- Email: [email protected]
Comparative Analysis – State of Development of the Social Economy in the EU and in Romania
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
2nd GLOBAL CONFERENCE on BUSINESS, ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT and TOURISM, 30-31 October 2014, Prague, Czech Republic
Comparative Analysis – State of Development of the Social Economy in the EU and in Romania Florina Oana Virlanuta a* a
The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 6 Piata Romana, 1st district, Bucharest, 010374 Romania
Abstract The global economy has entered a new era, changing components of competitiveness and generating new sources of growth. Development of social economy involving all three key factors: smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Social economy enterprises are present in almost every sector of the economy, such as banking, insurance, agriculture, craft, various commercial services, and health and social services. Given the importance of this sector, we intend to achieve in this paper a blueprint for development of the social economy in the European Union and in Romania. Research methodology. Based on bibliographic documents social economy, we analyzed the social economy development stage, we identified characteristics and importance of this sector and we draw conclusions on the proposed research topic. Strategy research on this topic includes the following steps: Search and colle-ct data using methods, techniques and tools for observation and investigation of reality; Preliminary analysis involving methods, techniques and tools for handling data, logical analysis and interpretation; Formulate hypotheses using construction methods statements and proposed solutions, provisionally, to be checked © The Authors. Authors.Published Publishedby byElsevier ElsevierB.V. B.V. © 2014 2015 The This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center. Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center Keywords: social economy, sustainable growth, inclusive growth
1. Introduction Legislative concerns regarding the organization and development of social economy at the european level, existed, but only a few years ago, the social economy has emerged as part of the national economy as a whole
* Florina Oana Virlanuta. Tel.: +40 744 123 154 E-mail address: [email protected]
2212-5671 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00500-6
336
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
In December 1989 the Commission adopted a Communication on "business in social economy sector". For several years up to 1998 various projects and activities were financed to promote the sector.
NGO'S Social cooperative Social affairs Figure 1 The most popular forms of organization of social economy Source:Made by the author
In 2000, the autonomous European Standing Conference (Conférence Européenne Permanente - CEP) of Cooperatives, Mutual societies, Associations and Foundations (CEP-CMAF) was created. Two representatives of the sector also have a seat on the Enterprise Policy Group. In 2008, the CEP-CMAF changed its name to Social Economy Europe. The European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of Regions have on several occasions pointed to the need for Community actions to take full account of the Social Economy's potential for economic growth, employment and citizen participation, Social economy enterprises benefit from Community programmes aimed at helping SMEs, such as the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme. As SMEs, they also benefit from specially targeted regional development funds and research programmes. In order to promote this special form of entrepreneurship, the Commission finances various projects in areas such as examining and reviewing legislation, identifying and sharing good practices, and collecting statistical data. In 1992 the Commission submitted three proposals to the Council: i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Mutual (insurance society) i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Association These three Regulations were accompanied by three similar Directives imposing the employees involvement in the decision making process of their European businesses. In 2003 the Statute for a European Co-operative was adopted. The other two draft Regulations (and annexed Directives) were withdrawn in 2006 by the Commission due to lack of progress in the legislative process.
Figure 2 Role of the social economy Source:Made by the author
Social economy now enjoys for a special attention at the European level, there are multiple programs for funding and support the development of this sector.
