- Email: [email protected]
Chemical oceanography
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fringing reef, Jamaica, West Indies. J. mar. Res., 44(1): 119-148. We have computed the wind field and hindcast the deep water wave characteristics as Hurricane Allen impacted the fringing reef at Discovery Bay on the north central coast of Jamaica. Significant wave height at a given time varied by a factor of 2.6 and incident wave power for the duration of the storm varied by a factor of 7 along a 3 km section of the Discovery Bay forereef due to variations in local bathymetry. Maximum hindcast breakers reached a height of 11.5 m with a significant wave period of 10.5 s. We speculate that the degree of reef damage is a function of how much time has elapsed since the previous storm rather than frequency of hurricanes at a locality. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol and Coastal Res., Univ. of So. Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
B310. Chemistry 86:5017 Andreae, M.O. et al., 1986. Correction to 'Dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere' by M. O. Andreae et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D7):12,891-12,900, 1985). J. geophys. Res., 91(D2):p.2849. 86:5018 Khalil, M.A.K. and R.A. Rasmussen, 1986. Interannual variability of atmospheric methane: possible effects of the El Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Science, 232(4746):56-58.
Continuous measurements for more than six years of CH4 at Cape Meares on the Oregon coast reveal that (1) atmospheric CH 4 concentration is increasing, (2) its concentration varies seasonally, and (3) ENSO events may trigger substantial short-term variations in CH4 concentration in the atmosphere. Following the 1982-1983 ENSO, CH 4 at Cape Meares was 5-10 ppbv lower than expected, a finding in agreement with research at other latitudes; globally some 20-30 million tons of CH4 disappeared during the last ENSO, probably removed by higher than normal levels of OH in the atmosphere. These results indicate that interannual variation can have a significant effect on estimates of long-term rate of increase. Inst. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon Grad. Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. (msg)
86:5019 Pearman, G.I., D. Etheridge, F. de Silva and P.J. Fraser, 1986. Evidence of changing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, NzO and c n 4 from air bubbles in Antarctic ice. Nature, Lond., 320(6059):248-250. Atmospheric CO 2 levels before the industrial revolution were ~260-280 ppmv as determined from studies of air trapped in ice. We report here similar results, using Antarctic ice, for CO 2 levels during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which suggest an average concentration of 281 ppmv. The data constrain the net release of biospheric carbon to the atmosphere over the past 200 yr, to ~ 5 × 10 ~° tonnes of carbon, mostly during 1850-1900. Measurements of two other 'greenhouse' gases, methane and nitrous oxide, show increases of about 90 and 8% respectively since 1600. Atmos. Res., CSIRO, Private Bag No. 1, Mordialloc, Vict. 3195, Australia.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY CI0. Apparatus and methods 86:5020 Abdullah, M.I., 1985. Trace metals as oceanic tracers, their interaction and residence. Rit Fiskideil., 9:60-69.
quasi-conservative manner; consequently they may be used a s t r a c e r s . Composition of the various oceanic water masses can readily be explained by concepts of material transport to the sea and oceanic circulation. Mar. Chem. Sect., Biol. Inst., Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.
Many of the reactions involving trace metals either take place at the seawater/freshwater boundary or are slow enough to cause the metals to behave in a
86:5021 Beer, Sven and Amram Eshel, 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in
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C. Chemical Oceanography
737
aqueous crude extracts of red algae. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):785-792. Dept. of Bot., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
oceanography and paleoceanography. The potential of these studies 'is only now being realized.' Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Cambridge, UK. (fcs)
86:5022 Brown, R.C., R.H. Pierce and J.D. Fisk, 1986. Rapid quantitation of complex petroleum hydrocarbon samples from a single injection using a modified GC/CDS. J. chromatog. Sci., 24(4):160-163. Mote Mar. Lab., 1600 City Island Park, Sarasota, FL 33577, USA.
86:5026 Grossmann, D., M. Kersten, M. Niecke, A. Puskeppel and R. Voigt, 1985. Determination of trace elements in membrane filter samples of suspended matter by the Hamburg proton microprobe. Mitt. geol.-pali~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:619-630.
86:5023 Cauwet, G., 1985. Intercalibration exercise for dissolved organic carbon. Mitt. geol.-pali~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:101-106.
Element bulk concentrations of suspended matter were analyzed non-destructively by proton-induced x-ray emission microprobe. The accuracy of analysis results was assessed independently by XRF technique; precision and accuracy could not be achieved. The values obtained with the proton microprobe varied from area to area due to nonuniform element distribution within the suspended matter samples; these inhomogeneities are explained in terms of typical geochemical element associations. Inst. fur Exper. Physik I, Jungiusstrasse 9, 2000 Hamburg 36, FRG.
Fifteen laboratories in Europe participated in DOCintercalibration exercises involving 4 fresh and seawater samples and various carbon analyzers. Excluding outlyers the overall coefficient of variance among the laboratories was 5%. Also, a spike of 2.5 mg C L ~ was recovered with a coefficient of variance of 4.6%. The single most important cause for outlying values seems to be contamination. Lab. de Sediment. et Geochim. Mar., Univ. de Perpignan, Ave. de Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France. 86:5024 Chakraborti, Dipankar, F. Adams and K.J. Irgolic, 1986. Compound-specific determination of arsenite at sub-nanogram concentrations in freshwater and seawater. Analyt. Chem., 323(4):340342. Arsenite is quantitatively and selectively extracted into carbon tetrachloride in the presence of arsenate, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid by 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solutions of ammonium secbutyldithiophosphate. The organic extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue mineralized with nitric acid. The arsenic in this solution (5% oxalic acid) is reduced by sodium borohydride to arsine. The arsine is passed into a DC helium arc and the arsenic emission monitored at 228.8 nm. The detection limit of the extraction/hydride generation system is 0.6 ng As per liter (expressed as the concentration that must be present in a 500 mlsample subject to extraction). Dept. of Chem., Jadavpur Univ., Calcutta 700032, India. 86:5025 Elderfield, H., 1985. Radiogenic isotopes and rare earth elements as tracers in the oceans. Rit Fiskideil., 9:70-74. This brief review discusses the importance of rare earth and Sr or Nd isotopic geochemistry to
86:5027 Sandstrom, M.W., Frank Tirendi and Alan Nott, 1986. Direct determination of organic carbon in modem reef sediments and calcareous organisms after dissolution of carbonate. Mar. Geol., 70(34):321-329. Samples are dissolved in phosphoric acid to remove carbonates and purged with oxygen to remove CO2; the resulting acidic solution is analysed for total (dissolved and particulate) organic carbon. The method is rapid, involves minimal sample manipulation, and is both accurate and precise. It is especially suitable for modem carbonate sediments which have low levels of predominantly acid-soluble organic carbon. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, Townsville, M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia.
C40. Area studies, surveys 86:5028 Branica, M. et al., 1985. [ Chemical oceanography and marine radiochemistry. Reports of the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea.] Rapp. P.-v. Rdun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer mddit., 29(7): 11257; 71 papers. (French and English.) A sampling of topics of these 71 short reports includes: chemical oceanography in the vicinity of the Turkish and Algerian coasts, trace metal distributions in the Mediterranean Sea, nutrient distributions off the Greek coast, determinations of
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surface-active substances, phytoplankton biomass, composition and heavy metal concentrations in the Saronikos Gulf, chemical and isotopic composition of some phytoplankton species, behavior of technetium in marine sediments, redox behavior of uranium in sediments of marine and terrestrial origin, reassessment of the titration method for determination of organic C in recent sediments, heavy metal uptake and biokinetics in marine species, 239,24°pu in Atlantic sediments, and radionuclide concentration factors and biological halflives (from the U.S. subseabed disposal program data base). (msg) 86:5029 Pettine, M., T. la Noce, R. Pagnotta and A. Puddu, 1985. Organic and trophic load of major Italian rivers. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:417-429. Data from the literature concerning the transport of organic carbon and nutrients in the Po, Tiber, Adige and Arno are analyzed. The total organic load discharged into the Mediterranean Sea by the above rivers is estimated to be 275 x 103 t/a for TOC, 979 × 103 t/a for DOC, 114 × 103 t/a for N and 17 x 103 t/a for P. Seventy percent of this load is contributed by the Po River alone. Ist. di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Via Reno 1, 00198 Rome, Italy. 86:5030 Takahashi, Taro, J6n Olafsson, W.S. Broecker, John Goddard, D.W. Chipman and James White, 1985. Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Rit Fiskideil., 9:20-36. The partial pressure of CO 2 and concentrations of nutrients and CO 2 are lowest during summer, when C-14 and oxygen concentrations are greatest; the situation is reversed in winter. Although northern high latitude waters are generally considered to be an intense CO 2 sink throughout the year, our observations (intense sink in summer, weak to neutral sink fall-spring) show this to be erroneous. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
C50. Seawater composition 86:5031 Dyrssen, David, 1985. Sources of chemical differences in seawater. Rit Fiskideil., 9:7-12.
Chemical differences brought about by anthropogenic pollutants have proven useful for water mass tracing. Bomb-test contaminants have provided
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
information about vertical advection and bottom water formation processes, and Sellafield (U.K.) effluents have been used to trace movement of North Atlantic water into the North Sea and Arctic Ocean. Atmospheric krypton-85 and freon-ll and -12 histories and bromoform formation in seawater also yield useful information. Dept. of Analyt. and Mar. Chem., Chalmers Univ. of Tech., S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden. (gsb) 86:5032 Olausson, Eric, 1985. The changing oceans. Extended abstract. Rit Fiskideil., 9:175-176.
