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Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases of Paediatrics (Part 3)
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English Translation of TCM
Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases of Paediatrics (Part 3) Zhao-guo Li1,2, Xi-ru Liu3 1. College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China 2. Secretariat of Translation Specialty Committee, World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Shanghai 200234, China 3. Department of Acupuncture, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China Keywords: linguistics; terminology; translation; English; terms, traditional Chinese medicine; paediatrics (TCM) Citation: Li ZG, Liu XR. Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases of Paediatrics (Part 3). J Integr Med. 2015; 13(3): 201–204.
The following is a continued analysis about the third group of terms related to paediatrics in TCM included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region (abbreviated as the WPRO Standard)[1] and the International Standard ChineseEnglish Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard)[2], according to explanations made in the book entitled A Great Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[3], Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine [4] and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods[5]. 疰夏 summer non-acclimatization: children’s disease usually occurring in summer, with symptoms of lassitude, dyspepsia, and abnormal bowel movements The term 疰夏 , also known as 注夏 , traditionally refers to three pathological conditions: a disease usually occurring
in summer and characterized by sudden dizziness, headache, lassitude, weakness of feet, fever, poor appetite, frequent yawning, dysphoria and spontaneous sweating; one kind of consumptive disease characterized by floating pulse, feverish hands and feet, spontaneous emission of cold sperm, inability of feet to walk because of weakness and fullness of lower abdomen; and summer wilting disease caused by weakness of the stomach and spleen due to retention of dampness-heat in the stomach in summer. 痘疮 ; 天花 smallpox: an acute highly contagious febrile disease characterized by skin eruptions with pustules, sloughing, and scar formation, the same as variola The term 痘疮 is also known as 天痘 , 天行痘 , 天疮 , 天行发癍疮 , 疫疠疱疮 , 豌豆疮 , 百日疮 and 虎寄疮 in TCM due to different analysis and description in different books by different scholars. Although the nomenclature is different, the meaning is the same, all referring to smallpox. This disease was eradicated in China since the 1950s and in the whole world since 1960s.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60177-7 Received April 5, 2015; accepted April 12, 2015. Correspondence: Zhao-guo Li, MD, Professor; E-mail: [email protected]
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麻 疹 measles: an acute epidemic eruptive disease marked by fever and generalized maculopapular rash preceded by cough, nasal discharge, profuse tearing, and white speckles inside the mouth The term 麻疹 , also known as 瘖子 , 麻证 , 痧子 , 肤 证 , 糠 疮 and 粰 疮 , was first used in the book entitled Mazheng Xinshu (《麻证新书》, A New Book of Measles) compiled by Hua Boren ( 滑 伯 仁 ) in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 AD). Such a disease is usually located in the lung and spleen meridians, mainly seen among children in any season. 痧 exanthem: a general term for skin eruption or rash, but usually referring to measles The term 痧 mainly refers to skin diseases like measles caused by attack of filthy factors. In the book entitled Gufang Xuanzhu (《古方选注》, Selection and Explanation of Ancient Fomulae) compiled by Wang Zijie ( 王 子 接 ) in the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD), it says that “ 痧 is either caused by dampness with cold and heat, or congealing of cold dampness in the meridians, or stagnation of dampness-heat in the meridians in summer, or invasion of filthy factors through the nose that obstruct meridian qi, or retention of food in the stomach that stagnates qi in the internal organs, consequently leading to abdominal fullness that causes great pain and even coma.” In the WFCMS Standard[2], 痧 is translated into “rash of measles” and “filthy-attack disease”. Comparatively speaking, to translate it as “exanthem” seems more concise and natural. 