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Colloid chemistry
178
BOOK REVIEWS
Magma, the molten rock under the earth's crust, and the erupted lava and volcanic ash comprise another group of colloid systems. The complex chemistry of silica involved in these systems is only vaguely understood. The colloidal particles in magma are classified as magmaphilic or magmaphobic, terms analogous to hydrophilic and hydrophobic, indicating whether the dispersion is stable or metastable in the molten phase. Also in this chapter the ocean is considered as a dilute aquasol and the atmosphere as a dilute aerosol. Chapter 4 mainly concerns the coatings on rocks and mineral grains which are the result of chemical attack, partial dissolution, or abrasion. The disintegrating surface is an intermediate stage in the formation of soils and sediments. Clay minerals, the most common geocolloids, receive detailed attention in Chapter 7. The complex behavior of the different types of clays is reviewed, including the surface chemistry and expansion of the layer structures in the presence of water or organic compounds that penetrate the interlayer spacings. Clays are broadly classified as either kaolins or smectites, terms which presumably indicate nonswelling or swelling characteristics. Mechanisms of formation and the effect of environment on the nature of the resulting clay is beginning to be understood. Clays can be in equilibrium with soluble components and the relation to other aluminosilicate species can be described in terms of concentration of soluble silica, Si(OH)4, and the ratio of cations to hydrogen ions in solution. The final chapter, 10, deals with clay sediments Colloid Chemistry. By S. VOYUTSKY, MIR Publishers,
Moscow, 1978 (via Imported Publications, Inc., 320 West Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois), 560 pp. $8.50. This book treats both the classical and modern aspects of colloid chemistry in a compact, thorough package. In this, the second edition, several collaborators have assisted. For example, B. V. Deryagin discusses the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems. Ample figures and tables illustrate much of the material, but lengthy derivations are usually omitted. The translation is fluid and clear, with most terms and expressions properly transposed from the Russian language to "American" English. Printed with exceptional quality with minimum margins, the binding is quite adequate. Fourteen chapters deal with all the major established topics: optical, kinetic-molecular, electrical, mechanical, and structural properties, adsorption at interfaces, purification, stability, and surfactants. Aerosols, emulsions, and gels are treated in separate chapters and a lengthy discussion of macromolecular systems concludes the book. A thorough index is supplied. The level of the book matches that of the college senior or first year university graduate student
which form shales and their interaction with entrained organic matter, resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons. The influence of bioorganie compounds on the chemistry of geocolloids may be surprising. Much of the organic matter in the ocean exists in solution, Sugars, fats, proteins, urea, aliphatic acids, and many other compounds have been detected. However, the major organic components of sediments come from phytoplankton. The gradual transformation of fresh argillaceous sediments to shales is described. The contained organic matter is converted to the complex polymeric intermediate, keragen, which in turn is converted under geothermal conditions to petroleum. The changes that occur are described in detail. The book appears almost free of typographical errors and is clearly printed and well bound. The writing is clear and concise. References at the end of each chapter appear adequate. However, the subject index fails to list all pages on which a given subject appears, e.g., fulvic acid, page 367; silicic acid, page 264; opal, page 266, etc. The table of contents is a helpful guide. The authors are to be congratulated on their success in weaving the fundamentals of colloid chemistry into the subject of geochemistry so that the colloid aspects of the latter can be easily understood. RALPH K. ILER
811 Haines Avenue Wilmington, Delaware 19809 Received June 8, 1979 insofar as background needed to comprehend the text. The book offers a blend of established theory with sufficient applications to orient the subject to the real world, stopping short of delving into prescriptive recipes. As an academic textbook, the present volume lacks chapter summaries and problem exercises, and the literature references are confined mostly to Russian sources. On the other hand, this book appears to be somewhat rare these days as a modern colloidal chemistry text and might well be of interest to the ingenious academician who can supplement it with problems and literature exercises. For the general reader, this book offers an appropriate, up-to-date s u r v e y of the field, all at a surprisingly reasonable price.