Seawater chemical composition and elemental accumulation rates reach an equilibrium during periods of climate stability. Pleistocene deep-sea sediments revealed a glacial pattern marked by enhanced sink water formation in the North Atlantic with increased thermohaline circulation. During the deglacial maximum, a state of quasi-stagnation occurred in the North Atlantic. Effects of these conditions in terms of dissolution, burial, upwelling, and seawater and atmospheric concentrations are discussed. Dept. of Mar. Geol., Box 7064 S-402 32 Goteborg, Sweden. (gsb)
C90. Salinity, chiorinity, conductivity 86:5033 Levitus, Sydney, 1986. Annual cycle of salinity and salt storage in the World Ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 16(2):322-343.
The annual cycle of salinity in the upper 500 m of the World Ocean is described, based on zonally integrated seasonal sections for the various oceans, seasonal fields for the sea surface, and maps of the zonally integrated annual range. Major features include relatively large annual cycles in the tropical Pacific (8°N) and off the coast of Labrador. For the North Atlantic, good agreement exists with the work of Smed for the sea surface. G F D Lab, NOAA, Princeton Univ., NJ 08542, USA.
Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 86:5034 Aarkrog, Asker et al., 1985. Radioactive tracer studies in the surface waters of the northern North Atlantic including the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents seas. Rit Fiskideil., 9:37-42.
Discharges of radiocesium, strontium-90 and plutonium from the Sellafield reprocessing plant have
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C. Chemical Oceanography
been used for tracer studies; transfer factors for 9°St, ~34Cs and ~37Cs from the discharge to various water masses have been calculated. Riso Natl. Lab., DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 86:5035 Gieskes, J.M., H. Elderfield and M.R. Palmer, 1986. Strontium and its isotopic composition in interstitlal waters of marine carbonate sediments. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 77(2):229-235.
Carbonate sediments of the Walvis Ridge show increases in interstitial Sr2+ concentrations in the upper carbonate-ooze sections with the highest concentrations near the ooze-chalk boundary where maximum rates of carbonate recrystallization occur. Below this, in-situ production of Sr2+ diminishes and there is a diffusive flux of Sr to an underlying sink, presumably volcanogenic sediments or basalts, leading to Sr isotopic disequilibrium between carbonates and interstitial waters. Overall, diffusive smoothing of profiles exerts an important control on the *TSr/86Sr ratios, although lower ratios than contemporaneous seawater values in the carbonate oozes often correlate with zones of Mg 2+ loss and reflect a combination of a flux of Sr 2+ from the zone of maximum recrystaUization rates together with a contribution from the in-situ alteration of volcanic matter. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 86:5036 Harada, Koh and Shizuo Tsunogai, 1986. ZZ6Rain the Japan Sea and the residence time of the Japan Sea water. Earth planet. Sci. Lefts, 77(2):236-244.
Surface water of the Japan Sea contained 2Z6Ra of 70 + 4 dpm m 3, nearly equal to that of the surface water in the North Pacific. The concentration of 226Ra in the deep water below 500 m was 151__.8 dpm m-3; this is unexpectedly high, because Japan Sea deep water has a higher A~4C value by about 50 ppt than Atlantic deep water containing the same 226Ra. One cause considered is larger contribution of 226Ra from biogenic particles dissolving in the Japan Sea deep water. The other more plausible cause is internal ventilation of the Japan Sea water, which means that the residence time of Japan Sea proper water is quite long. The residence times of the Japan Sea deep water and of water within the Japan Sea are calculated to be 300--400 years and 700-1000 years, respectively. Dept. of Chem., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan. 86:5037 Livingston, H.D., 1985. Anthropogenic radiotracer evolution in the central Greenland Sea. Rit Fiskideil., 9:43-54.
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The radiotracers are the radionuclides 3H, 137Cs,9°Sr, and 239.z4°pu, introduced to the region primarily as fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Some t37Cs is also derived from recent advective input of traces of radioactive waste discharge to European coastal waters. The observed patterns and their changes with time (1972 to 1981) are discussed in the context of the source input history of each tracer, the physical properties of deep ventilation in the Central Greenland Sea gyre and the chemical reactivity of the tracer. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5038 0stlund, H.G., 1985. Tritium and radiocarbon in the North Atlantic Ocean: an overview. Rit Fiskideil., 9:13-19.
The rationale for using 3H and ~4C as tracers of oceanic processes is briefly given, followed by a discussion of the GEOSECS and the more recent TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean) data on the distributions of these isotopes in the North Atlantic. A comparison is made of the information these two programs have yielded on water mass transport, mixing, and fate of fossil fuel CO 2. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. (gsb) 86:5039 Voipio, Aarno, 1985. Radionuclides and the mass balance of the Baltic Sea. Extended abstract. Rit Fiskideil., 9:163-165.
The use of radionuclides in the estimation of sedimentation rates is discussed. A rough estimate of the mean sedimentation rate for the whole Baltic is given as 0.1 mm/a, which can then be used for mass balance determinations for substances exhibiting non-conservative behavior. Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 33, SF-00931 Helsinki, Finland. (gsb)
C120. Dissolved gases 86:5040 Kaplan, W.A. and S.C. Wofsy, 1985. The biogeochemlstry of nitrous oxides: a review. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:181-206.
Factors regulating biological N20 production and consumption are reviewed, in light of the importance of increasing atmospheric NzO (tied to intensive agriculture and fossil fuel combustion). Reductive and oxidative pathways, microbial sinks, and N20 in various ecosystems are discussed. Center for Earth and Planet. Phys., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA. (gsb)
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86:5041 Miller, L.G., R.S. Oremland and S. Paulsen, 1986. Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 51(1): 18-24. In experiments with sediment slurries, N20 reductase activity was inhibited by 02, C2H2, heat treatment, and by high levels of nitrate or sulfide. However, ambient levels of nitrate did not influence activity, and moderate levels induced only a short lag before reductase activity began. Moderate levels of sulfide had no effect on N20 reductase activity. Two estimates of net denitrification rates in San Francisco Bay under approximated in-situ conditions were 0.009 and 0.041 mmol of N20 per m 2 per h; addition of chlorate resulted in approximately a 14% upward revision of estimates of net rates. These results were comparable to in-situ measurements. Oremland: Water Resources Div., USGS, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
C130. Organic compounds 86:5042 Degens, E.T. and Venugopalan Ittekkot, 1985. Particulate organic carbon--an overview. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:7-27.
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similar to those reported for other coastal areas. They comprise 7.4 to 51.3% of DOC with an average of 18.4%. Particulate carbohydrates contribute 0.5 to 2.2% of the total suspended matter. Ratios of dissolved tc particulate carbohydrates are much lower than taose reported for oceanic regions. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. 86:5044 Nemirovskaja, I.A., 1985. Hydrocarbons in the water and suspended matter of the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Okeanologiia, 25(5):761-767. (In Russian, English abstract.) 86:5045 Pempkowiak, J., 1985. The input of biochemically labile and resistant organic matter to the Baltic Sea from the Vistula River. Mitt. geol.-palfwnt. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:345-350. Twenty to forty per cent of organic matter appears to be labile depending on the season and origin of water sampled. The rest is resistant to biochemical oxidation during three months. Humic substances comprise 44% of organic matter in river water. The fate of both labile and resistant fractions upon mixing of fresh and saline waters was investigated, and it was found that some 40% of humic substances flocculate, whereas the proportions of resistant non-humic and labile fractions are 12 and 7% respectively. Polish Acad. of Sci., Inst. of Oceanol., 81-967 Sopot, Poland.
Using data from the S C O P E / U N E P project a first assessment is made on POC transport from land to sea. Total fluxes range 0.42 to 0.57 × 109 t C / a for POC and 0.11 to 0.25 × 109 t C / a for DOC. Distinction is made between labile and inert POC based on sugar and amino acid data. Between 5 and 30% of POC carried by the world's rivers belongs to the labile fraction. Comparison of published data on annual burial rates of organic carbon in coastal and shelf sediments with the annual riverine POC input suggests that more than 70% of the riverine POC should undergo decomposition in the riverine and coastal marine environments. Aggregates of aquatic organisms and their metabolic products exert significant control over the distribution and cycling of fine particles and associated organic matter by considerably reducing their residence times within the water column. S C O P E / U N E P Intl. Carbon Unit., Univ. Hamburg, D-2000 Hamburg 13, F R G .
Results of the third year of sampling on the St. Lawrence River were so at variance with those of the preceding two years that they must be considered separately. Concentrations were significantly (>30%) higher in the months of greatest discharge. This leads to a revised annual mass transport of POC in 1983, greater than the previous estimate for 1981-82. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
86:5043 Laane, R.W.P.M. and Venugopalan Ittekkot, 1985. Dissolved and particulate carbohydrates in the Ems-Dollard Estuary. Mitt. geol.-pal,~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:385-395.
86:5047 Romankevich, E.A. and V.E. Artemyev, 1985. Input of organic carbon into seas and oceans bordering the territory of the Soviet Union. Mitt. geol.paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:459-469.
Average concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates measured in different parts of the estuary were
River runoff is the primary source of dissolved and suspended matter, including organic carbon (Corg),
86:5046 Pocklington, R., 1985. The contribution of organic matter by the St. Lawrence River to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1981-1983. Mitt. geoL-palaont. Inst. Univ. Ham&, 58:323-329.