风疹 ; 风痧 ( 病 ) rubella: a contagious eruptive disease caused by seasonal wind-heat or wind-heat toxin, and marked by mild fever, followed by enlargement of postauricular and suboccipital lymph nodes, and the appearance of pink maculo-papular rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized The term 风 疹 was first used in the 5th volume of the book entitled Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (《 备 急 千 金 要 方》, Golden Prescriptions for Emergency) compiled by Sun Simiao ( 孙思邈 ), honored as the King of Medicine, in the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) and Tang Dynasty (619–907 AD). Such a disease, often seen among children less than five years old and usually occurring in spring, is clinically treated by clearing away heat and removing toxin with Yinqiao San ( 银翘散 , Lonicea and Fosythia Powder) or modified Xiaodu Yin ( 消毒饮 , Toxin-Removing Decoction). 喉痧 ; 烂喉丹痧 ; 丹痧 ; 疫痧 ; 烂喉风 scarlatina: an acute seasonal infectious disease marked by swelling and erosion of the throat, erythematous rash and raspberry tongue The term 喉 痧 refers to a disease similar to scarlatina that usually occurs in winter and spring, often caused by pestilent factors that invade the lung and attack the throat through the mouth and nose, consequently leading to May 2015, Vol.13, No.3
severe pain that makes it difficult to drink water, burst of alternate cold and fever as well as general rash hidden in the skin of hands, feet and back. Clinically it is treated by releasing the external with herbs hot and cool in nature, clearing away heat to remove toxin, and enriching fluid to nourish yin. 水 痘 ; 水 疱 ; 水 花 ; 水 疮 chickenpox: an acute contagious disease caused by seasonal toxin and manifested by fever and bursts of macular and papular eruptions followed by incrustation but no scar formation, the same as varicella The term 水痘 was first used in the book entitled Douzhen Fanglun (《痘疹方论》, Discussion About Treatment of Chickenpox) compiled by Cai Weifan ( 蔡 维 藩 ) in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). If caused by wind-heat with dampness, it can be treated by expelling wind and clearing heat supplemented by draining dampness with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder added with Talcum; if caused by exuberant heat toxin, it can be treated by clearing heat and removing toxin with modified Wuwei Xiaodu Yin ( 五味消 毒饮 , Five-Ingredient Toxin-Eliminating Decoction). 痄 腮 ; 腮 肿 mumps: an epidemic disease caused by wind-heat toxin and characterized by painful swelling of one or both parotid glands The term 痄腮 , also known as 炸腮 , 含腮疮 and 蛤蟆 瘟 , was first used in the book entitled Youke Jinzhen (《 幼 科 金 针 》, Acupuncture for Pediatrics) compiled by Qin Jingming ( 秦景明 ) in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). This disease, often seen among children, tends to occur in winter and spring, usually caused by wind-warm toxin that invades the body through the mouth and nose, stagnating in the Shaoyang meridian and retaining in the cheeks. It can be treated by dispersing wind, clearing heat and removing toxin with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder, Puji Xiaodu Yin ( 普济消毒饮 , Universal Relief Decoction of Eliminating Toxin) and Five-Ingredient Toxin-Eliminating Decoction. 白 喉 ; 白 缠 喉 diphtheria: an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, sore throat and the formation of white false membrane attached firmly to the pharynx, larynx and nose The term 白喉 , also known as 白菌 , was first used in the book entitled Shiyi Baihou Jieyao (《时疫白喉捷要》, Concise Analysis of Diphtheria Caused by Seasonal Pestilent Factors). This disease is either caused by invasion of seasonal pestilent factors through the mouth and nose or by invasion of wind-heat with retention of heat toxin in the throat due to frequent weakness of the lung and deficiency of yin. Clinically it can be treated by nourishing yin and clearing the lung with Yangyin Qingfei Tang ( 养阴清肺汤 , Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction). If complicated by external syndromes with the symptoms of sore-throat, redness of eyes and foul breath, the treatment should focus on releasing the external with Shenxian Huoming Tang ( 神 仙