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
337
2. Social economy in Europa A significant proportion of Europe's economy is organised to make profits not only for investors. The so-called Social Economy, including cooperatives, mutual societies, non-profit associations, foundations and social enterprises, provides a wide range of products and services across Europe and generates millions of jobs. When policy-makers work to improve the business environment in Europe, they need to ensure that their efforts take account of the specific characteristics of enterprises, particularly SMEs, in the Social Economy. Companies set up to make a profit for their owners are not the only form of enterprise. In many areas of economic activity, groups of individuals have got together to set up their own structure to promote their own or general public interests. The basis of such structures is membership and solidarity. Members vote on the direction the enterprise takes, and it then acts in their common interests. From the village farmers who set up a co-operative to market their produce more effectively, to the group of savers who set up a mutual-fund to ensure they each receive a decent pension, by way of charities and organisations offering services of general interest, the social economy touches a huge range of individuals across Europe. (Defourny, 2004) There are more than 11 million jobs in the social economy across Europe, but membership of social economy enterprises is much wider, with estimates ranging as high as 160 million. Millions of members therefore depend on such enterprises in areas such as healthcare. Social economy enterprises are characterised by a strong personal involvement of its members in the management of the company and the absence of seeking profits in order to remunerate shareholders capital. (Yunus, 2010) Due to their specific way of doing business which associates economic performance, democratic operation and solidarity amongst members, they also contribute to the implementation of important Community objectives, particularly in the fields of employment, social cohesion, regional and rural development, environmental protection, consumer protection, and social security policies. Social economy enterprises represent 2 million enterprises (i.e. 10% of all European businesses) and employ over 11 million paid employees (the equivalent of 6% of the working population of the EU): out of these, 70% are employed in non-profit associations, 26% in cooperatives and 3% in mutuals. Social economy entities are enterprises - in the majority micro, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) - and, as such, they are part of the Commission's enterprise policy aiming at promoting enterprises, in general and more specifically SMEs, independently of their business form. The EU policy in this area aims at creating a favourable regulatory environment for social economy enterprises so that they grow and prosper alongside other enterprises. The actions foreseen in the Small Business Act for Europe, adopted in June 2008 by the Commission, and designed to support all SMEs, also benefit social economy enterprises to face the challenges arising out of globalisation, rapid technological change and global economic downturn. Common Characteristics of Social Economy Enterprises i They contribute to a more efficient market competition and encourage solidarity and cohesion. i Their primary purpose is not to obtain a return on capital. They are, by nature, part of a stakeholder economy, whose enterprises are created by and for those with common needs, and accountable to those they are meant to serve. i They are run generally in accordance with the principle of solidarity and mutuality and managed by the members on the basis of the rule of "one man, one vote". i They are flexible and innovative (they meet changing social and economic circumstances). i They are based on active membership and commitment and very frequently on voluntary participation. i The economic and social significance of Social Economy enterprises is widely recognized. Their importance is also growing in the face of new emerging needs. The aim of the Commission's policy towards "social economy" enterprises is to guarantee to them a level playing field in which they can compete effectively in their markets and on equal terms with other forms of enterprise, without any regulatory discrimination and respecting their particular principles, needs, particular goals, ethos and working style.
338
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
3. Social economy in Romania In Romania, is a high potential for the development of social economy. The number of private organizations that can activate the social economy has grown considerably during the transition period. Since 2010, the social economy sector has increased from year to year. One explanation could be that, during 2010 - 2012, the economic environment started to recover after years of crisis. Also, maybe this growth is due to European funds were attracted to Romania. Finally, another explanation for the growth of the sector lies in improving certain public policies. Associations and foundations were the same as in previous years, the largest OES in 2012, they accounted for 85% of the OES, OES assets accounted for 52%, 63% of revenue OES and 59% force labor employed by sector. (Cacea, 2013) In 2012, nearly 2% of Romanian employees