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C. Chemical Oceanography
for the seas and oceans bordering the territory of the Soviet Union. Second in order of importance is the influx of Corg from subsurface flow; coastal wave abrasion is third. Quantitative estimates on the Co~ flux into the marine habitat are based on a long-term record of river runoff and of dissolved and particulate Corg loads calculated for major hydrological phases (high-water, summer and winter low-water periods). P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Krasikowa 23, 117218 Moscow, USSR.
C140. Nutrients 86:5048 Altabet, M.A. and J.J. McCarthy, 1986. Vertical patterns in 15N natural abundance in PON from the surface waters of warm-core rings. J. mar. Res., 44(1): 185-201.
The natural abundance of ~SN in PON from the upper 200 m of 4 warm-core rings and the Sargasso Sea was measured. Minima in the 6~5N of PON often occurred near the depth at which NO 3- was first detectable. Frequently, maxima in PON concentration and minima in C / N ratio also co-occurred in this region. The average value for the 6~5N of PON below the top of the nitracline was almost always greater than that above the top of the nitracline. The observed vertical pattern for the 6~N of PON is most likely the result of isotopic fractionation in the processes of NO 3- uptake by phytoplankton at the base of the euphotic zone and the degradation of PON below the euphotic zone. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5049 Altabet, M.A., A.R. Robinson and L.J. Walstad, 1986. A model for the vertical flux of nitrogen in the upper ocean: simulating the alteration of isotopic ratios. J. mar. Res., 44(1):203-225.
We attempt to simulate observed patterns in vertical profiles for the natural abundance of tSN in particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and the concentrations of PON and NO3-. The concentration of phytoplankton nitrogen (II) increased as a result of either increasing the upward flux of NO3-(N) or by increasing the residence time of II. A minimum in the 6JSN of phytoplankton nitrogen (62) appeared near a maximum in H at the inflection point of the N profile. Increasing the residence time or the vertical eddy diffusivity reduced the amplitude of the 62 profile. The model was able to produce reasonably good simulations of observed profiles from two warm-core rings, Rings 82-E and 82-H. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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86:5050 Andersen, F.O., 1986. Influence of Spartina detritus enriclunent on exchange of nutrients between sediment and water in an intertidal area of Bay of Fundy. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1):7-14. The enriched area in general showed higher flux rates than the control, with ammonium normally only released from the sediment while both uptake and release of nitrate + nitrite was found. The C / N ratio showed an initial decrease followed by a slow increase; the C/P ratio showed the opposite pattern. The loss of N and P was larger than the cumulated release of DIN and DIP to the overlying waters. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 86:5051 Cochlan, W.P., 1986. Seasonal study of uptake and regeneration of nitrogen on the Scotian Shelf, Continent. Shelf Res., 5(5):555-577. Nitrate, as a portion of the total nitrogen assimilated, decreased with increasing ambient NH4 + concentration and depth. Values integrated through the euphotic zone averaged 30% in the summer, and 27% in the spring, indicating that a large portion of phytoplankton growth was supported by 'regenerated' production (NH4 +) during those periods. In winter, growth was supported primarily by 'new s production since NO 3 uptake represented 67% of the total nitrogen uptake during that period. In all seasons the phytoplankton showed a consistent preference for NH4 + utilization relative to NO 3 . NH4 + remineralization generally exceeded uptake, suggesting that phytoplanton nitrogen requirements were met or exceeded by in-situ regeneration. Remineralization rates covaried with both productivity and NH4 ÷ uptake rates within the euphoric zone. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IW5, Canada. 86:5052 Holloway, P.E., S.E. Humphries, Marlin Atkinson and JOrg Imberger, 1985. Mechanisms for nitrogen supply to the Australian north west shelf. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):753-764. River flow is weak and carries little nutrient into the shelf waters so it remains for ocean physical processes to advect and mix the nutrient-rich deep waters onto the shallower shelf regions to meet the nutrient demands. Estimates of nitrate advection onto the shelf show that both semi-diurnal tidal flow and low-frequency upwelling events can each contribute approximately half the required demand. Tropical cyclones are capable of meeting a small,
742
C. Chemical Oceanography
but significant, portion of the demand through enrichment of surface layers in the offshelf waters by upwelling and vertical mixing; the enriched water can then be advected onto the shelf. Both tidal and internal tidal motion have the potential to transport nitrate onto the shelf from deeper water through vertical and horizontal mixing processes. Dept. of Civ. Engng., Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. 86:5053 Lancelot, Christiane and Gilles Billen, 1985. Carbon-nitrogen relationships in nutrient metabolism of coastal marine ecosystems. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:263-322.
Examination of studies of C-N cycling in three major coastal pathways (primary production, microheterotroph utilization, and benthic recycling) led the authors to suggest that although idealized models (e.g. Redfield paradigm) may simulate major trends in C-N relationships, nonparallelism in the behavior of C and N require that both variables be determined in modelling organic matter circulation. Lab. d'Oceanogr., Univ. of Brussels, Belgium. (gsb) 86:5054 Rydberg, Lars and Johan Sundberg, 1985. External nutrient supply to coastal waters, a comparison between different sources. Rit Fiskideil., 9:166174. Nutrient and salinity observations made during 1982-1984 in the SE Kattegat are presented as yearly mean concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen and phosphate in three different water masses defined as local surface water within the Laholm bay, Kattegat surface water, and Kattegat deep water. Results indicate that more than 60% of the inorganic nitrogen supply to the local water is of land-based origin while only about 10% of the phosphate supply is derived from land. Two thirds of the inorganic nitrogen supply is assimilated in the bay by phytoplankton production. The rest is advected, mainly as nitrate to the Kattegat during the non-productive winter months. The supply of phosphate to the local waters is almost totally assimilated. Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden.
C150. Particulate matter 86:5055 Deuser, W.G., 1986. Seasonal and interannual variations in deep--water particle fluxes in the
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Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A):225-246.
Coherence among all constituent fluxes is very high, indicating that the composition of the sinking material is remarkably uniform throughout periods of greatly changing flux levels. The tie between hydrographic changes at the surface and changes in quality and quantity of sediment-trap samples reveals an inverse relationship between surface temperature and the amount of material sinking out of the euphotic zone and injected into deep water. As the period of lowest surface temperature coincides with the period of greatest mixed-layer depth, and thereby highest nutrient availability, it also confirms the close coupling of sedimentation, including that of abiogenic particles, in the open ocean to primary productivity. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5056 Eisma, D. et al., 1985. Loss of particulate organic matter in estuaries as exemplified by the Ems and Gironde estuaries. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:397-412.
In the Eros Estuary, mixing with marine material occurs in the freshwater/tidal area and the suspended material is almost entirely of marine origin. In the Gironde Estuary the marine influx is very small and the organic content of the suspended matter is reduced to less than half the content in the river, while the terrigenous organic matter is largely replaced by organic matter of estuarine or marine origin. About 75% of the organic matter supplied by the river is dissolved or mineralized. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. 86:5057 Emeis, K., 1985. Particulate suspended matter in major world rivers. II. Results on the rivers Indus, Waikato, Nile, St. Lawrence, Yangtse, Parana, Orinoco, Caroni, and Mackenzie. Mitt. geol.-palc~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:593-617.
It can be shown that during time series measurements of individual rivers--usually covering one or more hydrographical years--suspended solids do not change significantly in terms of main element and mineralogical composition. Variation for main elements usually is in the 5-10% range, regardless of amount of material transported. This composition, in conjunction with the rather restricted pattern of minerals revealed by XRD investigation, characterizes each river load. Suspensions generally are dominated by micaceous clay minerals, chlorite and
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C. Chemical Oceanography
quartz. SCOPE/UNEP Intl. Carbon Unit, GeolPalaontol Inst., Bundesstrasse 55, 2000 Hamburg, FRG.
86:5058 Konta, J., 1985. Mineralogy and chemical maturity of suspended matter in major rivers sampled under the S C O P E / U N E P project. Mitt. geol.-palftont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:569-592. Suspensions of the Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Orinoco, Caroni, Parana, Nile, Niger, Orange, Indus., Ganges, Brahmaputra and Padma rivers are dominated by clay minerals. Amorphous silica with cristobalite is the major solid constituent of the Waikato. Dioctahedral mica is the principal and omnipresent sheet silicate with the exception of the Niger where kaolinite dominates. Chlorite and kaolinite occur in 9 of the 13 rivers studied. Montmorillonite was found only in some tropical or subtropical rivers. In addition to clay, quartz, acid plagioclase and potassium feldspar are common; amphibole occurs rarely. Calcite and/or dolomite occur in seven rivers draining either arid or high relief regions. Dept. of Petrol., Charles Univ., Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia.
86:5059 Nyffeler, Franqois and C.-H. Godet, 1986. The structural parameters of the benthic nepheloid layer in the northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A): 195-207. During the NOAMP I cruise in autumn 1983, benthic nepheloid layers (BNL) were observed at all 82 stations in a 200 km square area. Maximum concentrations ranged 20--100 mg m -3 and the BNL thickness was 800-1000 m. Elevated concentrations and thick BNLs in deep areas are probably related to accumulation of suspended matter following erosion of the surrounding heights. Local and periodic resuspension in the abyssal plain may also account for the infrequency of stations with high particulate concentration. Groupe PROSPER, Univ. de Neuchatel, l 1 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchatel 7, Switzerland.
C180. Geochemistry, biogeochemistry (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS)
86:5060 Brassell, S.C., C.A. Lewis, J.W. de Leeuw, F. de Lange and J.S.S. Damst6, 1986. Isoprenoid thiopbones: novel products of sediment diagenesis? Nature, Lond., 320(6058): 160-162.