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活 命 汤 , Life-Saving Decoction); if complicated by yin deficiency, the treatment should focus on nourishing yin and clearing heat with Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction; if complicated by obstruction of phlegm-fire, the treatment should focus on clearing the lung and reducing phlegm with Houzao San ( 猴枣散 , Rhesus Macaque Bezoar Powder). 顿咳 whooping cough: an acute contagious infection of the respiratory system with characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs which end with a long shrill and whooping inspiration, referring to pertussis The term 顿咳 , normally known as 百日咳 , was first used in the book entitled Yixue Zhengzhuan (《医学正传》, Authentic Discussion of Medicine) compiled by Yu Tuan ( 虞抟 ) and published in 1515 in the Ming Dynasty (1368– 1644 AD). Such a disease, often seen among children less than five years old, is usually caused by lung qi failing to diffuse, stagnated qi transforming into heat and retained liquid changing into phlegm due to invasion of seasonal pestilent factors. At the early stage, characterized by invasion of pathogenic factors into the lung and stomach, the treatment focuses on diffusing the lung and dispersing pathogenic factors; at the middle stage, characterized by pathogenic heat lingering in the lung, the treatment focuses on clearing heat and diffusing the lung; at the late stage, characterized by damage of lung and stomach yin as well as hemoptysis, the treatment focuses on clearing dryness and moistening the lung. 夜啼 night crying: morbid night crying in babies, but quiet at daytime The term 夜啼 was first used in the 47th volume of the book entitled Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (《 诸 病 源 候 论》, General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases) compiled by Chao Yuanfang ( 巢元方 ) in 610 in the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD). This disease is either caused by spleen coldness characterized by blue and white complexion, coldness of hands and abdomen, no desire to suck milk and twisted waist; or caused by heart heat characterized by redness of face and lips, feverishness of the body and abdomen, dysuria and restlessness. If caused by spleen coldness, it can be treated by warming therapy as well as activating the blood to promote qi movement with Gouteng Yin ( 钩藤饮 , Sharpleaf Gambiplant Decoction); if caused by heart heat, it can be treated by clearing therapy as well as tranquilizing the mind to eliminate restlessness with modified Daochi San ( 导赤散 , Redness-Removing Powder). 客忤夜啼 night crying due to fright: night crying in babies caused by fright The term 客 忤 夜 啼 was first used in the book entitled Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun (《三因极一病证方论》, Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine) compiled by Chen Yan ( 陈 言 ) and published Journal of Integrative Medicine
in 1174 in the Song Dynasty (960—1279 AD). Such a problem is often caused by fight and stimulation among babies, characterized by frequent change of complexion, anger due to qi stagnation, burst of crying in sleeping, drooling of white and blue liquid, and repeated convulsion. It can be treated in the same way as that for 客忤. 客忤 fright seizure: a seizure of fright that causes vomiting, abdominal pain, and even convulsions The term 客忤 , also known as 中客忤 , 中客 , 中人 and 少小客忤 , was first used in the 46 volume of Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine. Such a problem is often seen among babies due to fright with the same manifestations of that of 客 忤 夜 啼 . Clinically it can be treated by modified Anhun Wan ( 安 魂 丸 , SoulSoothing Pill). If phlegm and heat are exuberant, the formulae for sweeping phlegm and clearing heat can be used to treat it, such as Wendan Tang ( 温 胆 汤 , GallbladderWarming Decoction) added with Gouteng ( 钩藤 , Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis, branchlet of sharpleaf gambirplant) and Sangzhi ( 桑 枝 , Ramulus Mori, branchlet of white mulberry). Literally, 客忤 means infantile convulsive seizures due to fright, to translate it as “fright seizure” seems more concise. In the WFCMS Standard[2], it is translated as “infantile fright”, seems more clearer, because this disease is often concerned with babies. 胎黄 ; 胎疸 neonatal jaundice: yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera seen in the newborn The term 胎疸 was first used in the 46 volume of Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine. The term 胎黄 was first used in the book entitled Youyou Tiejing (《幼幼铁镜》, Iron Mirror of Pediatrics) compiled by Xia Dingzhuan ( 夏鼎撰 ) in 1695 in the Qing Dynasty (1636– 1912 AD). Although different in characters, the two terms mean the same thing. Such an infantile problem is usually caused by maternal dampness-heat. Traditionally it is treated by clearing heat and resolving dampness with modified Yinchenhao Tang ( 茵陈蒿汤 , Virgate Wormwood Decoction). Sometime it may be caused by insufficiency of source qi and weakness of spleen qi that fails to resolve coldness and dampness, which can be treated by warming the spleen and resolving dampness with Lizhong Tang ( 理中 汤 , Middle-Regulating Decoction) added with Yinchenhao ( 茵陈蒿 , Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, virgate wormwood herb). 胎赤fetal redness: abnormal redness of the skin in a newborn, often due to affection by toxic heat at the fetal stage, the same as erythroderma neonatorum The term 胎赤 was first used in the book entitled Zhengzhi Zhunsheng (《证治准绳》, Criteria for Treatment of Syndromes) compiled by Wang Kentang ( 王 肯 堂 ) in 1602 the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). It can be treated by clearing heat and harmonizing the blood with Qingre Jiedu Tang ( 清热解毒汤 , Heat-Clearing and Toxin-Removing