working in the social economy field with annual revenues of about 12.3 billion lei. The social economy in Romania's over 39,300 functional organizations, with current assets of nearly 14 billion USD, revenues of about 12.3 billion lei and more than 131,000 employees, showing Atlas of Social Economy (2014) by the Institute of Social Economy (IES) of the Foundation for Civil Society Development. The study is based on 2012 data collected from various official sources, including the National Institute of Statistics (INS). The main areas of activity of enterprises in the social economy are services, agriculture, food industry, trade and industrial production. An social activity is proven to be efficient if the social objective pursued and also answer if it satisfies the need for which financial resources were consumed. The development of social economy in Romania may contribute to the regulation of at least three major labor market imbalances: unemployment, employment instability and social exclusion workforce. Globalization, development of niche activities and provides information technology support services needed to develop and increase performance in activities of social economy. Atlas of Social Economy, at the third edition includes information about social enterprises Romanian, given that, until now, there were no official statistics on economic activities undertaken by NGOs through companies. In 2012, social economy organizations (ESOs) of Romania had 903 companies (registered with the Trade Register Office), of which 682 were active (with sheet filed under NIS databases). Almost 95% of social enterprises active in the of 2012 were held by associations and foundations. Only 3.37% were owned cooperatives, while 0.73% belonged to unions. Companies owned by OES were in two years ago, about 17,400 employees and average social enterprise was 26 employees. (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) "In 2012, the average gross salary / year / employee / company owned by OES was 24.214 lei, otherwise expressed - the average gross salary / month / employee / company owned by OES was 2.018 lei, a level very close to average gross wage in the country in 2012, which was 2.117 lei, which means that these companies have managed to create decent paid jobs, "according to the study. (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) An employee of a social enterprise producing in 2012, 66.14 lei income / hour. More than one third (34.2%) of social enterprises registered in 2012 had 1-5 employees. Only 4.5% of companies owned by OES had a profit of 500.000 lei in 2012.
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
339
Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population
1,90%
1,75% 1,7%
2011 2012 2013 Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population
Figure. 3 Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population in Romania Source: Atlas of Social Economy (2014) by the Institute of Social Economy (IES)
Overall, the social economy sector employees represented by the end of 2013, 1.9% of the total employed population in Romania, up to 2012, when the share was 1.75%, and 2011 (1.7%). Social economy contributed nearly half a billion lei from the state budget in 2012, by paying taxes. In comparison, in 2011, the taxes and contributions paid was about 335 million lei. Comparing these amounts to the total taxes on income, profits and capital gains from businesses and employers contributions from state budgets in 2012 and 2011, consider a contribution to the social economy sector by 4.18% in total corporate taxes and employer contributions in 2012, up from 3.04% weight they had in 2011, ". (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) The number of active organizations increased by almost 14% in 2012 compared to 2011, assets increased by over 26% during that period, while total income rose by more than 31%. However, in late 2012, the social economy had over 131,000 employees, an increase of 21.2% compared to 2011. 4. Conclusions Our research demonstrates that social economy can be a viable tool that can help ensure inclusive labor markets. In the current financial and economic market conditions, the focus should be on job creation, quality and sustainable. Development of social economy can contribute to: i Reduce spending on social assistance, i Increase responsibility of persons in vulnerable groups, i Development of local consum medium and long term for certain products by increasing the income of employed in the social economy, i Development of a new type of entrepreneurship and creating a business environment responsibly, i Increasing employment opportunities, i Developing an economy based on social cohesion. The importance of social economy entities is justified by the fact that the social economy has developed lately in Europe at a rate greater than the economic environment
340
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