743
Here we identify one of the alkyl thiophenes which occur widely in both recent and ancient deep-sea sediments as 3-methyl-2-(3,7,1 l-trimethyldodecyl)thiophene, occurring as a limited number of the possible stereoisomers. This compound is presumed to originate from the incorporation of sulphur into chlorophyll-derived phytol, or archaebacterial phytenes or their diagenetic products. Its recognition suggests a novel diagenetic pathway for acrylic isoprenoids involving the introduction of sulphur into specific lipid moieties. Univ. of Bristol., Sch. of Chem., Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
86:5061 Lieth, H. and G. Esser, 1985. The attempt to simulate the global carbon flux from 1860 to 1981 using the Osnabriick Biosphere Model. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:137-144. The effects of various amounts of CO 2 absorbed by the ocean and of the factor z, which couples the global population increase to the land use changes, on the model results were investigated. It is shown that both variables influence the behaviour of the biosphere leading to preindustrial CO 2 levels in the range 280--290 ppm for an amount of CO2 absorbed by the ocean between 25 and 35% and values for z between 0.6 and 1.0. The model calculates a total carbon emission between 1860 and 1881 of 306.7 Gt C. Global biomass amounts to 588.2 Gt C in 1981. The atmospheric CO 2 increase in the period 1958 to 1981 predicted by the model has a steeper slope than the actual increase measured at Mauna Loa; this can be rectified by the introduction of additional sinks in the freshwater system. Univ. of Osnabruck, F.B. 5 Biol./Chem., Barbarastr. 11, D-4500 Osnabruck, FRG.
86:5062 McEvoy, James and J.R. Maxwell, 1986. A-norsteroidal ketones in deep-sea sediments. Org. Geochem., 9(2): 101-104. A novel series of (226 to C28 5fl(H)-A-norsteran3-ones (In to c) has been identified in a Late Miocene and two Pliocene sediments from the San Miguel Gap (California). Their presence suggests that the bottom waters might have periodically contained sufficient oxygen to allow benthic fauna to survive, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
86:5063 Ruhlin, D.E. and R.M. Owen, 1986. The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermul sediments from the East Pacific Rise: examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 50(3):393-400.
744
C. ChemicalOceanography
Fifty samples from a complete 16 m.y. record of hydrothermal sedimentation (DSDP Site 598) were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the REE composition of the hydrothermal component is primarly acquired via scavenging from seawater. The Ce anomaly as well as key indices of light and heavy REE behavior all show that the REE pattern of hydrothermal sediments approaches that of seawater with increasing paleodistance from the rise crest. Moreover, shale-normalized REE patterns are similar to that of seawater, varying only in absolute REE content: the REE content increases with distance from the paleo-rise crest and exhibits a pronounced increase in sediments deposited below the paleolysocline. We conclude the REEs in the hydrothermal component are derived from the interaction of seawater and Fe in the hydrothermal plume. Owen: Dept. of Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. 86:5064 Volkman, J.K., 1986. A review of steroi markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org. Geochem., 9(2):83-99. A review of literature on the occurrence of 4desmethyl sterols in unicellular algae indicates that few sterols are sufficiently restricted in distribution to be considered unambiguous markers for specific algal groups. Almost all of the 4-desmethyl sterols found in higher plants occur in marine algae, so sterol distributions do not always allow one to distinguish between marine or terrigenous organic matter. Some of the problems associated with the use of sterols as markers for specific sources are highlighted by comparison of distributions in selected marine sediments and seawater samples. Although each sediment represents a very different depositional environment the sterol distributions are surprisingly similar. These data indicate that inferences drawn from sterol distributions regarding sources of organic matter must be made with caution and should be supported using other lipid data. CSIRO Div. of Oceanogr., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
OLR (1986)33 (9)
Sea. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:631-645. Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr and As were analyzed by a six-step chemical extraction sequence on freezedried samples. Bulk concentrations of Cr and Ni correlate with those of Fe. While most of the Fe, Cr, and Ni is concentrated in residual phases, the other metals occur in less stable phases. Concentrations of NaOAc-extractable and partially reducible Pb and Cu correlate with those of Fe. Transport processes and potential environmental impact of the trace metals are considered. Tech. Univ., HamburgHarburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, 2100 Hamburg 90, FRG. 86:5066 Peterson, M.L. and R. Carpenter, 1986. Arsenic distribution in porewaters and sediments of Puget Sound, Lake Washington, the Washington coast and Saanich Inlet, B.C. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 50(3):353-369. Swiss Fed. Inst. for Reactor Res. CH-5303, Wuerenlingen, Switzerland. 86:5067 Schleuter, R.S. and C.I. Rauw, 1984. Conceptual oil dispersion modeling, Lower Cook Inlet-Shelikof Strait [Alaska]. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 27:389-469. Evaluation of existing numerical techniques led to the development of a conceptual oil spill model which fits the physical and chemical characteristics of Lower Cook Inlet and Shelikov Strait. Models of wind fields, current fields, and oil dispersion (spreading, advection, displacement, evaporation) and their integration into the conceptual model are discussed. Copies are available from: NOAA-OMA-OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (msg) 86:5068 Tkalin, A.V. and E.N. Shapovalov, 1985. Petroleum hydrocarbon input to seawater during the resuspension of polluted sediments. Okeanologiia, 25(5):775-779. (In Russian, English abstract.)
C210. Pollution (see
The dynamics and magnitude of secondary hydrocarbon pollution arising from sediment resuspension are studied and estimated. The transfer of petroleum fractions from sediments to seawater is mediated by sediment granulometric composition and sorption capacity; the main fraction is associated with particulates and settles rapidly. (sir)
86:5065 Kersten, M. and U. Ft)rstner, 1985. Trace metal partitioning in suspended matter with special reference to pollution in the southeastern North
86:5069 Varnavas, Soterios, George Ferentinos and Michael Collins, 1986. Dispersion of bauxitic red mud in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Mar. Geol., 70(34): 211-222.
also B 3 5 0 - A t m o s p h e r i c pollution, C l l 0 - R a d i o a c t i v i t y , radioisotopes, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of pollution, F 2 5 0 Waste disposal)
OLR(1986)33(9)
745
Bauxitic red-mud slurry, discharged by an aluminium processing factory on the shelf of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is used as a tracer to examine sediment transport and dispersion processes in a tectonieally active deep basin. Grab sampling has shown that the red mud extends over the slope and the abyssal plain up to a distance of 17 km from the mouth of the pipeline. It forms small scattered sheet-like deposits of up to 3 cm in thickness. The structures observed in the scattered patches suggest that the red mud is transported from the shelf to the abyssal plain by gravitative sediment flows triggered by earthquakes. Granulometric and geochemical analyses of the red-mud show that during its transport from the shelf to the abyssal plain, it is subjected to mixing with the surrounding sediments. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece.
C240. Corrosion 86:5070 Frankenthal, R.P. and P.C. Milner, 1986. Hydrogen evolution kinetics on a high-carbon steel and on
tin in seawater. Corrosion, 42:51-53. AT&T Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave,, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.
C290. Miscellaneous 86:5071 Anderson, L.G. and E.P. Jones, 1985. Sea ice melt water, a source of alkalinity, calcium and sulfate? Results from the CESAR Ice Station. Rit Fiskideil., 9:90-96.
The high surface total alkalinity and calcium concentrations found in the Arctic Ocean surface water were investigated; several samples showed relative enrichment compared to what would be observed in seawater of the same salinity. However, the enrichment was found to be much lower than expected from laboratory experiments. It is concluded that if the sea ice samples analysed in this work are representative, sea ice melt water plays a minor role in the addition of total alkalinity and calcium. Dept. of Analyt. and Mar. Chem., Chalmers Univ. of Tech., S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden.
D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS DIO. Apparatus and methods 86:5072 Berge, A.M., G. Drivenes, R. Kanestrom and B. Beskow, 1986. Acoustic modeling of the seafloor. Geophys. Prospect., 34(1): 11-29.
Based on seismic surveys of the Barents Sea a method is presented for assessing marine sediments in terms of incompressibility, shear modulus and Poisson's ratios from bottom reflections. Results show their density cannot be estimated from the P velocity alone. Norsk Hydro A/S, P.O. Box 4313, 5001 Bergen, Norway. (msg) 86:5073 Cassinis, R., G. MUller and G.F. Panza (eds.), 1985. Synthetic seismograms: generation and use. International School of Applied Geophysics, 5th course, 18-24 November, 1984, Erice-Trapani,
Sicily. J. Geophys. (Z. Geophys.), 58(1-3): 1-196; 13 papers. Several of these papers (all presented at a course organized by the International School of Applied Geophysics) are reviews; others present new results in applying synthetic seismograms to earth structure. The course incorporated a mix of general and exploration seismology; and the papers, if originating in theory, end with applications. Some of the topics covered are ray synthetic theory, Gaussian beams, strong motion synthesis, waves in complex lateral or vertical structures, Rayleigh wave models, and reflectivity methods, as well as upper mantle cross-sections from California to Greenland and focal parameters for Friuli earthquakes. (fcs) 86:5074 Daily, W.D. (guest editor), 1986. Special section on geotomography. Proc. IEEE, 74(2):328-362; 4 papers.