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Decoction). 脐风 umbilical wind: a disease of the newborn characterized by cyanotic lips, lockjaw, generalized tonic spasm and tetanic convulsions, referring to neonatal tetanus The term 脐风 was first used in the 5th volume of Golden Prescriptions for Emergency. It can be treated by dredging meridians, settling convulsion and stopping wind with the Cuofeng San ( 撮风散 , Wind-Stopping Powder). To translate 脐风 into “umbilical wind” is obviously literal, but still understandable. In WFCMS Standard[2], it is translated as “neonatal tetanus”, appearing more clearer in meaning, but seeming too modernized. 脐湿 umbilical dampness: a condition of wetness of and possible exudation from the umbilicus after the umbilical cord has been shed, referring to omphalorrhea The term 脐湿 was first used in the book entitled Luxin Jing (《颅囟经》, Canon of Infantile Fontanel) written in ancient times and lost in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD), the author of which was still unknown. This problem is often caused by improper nursing and can be treated by medications effective for astringency and astriction. 脐疮 umbilical sores: redness and swelling of the umbilicus or ulceration spreading around the umbilicus with purulent exudation The term 脐疮 , also known as 脐中生疮 , was first used in the 50th volume of General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases. It is mainly caused by umbilical dampness with infection of toxic elements. The symptoms also include fever, restlessness, redness of lips and dryness of mouth. Clinically it is treated by clearing heat and removing toxin and supplemented by dispersing wind and
stopping itching. 脐疝 ; 脐突 umbilical hernia: a type of abdominal hernia in which part of the intestine protrudes at the umbilicus and is covered with skin, sometimes red and swollen The term 脐 突 was first used in the 4th volume of the book entitled Waike Dacheng (《外科大成》, Full Collection of External Medicine) compiled by Qi Kun ( 祁坤 ) in 1665 in the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD). This problem is often caused by retention of heat in the fetus, or by improper cutting of the umbilical cord, or by repeated crying after birth, or by frequent cough. Clinically it can be treated by clearing heat with Shaoyao Tang ( 芍药汤 , Peony Decoction) or external application of Waixiao San ( 外消散 , External Releasing Powder). REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5
World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the Western pacific region. 2007. Li ZJ. International standard Chinese-English basic nomenclature of Chinese medicine. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House. 2008. Chinese. Li JW. A great dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House. 2014. Chinese-English. Ou M. Chinese-English dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Press. 1986. Chinese-English. Li ZG. International standardization of English translation of traditional Chinese medicine: study of theory, summarization of practice and exploration of methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. 2008. Chinese.
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Available also online at www.sciencedirect.com. Copyright © 2015, Journal of Integrative Medicine Editorial Office. E-edition published by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
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English Translation of TCM
Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases of Paediatrics (Part 3) Zhao-guo Li1,2, Xi-ru Liu3 1. College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China 2. Secretariat of Translation Specialty Committee, World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, Shanghai 200234, China 3. Department of Acupuncture, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China Keywords: linguistics; terminology; translation; English; terms, traditional Chinese medicine; paediatrics (TCM) Citation: Li ZG, Liu XR. Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases of Paediatrics (Part 3). J Integr Med. 2015; 13(3): 201–204.