W . H . SLABAUGH
Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 72, No. 1, October 15, 1979
Received June 14, 1979
BOOK REVIEWS
Magma, the molten rock under the earth's crust, and the erupted lava and volcanic ash comprise another group of colloid systems. The complex chemistry of silica involved in these systems is only vaguely understood. The colloidal particles in magma are classified as magmaphilic or magmaphobic, terms analogous to hydrophilic and hydrophobic, indicating whether the dispersion is stable or metastable in the molten phase. Also in this chapter the ocean is considered as a dilute aquasol and the atmosphere as a dilute aerosol. Chapter 4 mainly concerns the coatings on rocks and mineral grains which are the result of chemical attack, partial dissolution, or abrasion. The disintegrating surface is an intermediate stage in the formation of soils and sediments. Clay minerals, the most common geocolloids, receive detailed attention in Chapter 7. The complex behavior of the different types of clays is reviewed, including the surface chemistry and expansion of the layer structures in the presence of water or organic compounds that penetrate the interlayer spacings. Clays are broadly classified as either kaolins or smectites, terms which presumably indicate nonswelling or swelling characteristics. Mechanisms of formation and the effect of environment on the nature of the resulting clay is beginning to be understood. Clays can be in equilibrium with soluble components and the relation to other aluminosilicate species can be described in terms of concentration of soluble silica, Si(OH)4, and the ratio of cations to hydrogen ions in solution. The final chapter, 10, deals with clay sediments Colloid Chemistry. By S. VOYUTSKY, MIR Publishers,
Moscow, 1978 (via Imported Publications, Inc., 320 West Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois), 560 pp. $8.50. This book treats both the classical and modern aspects of colloid chemistry in a compact, thorough package. In this, the second edition, several collaborators have assisted. For example, B. V. Deryagin discusses the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems. Ample figures and tables illustrate much of the material, but lengthy derivations are usually omitted. The translation is fluid and clear, with most terms and expressions properly transposed from the Russian language to "American" English. Printed with exceptional quality with minimum margins, the binding is quite adequate. Fourteen chapters deal with all the major established topics: optical, kinetic-molecular, electrical, mechanical, and structural properties, adsorption at interfaces, purification, stability, and surfactants. Aerosols, emulsions, and gels are treated in separate chapters and a lengthy discussion of macromolecular systems concludes the book. A thorough index is supplied. The level of the book matches that of the college senior or first year university graduate student
which form shales and their interaction with entrained organic matter, resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons. The influence of bioorganie compounds on the chemistry of geocolloids may be surprising. Much of the organic matter in the ocean exists in solution, Sugars, fats, proteins, urea, aliphatic acids, and many other compounds have been detected. However, the major organic components of sediments come from phytoplankton. The gradual transformation of fresh argillaceous sediments to shales is described. The contained organic matter is converted to the complex polymeric intermediate, keragen, which in turn is converted under geothermal conditions to petroleum. The changes that occur are described in detail. The book appears almost free of typographical errors and is clearly printed and well bound. The writing is clear and concise. References at the end of each chapter appear adequate. However, the subject index fails to list all pages on which a given subject appears, e.g., fulvic acid, page 367; silicic acid, page 264; opal, page 266, etc. The table of contents is a helpful guide. The authors are to be congratulated on their success in weaving the fundamentals of colloid chemistry into the subject of geochemistry so that the colloid aspects of the latter can be easily understood. RALPH K. ILER
811 Haines Avenue Wilmington, Delaware 19809 Received June 8, 1979 insofar as background needed to comprehend the text. The book offers a blend of established theory with sufficient applications to orient the subject to the real world, stopping short of delving into prescriptive recipes. As an academic textbook, the present volume lacks chapter summaries and problem exercises, and the literature references are confined mostly to Russian sources. On the other hand, this book appears to be somewhat rare these days as a modern colloidal chemistry text and might well be of interest to the ingenious academician who can supplement it with problems and literature exercises. For the general reader, this book offers an appropriate, up-to-date s u r v e y of the field, all at a surprisingly reasonable price.
W . H . SLABAUGH
Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 72, No. 1, October 15, 1979
Received June 14, 1979