OLR (1986)33 (9)
fringing reef, Jamaica, West Indies. J. mar. Res., 44(1): 119-148. We have computed the wind field and hindcast the deep water wave characteristics as Hurricane Allen impacted the fringing reef at Discovery Bay on the north central coast of Jamaica. Significant wave height at a given time varied by a factor of 2.6 and incident wave power for the duration of the storm varied by a factor of 7 along a 3 km section of the Discovery Bay forereef due to variations in local bathymetry. Maximum hindcast breakers reached a height of 11.5 m with a significant wave period of 10.5 s. We speculate that the degree of reef damage is a function of how much time has elapsed since the previous storm rather than frequency of hurricanes at a locality. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol and Coastal Res., Univ. of So. Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
B310. Chemistry 86:5017 Andreae, M.O. et al., 1986. Correction to 'Dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere' by M. O. Andreae et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(D7):12,891-12,900, 1985). J. geophys. Res., 91(D2):p.2849. 86:5018 Khalil, M.A.K. and R.A. Rasmussen, 1986. Interannual variability of atmospheric methane: possible effects of the El Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Science, 232(4746):56-58.
Continuous measurements for more than six years of CH4 at Cape Meares on the Oregon coast reveal that (1) atmospheric CH 4 concentration is increasing, (2) its concentration varies seasonally, and (3) ENSO events may trigger substantial short-term variations in CH4 concentration in the atmosphere. Following the 1982-1983 ENSO, CH 4 at Cape Meares was 5-10 ppbv lower than expected, a finding in agreement with research at other latitudes; globally some 20-30 million tons of CH4 disappeared during the last ENSO, probably removed by higher than normal levels of OH in the atmosphere. These results indicate that interannual variation can have a significant effect on estimates of long-term rate of increase. Inst. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon Grad. Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. (msg)
86:5019 Pearman, G.I., D. Etheridge, F. de Silva and P.J. Fraser, 1986. Evidence of changing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, NzO and c n 4 from air bubbles in Antarctic ice. Nature, Lond., 320(6059):248-250. Atmospheric CO 2 levels before the industrial revolution were ~260-280 ppmv as determined from studies of air trapped in ice. We report here similar results, using Antarctic ice, for CO 2 levels during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which suggest an average concentration of 281 ppmv. The data constrain the net release of biospheric carbon to the atmosphere over the past 200 yr, to ~ 5 × 10 ~° tonnes of carbon, mostly during 1850-1900. Measurements of two other 'greenhouse' gases, methane and nitrous oxide, show increases of about 90 and 8% respectively since 1600. Atmos. Res., CSIRO, Private Bag No. 1, Mordialloc, Vict. 3195, Australia.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY CI0. Apparatus and methods 86:5020 Abdullah, M.I., 1985. Trace metals as oceanic tracers, their interaction and residence. Rit Fiskideil., 9:60-69.
quasi-conservative manner; consequently they may be used a s t r a c e r s . Composition of the various oceanic water masses can readily be explained by concepts of material transport to the sea and oceanic circulation. Mar. Chem. Sect., Biol. Inst., Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.
Many of the reactions involving trace metals either take place at the seawater/freshwater boundary or are slow enough to cause the metals to behave in a
86:5021 Beer, Sven and Amram Eshel, 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
C. Chemical Oceanography
737
aqueous crude extracts of red algae. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):785-792. Dept. of Bot., Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
oceanography and paleoceanography. The potential of these studies 'is only now being realized.' Dept. of Earth Sci., Univ. of Cambridge, UK. (fcs)
86:5022 Brown, R.C., R.H. Pierce and J.D. Fisk, 1986. Rapid quantitation of complex petroleum hydrocarbon samples from a single injection using a modified GC/CDS. J. chromatog. Sci., 24(4):160-163. Mote Mar. Lab., 1600 City Island Park, Sarasota, FL 33577, USA.
86:5026 Grossmann, D., M. Kersten, M. Niecke, A. Puskeppel and R. Voigt, 1985. Determination of trace elements in membrane filter samples of suspended matter by the Hamburg proton microprobe. Mitt. geol.-pali~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:619-630.
86:5023 Cauwet, G., 1985. Intercalibration exercise for dissolved organic carbon. Mitt. geol.-pali~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:101-106.
Element bulk concentrations of suspended matter were analyzed non-destructively by proton-induced x-ray emission microprobe. The accuracy of analysis results was assessed independently by XRF technique; precision and accuracy could not be achieved. The values obtained with the proton microprobe varied from area to area due to nonuniform element distribution within the suspended matter samples; these inhomogeneities are explained in terms of typical geochemical element associations. Inst. fur Exper. Physik I, Jungiusstrasse 9, 2000 Hamburg 36, FRG.
Fifteen laboratories in Europe participated in DOCintercalibration exercises involving 4 fresh and seawater samples and various carbon analyzers. Excluding outlyers the overall coefficient of variance among the laboratories was 5%. Also, a spike of 2.5 mg C L ~ was recovered with a coefficient of variance of 4.6%. The single most important cause for outlying values seems to be contamination. Lab. de Sediment. et Geochim. Mar., Univ. de Perpignan, Ave. de Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France. 86:5024 Chakraborti, Dipankar, F. Adams and K.J. Irgolic, 1986. Compound-specific determination of arsenite at sub-nanogram concentrations in freshwater and seawater. Analyt. Chem., 323(4):340342. Arsenite is quantitatively and selectively extracted into carbon tetrachloride in the presence of arsenate, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid by 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solutions of ammonium secbutyldithiophosphate. The organic extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue mineralized with nitric acid. The arsenic in this solution (5% oxalic acid) is reduced by sodium borohydride to arsine. The arsine is passed into a DC helium arc and the arsenic emission monitored at 228.8 nm. The detection limit of the extraction/hydride generation system is 0.6 ng As per liter (expressed as the concentration that must be present in a 500 mlsample subject to extraction). Dept. of Chem., Jadavpur Univ., Calcutta 700032, India. 86:5025 Elderfield, H., 1985. Radiogenic isotopes and rare earth elements as tracers in the oceans. Rit Fiskideil., 9:70-74. This brief review discusses the importance of rare earth and Sr or Nd isotopic geochemistry to
86:5027 Sandstrom, M.W., Frank Tirendi and Alan Nott, 1986. Direct determination of organic carbon in modem reef sediments and calcareous organisms after dissolution of carbonate. Mar. Geol., 70(34):321-329. Samples are dissolved in phosphoric acid to remove carbonates and purged with oxygen to remove CO2; the resulting acidic solution is analysed for total (dissolved and particulate) organic carbon. The method is rapid, involves minimal sample manipulation, and is both accurate and precise. It is especially suitable for modem carbonate sediments which have low levels of predominantly acid-soluble organic carbon. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, Townsville, M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia.
C40. Area studies, surveys 86:5028 Branica, M. et al., 1985. [ Chemical oceanography and marine radiochemistry. Reports of the International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea.] Rapp. P.-v. Rdun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer mddit., 29(7): 11257; 71 papers. (French and English.) A sampling of topics of these 71 short reports includes: chemical oceanography in the vicinity of the Turkish and Algerian coasts, trace metal distributions in the Mediterranean Sea, nutrient distributions off the Greek coast, determinations of
738
C. Chemical Oceanography
surface-active substances, phytoplankton biomass, composition and heavy metal concentrations in the Saronikos Gulf, chemical and isotopic composition of some phytoplankton species, behavior of technetium in marine sediments, redox behavior of uranium in sediments of marine and terrestrial origin, reassessment of the titration method for determination of organic C in recent sediments, heavy metal uptake and biokinetics in marine species, 239,24°pu in Atlantic sediments, and radionuclide concentration factors and biological halflives (from the U.S. subseabed disposal program data base). (msg) 86:5029 Pettine, M., T. la Noce, R. Pagnotta and A. Puddu, 1985. Organic and trophic load of major Italian rivers. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:417-429. Data from the literature concerning the transport of organic carbon and nutrients in the Po, Tiber, Adige and Arno are analyzed. The total organic load discharged into the Mediterranean Sea by the above rivers is estimated to be 275 x 103 t/a for TOC, 979 × 103 t/a for DOC, 114 × 103 t/a for N and 17 x 103 t/a for P. Seventy percent of this load is contributed by the Po River alone. Ist. di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Via Reno 1, 00198 Rome, Italy. 86:5030 Takahashi, Taro, J6n Olafsson, W.S. Broecker, John Goddard, D.W. Chipman and James White, 1985. Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Rit Fiskideil., 9:20-36. The partial pressure of CO 2 and concentrations of nutrients and CO 2 are lowest during summer, when C-14 and oxygen concentrations are greatest; the situation is reversed in winter. Although northern high latitude waters are generally considered to be an intense CO 2 sink throughout the year, our observations (intense sink in summer, weak to neutral sink fall-spring) show this to be erroneous. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
C50. Seawater composition 86:5031 Dyrssen, David, 1985. Sources of chemical differences in seawater. Rit Fiskideil., 9:7-12.
Chemical differences brought about by anthropogenic pollutants have proven useful for water mass tracing. Bomb-test contaminants have provided
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
information about vertical advection and bottom water formation processes, and Sellafield (U.K.) effluents have been used to trace movement of North Atlantic water into the North Sea and Arctic Ocean. Atmospheric krypton-85 and freon-ll and -12 histories and bromoform formation in seawater also yield useful information. Dept. of Analyt. and Mar. Chem., Chalmers Univ. of Tech., S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden. (gsb) 86:5032 Olausson, Eric, 1985. The changing oceans. Extended abstract. Rit Fiskideil., 9:175-176.