The following is a continued analysis about the third group of terms related to paediatrics in TCM included in the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region (abbreviated as the WPRO Standard)[1] and the International Standard ChineseEnglish Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (abbreviated as the WFCMS Standard)[2], according to explanations made in the book entitled A Great Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine[3], Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine [4] and the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methods[5]. 疰夏 summer non-acclimatization: children’s disease usually occurring in summer, with symptoms of lassitude, dyspepsia, and abnormal bowel movements The term 疰夏 , also known as 注夏 , traditionally refers to three pathological conditions: a disease usually occurring
in summer and characterized by sudden dizziness, headache, lassitude, weakness of feet, fever, poor appetite, frequent yawning, dysphoria and spontaneous sweating; one kind of consumptive disease characterized by floating pulse, feverish hands and feet, spontaneous emission of cold sperm, inability of feet to walk because of weakness and fullness of lower abdomen; and summer wilting disease caused by weakness of the stomach and spleen due to retention of dampness-heat in the stomach in summer. 痘疮 ; 天花 smallpox: an acute highly contagious febrile disease characterized by skin eruptions with pustules, sloughing, and scar formation, the same as variola The term 痘疮 is also known as 天痘 , 天行痘 , 天疮 , 天行发癍疮 , 疫疠疱疮 , 豌豆疮 , 百日疮 and 虎寄疮 in TCM due to different analysis and description in different books by different scholars. Although the nomenclature is different, the meaning is the same, all referring to smallpox. This disease was eradicated in China since the 1950s and in the whole world since 1960s.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60177-7 Received April 5, 2015; accepted April 12, 2015. Correspondence: Zhao-guo Li, MD, Professor; E-mail: [email protected]
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麻 疹 measles: an acute epidemic eruptive disease marked by fever and generalized maculopapular rash preceded by cough, nasal discharge, profuse tearing, and white speckles inside the mouth The term 麻疹 , also known as 瘖子 , 麻证 , 痧子 , 肤 证 , 糠 疮 and 粰 疮 , was first used in the book entitled Mazheng Xinshu (《麻证新书》, A New Book of Measles) compiled by Hua Boren ( 滑 伯 仁 ) in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 AD). Such a disease is usually located in the lung and spleen meridians, mainly seen among children in any season. 痧 exanthem: a general term for skin eruption or rash, but usually referring to measles The term 痧 mainly refers to skin diseases like measles caused by attack of filthy factors. In the book entitled Gufang Xuanzhu (《古方选注》, Selection and Explanation of Ancient Fomulae) compiled by Wang Zijie ( 王 子 接 ) in the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD), it says that “ 痧 is either caused by dampness with cold and heat, or congealing of cold dampness in the meridians, or stagnation of dampness-heat in the meridians in summer, or invasion of filthy factors through the nose that obstruct meridian qi, or retention of food in the stomach that stagnates qi in the internal organs, consequently leading to abdominal fullness that causes great pain and even coma.” In the WFCMS Standard[2], 痧 is translated into “rash of measles” and “filthy-attack disease”. Comparatively speaking, to translate it as “exanthem” seems more concise and natural. 风疹 ; 风痧 ( 病 ) rubella: a contagious eruptive disease caused by seasonal wind-heat or wind-heat toxin, and marked by mild fever, followed by enlargement of postauricular and suboccipital lymph nodes, and the appearance of pink maculo-papular rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized The term 风 疹 was first used in the 5th volume of the book entitled Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (《 备 急 千 金 要 方》, Golden Prescriptions for Emergency) compiled by Sun Simiao ( 孙思邈 ), honored as the King of Medicine, in the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) and Tang Dynasty (619–907 AD). Such a disease, often seen among children less than five years old and usually occurring in spring, is clinically treated by clearing away heat and removing toxin with Yinqiao San ( 银翘散 , Lonicea and Fosythia Powder) or modified Xiaodu Yin ( 消毒饮 , Toxin-Removing Decoction). 喉痧 ; 烂喉丹痧 ; 丹痧 ; 疫痧 ; 烂喉风 scarlatina: an acute seasonal infectious disease marked by swelling and erosion of the throat, erythematous rash and raspberry tongue The term 喉 痧 refers to a disease similar to scarlatina that usually occurs in winter and spring, often caused by pestilent factors that invade the lung and attack the throat through the mouth and nose, consequently leading to May 2015, Vol.13, No.3