Acknowledgement „This paper was co-financed from the European Social Fund, through the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/159/1.5/S/138907 "Excellence in scientific interdisciplinary research, doctoral and postdoctoral, in the economic, social and medical fields - EXCELIS", coordinator The Bucharest University of Economic Studies”. References Brussels E.M.E.S., European Network, 2000. The emergence of Social Enterprises in Europe: A short overview Cacea, S., Stănescu, S. (2013). Role of the Social Economy to Increase Social Inclusion - (Lumen International Conference Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty - LUMEN), www.sciencedirect.com, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 92 (2013) 117-121 CIRIEC, 2000. The enterprises and organizations of the third system. A strategic challenge for employment. Defourny, J., (2004). Social Enterprises in an enlarged Europe: concepts and realities. Defourny, J., Borzaga, C. (2001). The Emergence of Social Enterprise in Europe, London, Routledge. Institute of Social Economy, 2014. Atlas of Social Economy Yunus, M. (2010). Developmet of social affairs, Curtea Veche Publising House, Bucharest
ScienceDirect Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
2nd GLOBAL CONFERENCE on BUSINESS, ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT and TOURISM, 30-31 October 2014, Prague, Czech Republic
Comparative Analysis – State of Development of the Social Economy in the EU and in Romania Florina Oana Virlanuta a* a
The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 6 Piata Romana, 1st district, Bucharest, 010374 Romania
Abstract The global economy has entered a new era, changing components of competitiveness and generating new sources of growth. Development of social economy involving all three key factors: smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Social economy enterprises are present in almost every sector of the economy, such as banking, insurance, agriculture, craft, various commercial services, and health and social services. Given the importance of this sector, we intend to achieve in this paper a blueprint for development of the social economy in the European Union and in Romania. Research methodology. Based on bibliographic documents social economy, we analyzed the social economy development stage, we identified characteristics and importance of this sector and we draw conclusions on the proposed research topic. Strategy research on this topic includes the following steps: Search and colle-ct data using methods, techniques and tools for observation and investigation of reality; Preliminary analysis involving methods, techniques and tools for handling data, logical analysis and interpretation; Formulate hypotheses using construction methods statements and proposed solutions, provisionally, to be checked © The Authors. Authors.Published Publishedby byElsevier ElsevierB.V. B.V. © 2014 2015 The This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center. Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center Keywords: social economy, sustainable growth, inclusive growth
1. Introduction Legislative concerns regarding the organization and development of social economy at the european level, existed, but only a few years ago, the social economy has emerged as part of the national economy as a whole
* Florina Oana Virlanuta. Tel.: +40 744 123 154 E-mail address: [email protected]
2212-5671 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Selection and/ peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Research and Education Center doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00500-6
336
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
In December 1989 the Commission adopted a Communication on "business in social economy sector". For several years up to 1998 various projects and activities were financed to promote the sector.
NGO'S Social cooperative Social affairs Figure 1 The most popular forms of organization of social economy Source:Made by the author
In 2000, the autonomous European Standing Conference (Conférence Européenne Permanente - CEP) of Cooperatives, Mutual societies, Associations and Foundations (CEP-CMAF) was created. Two representatives of the sector also have a seat on the Enterprise Policy Group. In 2008, the CEP-CMAF changed its name to Social Economy Europe. The European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of Regions have on several occasions pointed to the need for Community actions to take full account of the Social Economy's potential for economic growth, employment and citizen participation, Social economy enterprises benefit from Community programmes aimed at helping SMEs, such as the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme. As SMEs, they also benefit from specially targeted regional development funds and research programmes. In order to promote this special form of entrepreneurship, the Commission finances various projects in areas such as examining and reviewing legislation, identifying and sharing good practices, and collecting statistical data. In 1992 the Commission submitted three proposals to the Council: i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Mutual (insurance society) i Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Association These three Regulations were accompanied by three similar Directives imposing the employees involvement in the decision making process of their European businesses. In 2003 the Statute for a European Co-operative was adopted. The other two draft Regulations (and annexed Directives) were withdrawn in 2006 by the Commission due to lack of progress in the legislative process.
Figure 2 Role of the social economy Source:Made by the author
Social economy now enjoys for a special attention at the European level, there are multiple programs for funding and support the development of this sector.