Seawater chemical composition and elemental accumulation rates reach an equilibrium during periods of climate stability. Pleistocene deep-sea sediments revealed a glacial pattern marked by enhanced sink water formation in the North Atlantic with increased thermohaline circulation. During the deglacial maximum, a state of quasi-stagnation occurred in the North Atlantic. Effects of these conditions in terms of dissolution, burial, upwelling, and seawater and atmospheric concentrations are discussed. Dept. of Mar. Geol., Box 7064 S-402 32 Goteborg, Sweden. (gsb)
C90. Salinity, chiorinity, conductivity 86:5033 Levitus, Sydney, 1986. Annual cycle of salinity and salt storage in the World Ocean. J. phys. Oceanogr., 16(2):322-343.
The annual cycle of salinity in the upper 500 m of the World Ocean is described, based on zonally integrated seasonal sections for the various oceans, seasonal fields for the sea surface, and maps of the zonally integrated annual range. Major features include relatively large annual cycles in the tropical Pacific (8°N) and off the coast of Labrador. For the North Atlantic, good agreement exists with the work of Smed for the sea surface. G F D Lab, NOAA, Princeton Univ., NJ 08542, USA.
Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 86:5034 Aarkrog, Asker et al., 1985. Radioactive tracer studies in the surface waters of the northern North Atlantic including the Greenland, Norwegian and Barents seas. Rit Fiskideil., 9:37-42.
Discharges of radiocesium, strontium-90 and plutonium from the Sellafield reprocessing plant have
OLR (1986)33 (9)
C. Chemical Oceanography
been used for tracer studies; transfer factors for 9°St, ~34Cs and ~37Cs from the discharge to various water masses have been calculated. Riso Natl. Lab., DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 86:5035 Gieskes, J.M., H. Elderfield and M.R. Palmer, 1986. Strontium and its isotopic composition in interstitlal waters of marine carbonate sediments. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 77(2):229-235.
Carbonate sediments of the Walvis Ridge show increases in interstitial Sr2+ concentrations in the upper carbonate-ooze sections with the highest concentrations near the ooze-chalk boundary where maximum rates of carbonate recrystallization occur. Below this, in-situ production of Sr2+ diminishes and there is a diffusive flux of Sr to an underlying sink, presumably volcanogenic sediments or basalts, leading to Sr isotopic disequilibrium between carbonates and interstitial waters. Overall, diffusive smoothing of profiles exerts an important control on the *TSr/86Sr ratios, although lower ratios than contemporaneous seawater values in the carbonate oozes often correlate with zones of Mg 2+ loss and reflect a combination of a flux of Sr 2+ from the zone of maximum recrystaUization rates together with a contribution from the in-situ alteration of volcanic matter. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 86:5036 Harada, Koh and Shizuo Tsunogai, 1986. ZZ6Rain the Japan Sea and the residence time of the Japan Sea water. Earth planet. Sci. Lefts, 77(2):236-244.
Surface water of the Japan Sea contained 2Z6Ra of 70 + 4 dpm m 3, nearly equal to that of the surface water in the North Pacific. The concentration of 226Ra in the deep water below 500 m was 151__.8 dpm m-3; this is unexpectedly high, because Japan Sea deep water has a higher A~4C value by about 50 ppt than Atlantic deep water containing the same 226Ra. One cause considered is larger contribution of 226Ra from biogenic particles dissolving in the Japan Sea deep water. The other more plausible cause is internal ventilation of the Japan Sea water, which means that the residence time of Japan Sea proper water is quite long. The residence times of the Japan Sea deep water and of water within the Japan Sea are calculated to be 300--400 years and 700-1000 years, respectively. Dept. of Chem., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan. 86:5037 Livingston, H.D., 1985. Anthropogenic radiotracer evolution in the central Greenland Sea. Rit Fiskideil., 9:43-54.
739
The radiotracers are the radionuclides 3H, 137Cs,9°Sr, and 239.z4°pu, introduced to the region primarily as fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Some t37Cs is also derived from recent advective input of traces of radioactive waste discharge to European coastal waters. The observed patterns and their changes with time (1972 to 1981) are discussed in the context of the source input history of each tracer, the physical properties of deep ventilation in the Central Greenland Sea gyre and the chemical reactivity of the tracer. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5038 0stlund, H.G., 1985. Tritium and radiocarbon in the North Atlantic Ocean: an overview. Rit Fiskideil., 9:13-19.
The rationale for using 3H and ~4C as tracers of oceanic processes is briefly given, followed by a discussion of the GEOSECS and the more recent TTO (Transient Tracers in the Ocean) data on the distributions of these isotopes in the North Atlantic. A comparison is made of the information these two programs have yielded on water mass transport, mixing, and fate of fossil fuel CO 2. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. (gsb) 86:5039 Voipio, Aarno, 1985. Radionuclides and the mass balance of the Baltic Sea. Extended abstract. Rit Fiskideil., 9:163-165.
The use of radionuclides in the estimation of sedimentation rates is discussed. A rough estimate of the mean sedimentation rate for the whole Baltic is given as 0.1 mm/a, which can then be used for mass balance determinations for substances exhibiting non-conservative behavior. Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 33, SF-00931 Helsinki, Finland. (gsb)
C120. Dissolved gases 86:5040 Kaplan, W.A. and S.C. Wofsy, 1985. The biogeochemlstry of nitrous oxides: a review. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:181-206.
Factors regulating biological N20 production and consumption are reviewed, in light of the importance of increasing atmospheric NzO (tied to intensive agriculture and fossil fuel combustion). Reductive and oxidative pathways, microbial sinks, and N20 in various ecosystems are discussed. Center for Earth and Planet. Phys., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA. (gsb)
740
C. Chemical Oceanography
86:5041 Miller, L.G., R.S. Oremland and S. Paulsen, 1986. Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 51(1): 18-24. In experiments with sediment slurries, N20 reductase activity was inhibited by 02, C2H2, heat treatment, and by high levels of nitrate or sulfide. However, ambient levels of nitrate did not influence activity, and moderate levels induced only a short lag before reductase activity began. Moderate levels of sulfide had no effect on N20 reductase activity. Two estimates of net denitrification rates in San Francisco Bay under approximated in-situ conditions were 0.009 and 0.041 mmol of N20 per m 2 per h; addition of chlorate resulted in approximately a 14% upward revision of estimates of net rates. These results were comparable to in-situ measurements. Oremland: Water Resources Div., USGS, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
C130. Organic compounds 86:5042 Degens, E.T. and Venugopalan Ittekkot, 1985. Particulate organic carbon--an overview. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:7-27.
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
similar to those reported for other coastal areas. They comprise 7.4 to 51.3% of DOC with an average of 18.4%. Particulate carbohydrates contribute 0.5 to 2.2% of the total suspended matter. Ratios of dissolved tc particulate carbohydrates are much lower than taose reported for oceanic regions. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. 86:5044 Nemirovskaja, I.A., 1985. Hydrocarbons in the water and suspended matter of the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Okeanologiia, 25(5):761-767. (In Russian, English abstract.) 86:5045 Pempkowiak, J., 1985. The input of biochemically labile and resistant organic matter to the Baltic Sea from the Vistula River. Mitt. geol.-palfwnt. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:345-350. Twenty to forty per cent of organic matter appears to be labile depending on the season and origin of water sampled. The rest is resistant to biochemical oxidation during three months. Humic substances comprise 44% of organic matter in river water. The fate of both labile and resistant fractions upon mixing of fresh and saline waters was investigated, and it was found that some 40% of humic substances flocculate, whereas the proportions of resistant non-humic and labile fractions are 12 and 7% respectively. Polish Acad. of Sci., Inst. of Oceanol., 81-967 Sopot, Poland.
Using data from the S C O P E / U N E P project a first assessment is made on POC transport from land to sea. Total fluxes range 0.42 to 0.57 × 109 t C / a for POC and 0.11 to 0.25 × 109 t C / a for DOC. Distinction is made between labile and inert POC based on sugar and amino acid data. Between 5 and 30% of POC carried by the world's rivers belongs to the labile fraction. Comparison of published data on annual burial rates of organic carbon in coastal and shelf sediments with the annual riverine POC input suggests that more than 70% of the riverine POC should undergo decomposition in the riverine and coastal marine environments. Aggregates of aquatic organisms and their metabolic products exert significant control over the distribution and cycling of fine particles and associated organic matter by considerably reducing their residence times within the water column. S C O P E / U N E P Intl. Carbon Unit., Univ. Hamburg, D-2000 Hamburg 13, F R G .
Results of the third year of sampling on the St. Lawrence River were so at variance with those of the preceding two years that they must be considered separately. Concentrations were significantly (>30%) higher in the months of greatest discharge. This leads to a revised annual mass transport of POC in 1983, greater than the previous estimate for 1981-82. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
86:5043 Laane, R.W.P.M. and Venugopalan Ittekkot, 1985. Dissolved and particulate carbohydrates in the Ems-Dollard Estuary. Mitt. geol.-pal,~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:385-395.
86:5047 Romankevich, E.A. and V.E. Artemyev, 1985. Input of organic carbon into seas and oceans bordering the territory of the Soviet Union. Mitt. geol.paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:459-469.
Average concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates measured in different parts of the estuary were
River runoff is the primary source of dissolved and suspended matter, including organic carbon (Corg),
86:5046 Pocklington, R., 1985. The contribution of organic matter by the St. Lawrence River to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1981-1983. Mitt. geoL-palaont. Inst. Univ. Ham&, 58:323-329.
