M H g concentration and O2 content was observed. The data suggest formation of alkylmercury species in the low oxygen zone, with Hg(lI) being the most likely substrate. A model for the cycling of Hg species in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is presented. These results are the first direct evidence of a significant open ocean source of
327
methylated Hg species and suggest a pathway for mercury accumulation in pelagic fish. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Connecticut, Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340, USA. 92:1993 Miskimmin, B.M., 1991. Effect of natural levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on methyl mercury formation and sediment-water partitioning. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol, 47(5): 743-750. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada. 92:1994 Petersen, S.P., B. Kruse and K. Jensen, 1991. Degradation of low toxicity drilling mud base oil in sediment cores. Mar. Pollut. Bully 22(9):452455. The removal of low toxicity base oil originating from drilling mud was tested in sediment cores. The sediment was contaminated with 200 mg kg -~ dry wt low toxic drilling base oil. The removal time in the upper centimetre of the sediment was estimated to be 147 days, and the velocity constant to be 1.4 mg total PHC kg -~ dry sediment.day-~. No degradation could be seen in the underlying sediment, where the oil content remained constant or increased slightly due to bioturbation during the test period of 66 days. Univ. of Roskilde, Inst. of Life Sci., Block 16.1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 92:1995 Seyler, Patrick and J.-M. Martin, 1991. Arsenic and selenium in a pristine river-estuarine system: the Krka (Yugoslavia). Mar. Chem, 34(1-2):137-151. Martin: Inst. de Biogeochim. Mar., Ecole Normale Sup., l rue Maurice Arnoux F 92120, Montrouge, France. 92:1996 Swartz, R.C. et al., 1991. Vertical profiles of toxicity, organic carbon, and chemical contaminants in sediment cores from the Palos Verdes shelf and Santa Monica Bay, California. Mar. environ. Res, 31(3):215-226. US EPA Agcy., Mark O. Hatfield Mar. Sci. Ctr., Newport, OR 97365, USA. 92:1997 Teksoz, G., I]. Yetis, G. Tuncel and T.I. Balkas, 1991. Pollution chronology of the Golden ttorn sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 22(9):447-451. Sediment accumulation in the Golden Horn has been established by means of the zt~ Radiometric Dating Method. This technique revealed a sediment accumulation rate of 3.5 cm yr-' which is very reasonable given the characteristics of the Golden
328
OLR (1992) 39 (4)
Horn. The 2t~ profile also revealed three distinct levels in sediments of the Golden Horn, a surface layer with nearly uniform activities, an exponential decay interval and a lower region with almost constant low activity. Balkas: METU, Environ. Engng Dept., 06531 Ankara, Turkey. 92:1998 Tkalin, A.V., 1991. Chemical pollution of the northwest Pacific. Mar. Poll, a. Bull, 22(9):455-457.
Data on the distribution of anionic detergents and petroleum hydrocarbons in northwest Pacific surface waters are presented. Higher concentrations of these pollutants were observed in the Sea of Japan and in the Kuroshio region. The average content of total non-polar petroleum hydrocarbons, measured by IR spectrophotometry, was decreased from 26 ppb in 1980-1982 to 15 ppb in 1986-1988. Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorol. Res. Inst., 24 Dzerzhinsky St., Vladivostok 690600, USSR.
D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
D10. Apparatus and methods 92:1999 Allmendinger, R.W. et al., 1991. Microcomputer techniques and applications. Microcomputer software for structural geologists. J. struct. Geol., !3(9): 1079-1083. Excellent programs exist that store and manage structural data, display and analyze orientations, analyze strain in brittle and ductile rocks, and model folded and faulted strata. The essential characteristics of the best of these programs are reviewed and guidelines for software selection suggested. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-1504, USA. 92:2000 Carrion, Philip, 1991. Dual tomography for imaging complex structures. Geophysics, 56(9): 1395-1404. This paper discusses the major properties of dual tomography illustrated with examples of crossborehole geometry determined by transmission dual tomography. Dual inversion transforms a generalized constrained optimization problem formulated in the physical space of seismic velocities to a dual unconstrained problem posed in the vector space of Lagrangian multipliers. Dual tomography does not require accurate knowledge of the initial model and is relatively fast. Preliminary findings show that dual tomography yields better images than alternate techniques especially for the type of experiments typically used in seismic exploration. OGC, P.O. Box 2011, 34016 Trieste, Italy.
92:2001 Egan, M.S., Ken Dingwall and Jerry Kapoor, 1991. Shooting direction: a 3-D marine survey design issue. Leading Edge, 10(11):37-41. Shooting direction is a key parameter for improved marine 3-D data acquisition. Once the value of the 3-D marine survey was established and improvements such as 3-D dip moveout corrections and improved trace interpolation routines had been developed, cost frequently became an overriding consideration in planning surveys. However, geological objectives, operations and cost must all be considered in selecting the survey design. Simple modelling tools are described which can put the relative impact of these factors in perspective. Halliburton Geophys. Serv., Sugar Land, TX, USA. (hbf) 92:2002 Forman, S.L. and G. Ennis, 1991. The effect of light intensity and spectra on the reduction of thermoluminescence of near-shore sediments from Spitshergen, Svalbard: implications for dating Quaternary water-lain sequences. Geophys. Res. Letts, 18(9):1727-1730. Byrd Polar Res. Ctr., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. 92:2003 Kirk, R.E. et al., 1991. A technique for conducting seismic refraction experiments on the ocean bed using bottom shots. Mar. geophys. Res, 13(2): 153-160. A technique has been devised for firing arrays of bottom shots on the ocean bed in depths 4000 m or