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
337
2. Social economy in Europa A significant proportion of Europe's economy is organised to make profits not only for investors. The so-called Social Economy, including cooperatives, mutual societies, non-profit associations, foundations and social enterprises, provides a wide range of products and services across Europe and generates millions of jobs. When policy-makers work to improve the business environment in Europe, they need to ensure that their efforts take account of the specific characteristics of enterprises, particularly SMEs, in the Social Economy. Companies set up to make a profit for their owners are not the only form of enterprise. In many areas of economic activity, groups of individuals have got together to set up their own structure to promote their own or general public interests. The basis of such structures is membership and solidarity. Members vote on the direction the enterprise takes, and it then acts in their common interests. From the village farmers who set up a co-operative to market their produce more effectively, to the group of savers who set up a mutual-fund to ensure they each receive a decent pension, by way of charities and organisations offering services of general interest, the social economy touches a huge range of individuals across Europe. (Defourny, 2004) There are more than 11 million jobs in the social economy across Europe, but membership of social economy enterprises is much wider, with estimates ranging as high as 160 million. Millions of members therefore depend on such enterprises in areas such as healthcare. Social economy enterprises are characterised by a strong personal involvement of its members in the management of the company and the absence of seeking profits in order to remunerate shareholders capital. (Yunus, 2010) Due to their specific way of doing business which associates economic performance, democratic operation and solidarity amongst members, they also contribute to the implementation of important Community objectives, particularly in the fields of employment, social cohesion, regional and rural development, environmental protection, consumer protection, and social security policies. Social economy enterprises represent 2 million enterprises (i.e. 10% of all European businesses) and employ over 11 million paid employees (the equivalent of 6% of the working population of the EU): out of these, 70% are employed in non-profit associations, 26% in cooperatives and 3% in mutuals. Social economy entities are enterprises - in the majority micro, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) - and, as such, they are part of the Commission's enterprise policy aiming at promoting enterprises, in general and more specifically SMEs, independently of their business form. The EU policy in this area aims at creating a favourable regulatory environment for social economy enterprises so that they grow and prosper alongside other enterprises. The actions foreseen in the Small Business Act for Europe, adopted in June 2008 by the Commission, and designed to support all SMEs, also benefit social economy enterprises to face the challenges arising out of globalisation, rapid technological change and global economic downturn. Common Characteristics of Social Economy Enterprises i They contribute to a more efficient market competition and encourage solidarity and cohesion. i Their primary purpose is not to obtain a return on capital. They are, by nature, part of a stakeholder economy, whose enterprises are created by and for those with common needs, and accountable to those they are meant to serve. i They are run generally in accordance with the principle of solidarity and mutuality and managed by the members on the basis of the rule of "one man, one vote". i They are flexible and innovative (they meet changing social and economic circumstances). i They are based on active membership and commitment and very frequently on voluntary participation. i The economic and social significance of Social Economy enterprises is widely recognized. Their importance is also growing in the face of new emerging needs. The aim of the Commission's policy towards "social economy" enterprises is to guarantee to them a level playing field in which they can compete effectively in their markets and on equal terms with other forms of enterprise, without any regulatory discrimination and respecting their particular principles, needs, particular goals, ethos and working style.
338
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
3. Social economy in Romania In Romania, is a high potential for the development of social economy. The number of private organizations that can activate the social economy has grown considerably during the transition period. Since 2010, the social economy sector has increased from year to year. One explanation could be that, during 2010 - 2012, the economic environment started to recover after years of crisis. Also, maybe this growth is due to European funds were attracted to Romania. Finally, another explanation for the growth of the sector lies in improving certain public policies. Associations and foundations were the same as in previous years, the largest OES in 2012, they accounted for 85% of the OES, OES assets accounted for 52%, 63% of revenue OES and 59% force labor employed by sector. (Cacea, 2013) In 2012, nearly 2% of Romanian employees working in the social economy field with annual revenues of about 12.3 billion lei. The social economy in Romania's over 39,300 functional organizations, with current assets of nearly 14 billion USD, revenues of about 12.3 billion lei and more than 131,000 employees, showing Atlas of Social Economy (2014) by the Institute of Social Economy (IES) of the Foundation for Civil Society Development. The study is based on 2012 data collected from various official sources, including the National Institute of Statistics (INS). The main areas of activity of enterprises in the social economy are services, agriculture, food industry, trade and industrial production. An social activity is proven to be efficient if the social objective pursued and also answer if it satisfies the need for which financial resources were consumed. The development of social economy in Romania may contribute to the regulation of at least three major labor market imbalances: unemployment, employment instability and social exclusion workforce. Globalization, development of niche activities and provides information technology support services needed to develop and increase performance in activities of social economy. Atlas of Social Economy, at the third edition includes information about social enterprises Romanian, given that, until now, there were no official statistics on economic activities undertaken by NGOs through companies. In 2012, social economy organizations (ESOs) of Romania had 903 companies (registered with the Trade Register Office), of which 682 were active (with sheet filed under NIS databases). Almost 95% of social enterprises active in the of 2012 were held by associations and foundations. Only 3.37% were owned cooperatives, while 0.73% belonged to unions. Companies owned by OES were in two years ago, about 17,400 employees and average social enterprise was 26 employees. (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) "In 2012, the average gross salary / year / employee / company owned by OES was 24.214 lei, otherwise expressed - the average gross salary / month / employee / company owned by OES was 2.018 lei, a level very close to average gross wage in the country in 2012, which was 2.117 lei, which means that these companies have managed to create decent paid jobs, "according to the study. (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) An employee of a social enterprise producing in 2012, 66.14 lei income / hour. More than one third (34.2%) of social enterprises registered in 2012 had 1-5 employees. Only 4.5% of companies owned by OES had a profit of 500.000 lei in 2012.