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
C. Chemical Oceanography
for the seas and oceans bordering the territory of the Soviet Union. Second in order of importance is the influx of Corg from subsurface flow; coastal wave abrasion is third. Quantitative estimates on the Co~ flux into the marine habitat are based on a long-term record of river runoff and of dissolved and particulate Corg loads calculated for major hydrological phases (high-water, summer and winter low-water periods). P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Krasikowa 23, 117218 Moscow, USSR.
C140. Nutrients 86:5048 Altabet, M.A. and J.J. McCarthy, 1986. Vertical patterns in 15N natural abundance in PON from the surface waters of warm-core rings. J. mar. Res., 44(1): 185-201.
The natural abundance of ~SN in PON from the upper 200 m of 4 warm-core rings and the Sargasso Sea was measured. Minima in the 6~5N of PON often occurred near the depth at which NO 3- was first detectable. Frequently, maxima in PON concentration and minima in C / N ratio also co-occurred in this region. The average value for the 6~5N of PON below the top of the nitracline was almost always greater than that above the top of the nitracline. The observed vertical pattern for the 6~N of PON is most likely the result of isotopic fractionation in the processes of NO 3- uptake by phytoplankton at the base of the euphotic zone and the degradation of PON below the euphotic zone. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5049 Altabet, M.A., A.R. Robinson and L.J. Walstad, 1986. A model for the vertical flux of nitrogen in the upper ocean: simulating the alteration of isotopic ratios. J. mar. Res., 44(1):203-225.
We attempt to simulate observed patterns in vertical profiles for the natural abundance of tSN in particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and the concentrations of PON and NO3-. The concentration of phytoplankton nitrogen (II) increased as a result of either increasing the upward flux of NO3-(N) or by increasing the residence time of II. A minimum in the 6JSN of phytoplankton nitrogen (62) appeared near a maximum in H at the inflection point of the N profile. Increasing the residence time or the vertical eddy diffusivity reduced the amplitude of the 62 profile. The model was able to produce reasonably good simulations of observed profiles from two warm-core rings, Rings 82-E and 82-H. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
741
86:5050 Andersen, F.O., 1986. Influence of Spartina detritus enriclunent on exchange of nutrients between sediment and water in an intertidal area of Bay of Fundy. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 29(1):7-14. The enriched area in general showed higher flux rates than the control, with ammonium normally only released from the sediment while both uptake and release of nitrate + nitrite was found. The C / N ratio showed an initial decrease followed by a slow increase; the C/P ratio showed the opposite pattern. The loss of N and P was larger than the cumulated release of DIN and DIP to the overlying waters. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 86:5051 Cochlan, W.P., 1986. Seasonal study of uptake and regeneration of nitrogen on the Scotian Shelf, Continent. Shelf Res., 5(5):555-577. Nitrate, as a portion of the total nitrogen assimilated, decreased with increasing ambient NH4 + concentration and depth. Values integrated through the euphotic zone averaged 30% in the summer, and 27% in the spring, indicating that a large portion of phytoplankton growth was supported by 'regenerated' production (NH4 +) during those periods. In winter, growth was supported primarily by 'new s production since NO 3 uptake represented 67% of the total nitrogen uptake during that period. In all seasons the phytoplankton showed a consistent preference for NH4 + utilization relative to NO 3 . NH4 + remineralization generally exceeded uptake, suggesting that phytoplanton nitrogen requirements were met or exceeded by in-situ regeneration. Remineralization rates covaried with both productivity and NH4 ÷ uptake rates within the euphoric zone. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IW5, Canada. 86:5052 Holloway, P.E., S.E. Humphries, Marlin Atkinson and JOrg Imberger, 1985. Mechanisms for nitrogen supply to the Australian north west shelf. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 36(6):753-764. River flow is weak and carries little nutrient into the shelf waters so it remains for ocean physical processes to advect and mix the nutrient-rich deep waters onto the shallower shelf regions to meet the nutrient demands. Estimates of nitrate advection onto the shelf show that both semi-diurnal tidal flow and low-frequency upwelling events can each contribute approximately half the required demand. Tropical cyclones are capable of meeting a small,
742
C. Chemical Oceanography
but significant, portion of the demand through enrichment of surface layers in the offshelf waters by upwelling and vertical mixing; the enriched water can then be advected onto the shelf. Both tidal and internal tidal motion have the potential to transport nitrate onto the shelf from deeper water through vertical and horizontal mixing processes. Dept. of Civ. Engng., Univ. of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. 86:5053 Lancelot, Christiane and Gilles Billen, 1985. Carbon-nitrogen relationships in nutrient metabolism of coastal marine ecosystems. Adv. aquat. Microbiol., 3:263-322.
Examination of studies of C-N cycling in three major coastal pathways (primary production, microheterotroph utilization, and benthic recycling) led the authors to suggest that although idealized models (e.g. Redfield paradigm) may simulate major trends in C-N relationships, nonparallelism in the behavior of C and N require that both variables be determined in modelling organic matter circulation. Lab. d'Oceanogr., Univ. of Brussels, Belgium. (gsb) 86:5054 Rydberg, Lars and Johan Sundberg, 1985. External nutrient supply to coastal waters, a comparison between different sources. Rit Fiskideil., 9:166174. Nutrient and salinity observations made during 1982-1984 in the SE Kattegat are presented as yearly mean concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen and phosphate in three different water masses defined as local surface water within the Laholm bay, Kattegat surface water, and Kattegat deep water. Results indicate that more than 60% of the inorganic nitrogen supply to the local water is of land-based origin while only about 10% of the phosphate supply is derived from land. Two thirds of the inorganic nitrogen supply is assimilated in the bay by phytoplankton production. The rest is advected, mainly as nitrate to the Kattegat during the non-productive winter months. The supply of phosphate to the local waters is almost totally assimilated. Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden.
C150. Particulate matter 86:5055 Deuser, W.G., 1986. Seasonal and interannual variations in deep--water particle fluxes in the
OLR (1986) 33 (9)
Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A):225-246.
Coherence among all constituent fluxes is very high, indicating that the composition of the sinking material is remarkably uniform throughout periods of greatly changing flux levels. The tie between hydrographic changes at the surface and changes in quality and quantity of sediment-trap samples reveals an inverse relationship between surface temperature and the amount of material sinking out of the euphotic zone and injected into deep water. As the period of lowest surface temperature coincides with the period of greatest mixed-layer depth, and thereby highest nutrient availability, it also confirms the close coupling of sedimentation, including that of abiogenic particles, in the open ocean to primary productivity. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 86:5056 Eisma, D. et al., 1985. Loss of particulate organic matter in estuaries as exemplified by the Ems and Gironde estuaries. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:397-412.
In the Eros Estuary, mixing with marine material occurs in the freshwater/tidal area and the suspended material is almost entirely of marine origin. In the Gironde Estuary the marine influx is very small and the organic content of the suspended matter is reduced to less than half the content in the river, while the terrigenous organic matter is largely replaced by organic matter of estuarine or marine origin. About 75% of the organic matter supplied by the river is dissolved or mineralized. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. 86:5057 Emeis, K., 1985. Particulate suspended matter in major world rivers. II. Results on the rivers Indus, Waikato, Nile, St. Lawrence, Yangtse, Parana, Orinoco, Caroni, and Mackenzie. Mitt. geol.-palc~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:593-617.
It can be shown that during time series measurements of individual rivers--usually covering one or more hydrographical years--suspended solids do not change significantly in terms of main element and mineralogical composition. Variation for main elements usually is in the 5-10% range, regardless of amount of material transported. This composition, in conjunction with the rather restricted pattern of minerals revealed by XRD investigation, characterizes each river load. Suspensions generally are dominated by micaceous clay minerals, chlorite and
OLR (1986)33 (9)
C. Chemical Oceanography
quartz. SCOPE/UNEP Intl. Carbon Unit, GeolPalaontol Inst., Bundesstrasse 55, 2000 Hamburg, FRG.
86:5058 Konta, J., 1985. Mineralogy and chemical maturity of suspended matter in major rivers sampled under the S C O P E / U N E P project. Mitt. geol.-palftont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:569-592. Suspensions of the Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Orinoco, Caroni, Parana, Nile, Niger, Orange, Indus., Ganges, Brahmaputra and Padma rivers are dominated by clay minerals. Amorphous silica with cristobalite is the major solid constituent of the Waikato. Dioctahedral mica is the principal and omnipresent sheet silicate with the exception of the Niger where kaolinite dominates. Chlorite and kaolinite occur in 9 of the 13 rivers studied. Montmorillonite was found only in some tropical or subtropical rivers. In addition to clay, quartz, acid plagioclase and potassium feldspar are common; amphibole occurs rarely. Calcite and/or dolomite occur in seven rivers draining either arid or high relief regions. Dept. of Petrol., Charles Univ., Albertov 6, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia.
86:5059 Nyffeler, Franqois and C.-H. Godet, 1986. The structural parameters of the benthic nepheloid layer in the northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 33(2A): 195-207. During the NOAMP I cruise in autumn 1983, benthic nepheloid layers (BNL) were observed at all 82 stations in a 200 km square area. Maximum concentrations ranged 20--100 mg m -3 and the BNL thickness was 800-1000 m. Elevated concentrations and thick BNLs in deep areas are probably related to accumulation of suspended matter following erosion of the surrounding heights. Local and periodic resuspension in the abyssal plain may also account for the infrequency of stations with high particulate concentration. Groupe PROSPER, Univ. de Neuchatel, l 1 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchatel 7, Switzerland.