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
339
Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population
1,90%
1,75% 1,7%
2011 2012 2013 Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population
Figure. 3 Share of population employed in the social economy sector in the total employed population in Romania Source: Atlas of Social Economy (2014) by the Institute of Social Economy (IES)
Overall, the social economy sector employees represented by the end of 2013, 1.9% of the total employed population in Romania, up to 2012, when the share was 1.75%, and 2011 (1.7%). Social economy contributed nearly half a billion lei from the state budget in 2012, by paying taxes. In comparison, in 2011, the taxes and contributions paid was about 335 million lei. Comparing these amounts to the total taxes on income, profits and capital gains from businesses and employers contributions from state budgets in 2012 and 2011, consider a contribution to the social economy sector by 4.18% in total corporate taxes and employer contributions in 2012, up from 3.04% weight they had in 2011, ". (Institute of Social Economy, 2014) The number of active organizations increased by almost 14% in 2012 compared to 2011, assets increased by over 26% during that period, while total income rose by more than 31%. However, in late 2012, the social economy had over 131,000 employees, an increase of 21.2% compared to 2011. 4. Conclusions Our research demonstrates that social economy can be a viable tool that can help ensure inclusive labor markets. In the current financial and economic market conditions, the focus should be on job creation, quality and sustainable. Development of social economy can contribute to: i Reduce spending on social assistance, i Increase responsibility of persons in vulnerable groups, i Development of local consum medium and long term for certain products by increasing the income of employed in the social economy, i Development of a new type of entrepreneurship and creating a business environment responsibly, i Increasing employment opportunities, i Developing an economy based on social cohesion. The importance of social economy entities is justified by the fact that the social economy has developed lately in Europe at a rate greater than the economic environment
340
Florina Oana Virlanuta / Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 335 – 340
Acknowledgement „This paper was co-financed from the European Social Fund, through the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/159/1.5/S/138907 "Excellence in scientific interdisciplinary research, doctoral and postdoctoral, in the economic, social and medical fields - EXCELIS", coordinator The Bucharest University of Economic Studies”. References Brussels E.M.E.S., European Network, 2000. The emergence of Social Enterprises in Europe: A short overview Cacea, S., Stănescu, S. (2013). Role of the Social Economy to Increase Social Inclusion - (Lumen International Conference Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty - LUMEN), www.sciencedirect.com, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 92 (2013) 117-121 CIRIEC, 2000. The enterprises and organizations of the third system. A strategic challenge for employment. Defourny, J., (2004). Social Enterprises in an enlarged Europe: concepts and realities. Defourny, J., Borzaga, C. (2001). The Emergence of Social Enterprise in Europe, London, Routledge. Institute of Social Economy, 2014. Atlas of Social Economy Yunus, M. (2010). Developmet of social affairs, Curtea Veche Publising House, Bucharest