C180. Geochemistry, biogeochemistry (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS)
86:5060 Brassell, S.C., C.A. Lewis, J.W. de Leeuw, F. de Lange and J.S.S. Damst6, 1986. Isoprenoid thiopbones: novel products of sediment diagenesis? Nature, Lond., 320(6058): 160-162.
743
Here we identify one of the alkyl thiophenes which occur widely in both recent and ancient deep-sea sediments as 3-methyl-2-(3,7,1 l-trimethyldodecyl)thiophene, occurring as a limited number of the possible stereoisomers. This compound is presumed to originate from the incorporation of sulphur into chlorophyll-derived phytol, or archaebacterial phytenes or their diagenetic products. Its recognition suggests a novel diagenetic pathway for acrylic isoprenoids involving the introduction of sulphur into specific lipid moieties. Univ. of Bristol., Sch. of Chem., Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
86:5061 Lieth, H. and G. Esser, 1985. The attempt to simulate the global carbon flux from 1860 to 1981 using the Osnabriick Biosphere Model. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:137-144. The effects of various amounts of CO 2 absorbed by the ocean and of the factor z, which couples the global population increase to the land use changes, on the model results were investigated. It is shown that both variables influence the behaviour of the biosphere leading to preindustrial CO 2 levels in the range 280--290 ppm for an amount of CO2 absorbed by the ocean between 25 and 35% and values for z between 0.6 and 1.0. The model calculates a total carbon emission between 1860 and 1881 of 306.7 Gt C. Global biomass amounts to 588.2 Gt C in 1981. The atmospheric CO 2 increase in the period 1958 to 1981 predicted by the model has a steeper slope than the actual increase measured at Mauna Loa; this can be rectified by the introduction of additional sinks in the freshwater system. Univ. of Osnabruck, F.B. 5 Biol./Chem., Barbarastr. 11, D-4500 Osnabruck, FRG.
86:5062 McEvoy, James and J.R. Maxwell, 1986. A-norsteroidal ketones in deep-sea sediments. Org. Geochem., 9(2): 101-104. A novel series of (226 to C28 5fl(H)-A-norsteran3-ones (In to c) has been identified in a Late Miocene and two Pliocene sediments from the San Miguel Gap (California). Their presence suggests that the bottom waters might have periodically contained sufficient oxygen to allow benthic fauna to survive, EAWAG, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
86:5063 Ruhlin, D.E. and R.M. Owen, 1986. The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermul sediments from the East Pacific Rise: examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 50(3):393-400.
744
C. ChemicalOceanography
Fifty samples from a complete 16 m.y. record of hydrothermal sedimentation (DSDP Site 598) were analyzed to test the hypothesis that the REE composition of the hydrothermal component is primarly acquired via scavenging from seawater. The Ce anomaly as well as key indices of light and heavy REE behavior all show that the REE pattern of hydrothermal sediments approaches that of seawater with increasing paleodistance from the rise crest. Moreover, shale-normalized REE patterns are similar to that of seawater, varying only in absolute REE content: the REE content increases with distance from the paleo-rise crest and exhibits a pronounced increase in sediments deposited below the paleolysocline. We conclude the REEs in the hydrothermal component are derived from the interaction of seawater and Fe in the hydrothermal plume. Owen: Dept. of Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. 86:5064 Volkman, J.K., 1986. A review of steroi markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org. Geochem., 9(2):83-99. A review of literature on the occurrence of 4desmethyl sterols in unicellular algae indicates that few sterols are sufficiently restricted in distribution to be considered unambiguous markers for specific algal groups. Almost all of the 4-desmethyl sterols found in higher plants occur in marine algae, so sterol distributions do not always allow one to distinguish between marine or terrigenous organic matter. Some of the problems associated with the use of sterols as markers for specific sources are highlighted by comparison of distributions in selected marine sediments and seawater samples. Although each sediment represents a very different depositional environment the sterol distributions are surprisingly similar. These data indicate that inferences drawn from sterol distributions regarding sources of organic matter must be made with caution and should be supported using other lipid data. CSIRO Div. of Oceanogr., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
OLR (1986)33 (9)
Sea. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 58:631-645. Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr and As were analyzed by a six-step chemical extraction sequence on freezedried samples. Bulk concentrations of Cr and Ni correlate with those of Fe. While most of the Fe, Cr, and Ni is concentrated in residual phases, the other metals occur in less stable phases. Concentrations of NaOAc-extractable and partially reducible Pb and Cu correlate with those of Fe. Transport processes and potential environmental impact of the trace metals are considered. Tech. Univ., HamburgHarburg, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, 2100 Hamburg 90, FRG. 86:5066 Peterson, M.L. and R. Carpenter, 1986. Arsenic distribution in porewaters and sediments of Puget Sound, Lake Washington, the Washington coast and Saanich Inlet, B.C. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 50(3):353-369. Swiss Fed. Inst. for Reactor Res. CH-5303, Wuerenlingen, Switzerland. 86:5067 Schleuter, R.S. and C.I. Rauw, 1984. Conceptual oil dispersion modeling, Lower Cook Inlet-Shelikof Strait [Alaska]. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, OCSEAP Final Repts, 27:389-469. Evaluation of existing numerical techniques led to the development of a conceptual oil spill model which fits the physical and chemical characteristics of Lower Cook Inlet and Shelikov Strait. Models of wind fields, current fields, and oil dispersion (spreading, advection, displacement, evaporation) and their integration into the conceptual model are discussed. Copies are available from: NOAA-OMA-OAD, Box 56, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA. (msg) 86:5068 Tkalin, A.V. and E.N. Shapovalov, 1985. Petroleum hydrocarbon input to seawater during the resuspension of polluted sediments. Okeanologiia, 25(5):775-779. (In Russian, English abstract.)
C210. Pollution (see
The dynamics and magnitude of secondary hydrocarbon pollution arising from sediment resuspension are studied and estimated. The transfer of petroleum fractions from sediments to seawater is mediated by sediment granulometric composition and sorption capacity; the main fraction is associated with particulates and settles rapidly. (sir)
86:5065 Kersten, M. and U. Ft)rstner, 1985. Trace metal partitioning in suspended matter with special reference to pollution in the southeastern North
86:5069 Varnavas, Soterios, George Ferentinos and Michael Collins, 1986. Dispersion of bauxitic red mud in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Mar. Geol., 70(34): 211-222.
also B 3 5 0 - A t m o s p h e r i c pollution, C l l 0 - R a d i o a c t i v i t y , radioisotopes, E 3 0 0 - E f f e c t s of pollution, F 2 5 0 Waste disposal)
OLR(1986)33(9)
745
Bauxitic red-mud slurry, discharged by an aluminium processing factory on the shelf of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, is used as a tracer to examine sediment transport and dispersion processes in a tectonieally active deep basin. Grab sampling has shown that the red mud extends over the slope and the abyssal plain up to a distance of 17 km from the mouth of the pipeline. It forms small scattered sheet-like deposits of up to 3 cm in thickness. The structures observed in the scattered patches suggest that the red mud is transported from the shelf to the abyssal plain by gravitative sediment flows triggered by earthquakes. Granulometric and geochemical analyses of the red-mud show that during its transport from the shelf to the abyssal plain, it is subjected to mixing with the surrounding sediments. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece.
C240. Corrosion 86:5070 Frankenthal, R.P. and P.C. Milner, 1986. Hydrogen evolution kinetics on a high-carbon steel and on
tin in seawater. Corrosion, 42:51-53. AT&T Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave,, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.
C290. Miscellaneous 86:5071 Anderson, L.G. and E.P. Jones, 1985. Sea ice melt water, a source of alkalinity, calcium and sulfate? Results from the CESAR Ice Station. Rit Fiskideil., 9:90-96.
The high surface total alkalinity and calcium concentrations found in the Arctic Ocean surface water were investigated; several samples showed relative enrichment compared to what would be observed in seawater of the same salinity. However, the enrichment was found to be much lower than expected from laboratory experiments. It is concluded that if the sea ice samples analysed in this work are representative, sea ice melt water plays a minor role in the addition of total alkalinity and calcium. Dept. of Analyt. and Mar. Chem., Chalmers Univ. of Tech., S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden.
D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS DIO. Apparatus and methods 86:5072 Berge, A.M., G. Drivenes, R. Kanestrom and B. Beskow, 1986. Acoustic modeling of the seafloor. Geophys. Prospect., 34(1): 11-29.
Based on seismic surveys of the Barents Sea a method is presented for assessing marine sediments in terms of incompressibility, shear modulus and Poisson's ratios from bottom reflections. Results show their density cannot be estimated from the P velocity alone. Norsk Hydro A/S, P.O. Box 4313, 5001 Bergen, Norway. (msg) 86:5073 Cassinis, R., G. MUller and G.F. Panza (eds.), 1985. Synthetic seismograms: generation and use. International School of Applied Geophysics, 5th course, 18-24 November, 1984, Erice-Trapani,
Sicily. J. Geophys. (Z. Geophys.), 58(1-3): 1-196; 13 papers. Several of these papers (all presented at a course organized by the International School of Applied Geophysics) are reviews; others present new results in applying synthetic seismograms to earth structure. The course incorporated a mix of general and exploration seismology; and the papers, if originating in theory, end with applications. Some of the topics covered are ray synthetic theory, Gaussian beams, strong motion synthesis, waves in complex lateral or vertical structures, Rayleigh wave models, and reflectivity methods, as well as upper mantle cross-sections from California to Greenland and focal parameters for Friuli earthquakes. (fcs) 86:5074 Daily, W.D. (guest editor), 1986. Special section on geotomography. Proc. IEEE, 74(2):328-362; 4 papers.