severe pain that makes it difficult to drink water, burst of alternate cold and fever as well as general rash hidden in the skin of hands, feet and back. Clinically it is treated by releasing the external with herbs hot and cool in nature, clearing away heat to remove toxin, and enriching fluid to nourish yin. 水 痘 ; 水 疱 ; 水 花 ; 水 疮 chickenpox: an acute contagious disease caused by seasonal toxin and manifested by fever and bursts of macular and papular eruptions followed by incrustation but no scar formation, the same as varicella The term 水痘 was first used in the book entitled Douzhen Fanglun (《痘疹方论》, Discussion About Treatment of Chickenpox) compiled by Cai Weifan ( 蔡 维 藩 ) in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). If caused by wind-heat with dampness, it can be treated by expelling wind and clearing heat supplemented by draining dampness with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder added with Talcum; if caused by exuberant heat toxin, it can be treated by clearing heat and removing toxin with modified Wuwei Xiaodu Yin ( 五味消 毒饮 , Five-Ingredient Toxin-Eliminating Decoction). 痄 腮 ; 腮 肿 mumps: an epidemic disease caused by wind-heat toxin and characterized by painful swelling of one or both parotid glands The term 痄腮 , also known as 炸腮 , 含腮疮 and 蛤蟆 瘟 , was first used in the book entitled Youke Jinzhen (《 幼 科 金 针 》, Acupuncture for Pediatrics) compiled by Qin Jingming ( 秦景明 ) in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). This disease, often seen among children, tends to occur in winter and spring, usually caused by wind-warm toxin that invades the body through the mouth and nose, stagnating in the Shaoyang meridian and retaining in the cheeks. It can be treated by dispersing wind, clearing heat and removing toxin with Lonicera and Forsythia Powder, Puji Xiaodu Yin ( 普济消毒饮 , Universal Relief Decoction of Eliminating Toxin) and Five-Ingredient Toxin-Eliminating Decoction. 白 喉 ; 白 缠 喉 diphtheria: an acute infectious disease characterized by fever, sore throat and the formation of white false membrane attached firmly to the pharynx, larynx and nose The term 白喉 , also known as 白菌 , was first used in the book entitled Shiyi Baihou Jieyao (《时疫白喉捷要》, Concise Analysis of Diphtheria Caused by Seasonal Pestilent Factors). This disease is either caused by invasion of seasonal pestilent factors through the mouth and nose or by invasion of wind-heat with retention of heat toxin in the throat due to frequent weakness of the lung and deficiency of yin. Clinically it can be treated by nourishing yin and clearing the lung with Yangyin Qingfei Tang ( 养阴清肺汤 , Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction). If complicated by external syndromes with the symptoms of sore-throat, redness of eyes and foul breath, the treatment should focus on releasing the external with Shenxian Huoming Tang ( 神 仙
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活 命 汤 , Life-Saving Decoction); if complicated by yin deficiency, the treatment should focus on nourishing yin and clearing heat with Yin-Nourishing and Lung-Clearing Decoction; if complicated by obstruction of phlegm-fire, the treatment should focus on clearing the lung and reducing phlegm with Houzao San ( 猴枣散 , Rhesus Macaque Bezoar Powder). 顿咳 whooping cough: an acute contagious infection of the respiratory system with characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs which end with a long shrill and whooping inspiration, referring to pertussis The term 顿咳 , normally known as 百日咳 , was first used in the book entitled Yixue Zhengzhuan (《医学正传》, Authentic Discussion of Medicine) compiled by Yu Tuan ( 虞抟 ) and published in 1515 in the Ming Dynasty (1368– 1644 AD). Such a disease, often seen among children less than five years old, is usually caused by lung qi failing to diffuse, stagnated qi transforming into heat and retained liquid changing into phlegm due to invasion of seasonal pestilent factors. At the early stage, characterized by invasion of pathogenic factors into the lung and stomach, the treatment focuses on diffusing the lung and dispersing pathogenic factors; at the middle stage, characterized by pathogenic heat lingering in the lung, the treatment focuses on clearing heat and diffusing the lung; at the late stage, characterized by damage of lung and stomach yin as well as hemoptysis, the treatment focuses on clearing dryness and moistening the lung. 夜啼 night crying: morbid night crying in babies, but quiet at daytime The term 夜啼 was first used in the 47th volume of the book entitled Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (《 诸 病 源 候 论》, General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases) compiled by Chao Yuanfang ( 巢元方 ) in 610 in the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD). This disease is either caused by spleen coldness characterized by blue and white complexion, coldness of hands and abdomen, no desire to suck milk and twisted waist; or caused by heart heat characterized by redness of face and lips, feverishness of the body and abdomen, dysuria and restlessness. If caused by spleen coldness, it can be treated by warming therapy as well as activating the blood to promote qi movement with Gouteng Yin ( 钩藤饮 , Sharpleaf Gambiplant Decoction); if caused by heart heat, it can be treated by clearing therapy as well as tranquilizing the mind to eliminate restlessness with modified Daochi San ( 导赤散 , Redness-Removing Powder). 客忤夜啼 night crying due to fright: night crying in babies caused by fright The term 客 忤 夜 啼 was first used in the book entitled Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun (《三因极一病证方论》, Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine) compiled by Chen Yan ( 陈 言 ) and published Journal of Integrative Medicine
in 1174 in the Song Dynasty (960—1279 AD). Such a problem is often caused by fight and stimulation among babies, characterized by frequent change of complexion, anger due to qi stagnation, burst of crying in sleeping, drooling of white and blue liquid, and repeated convulsion. It can be treated in the same way as that for 客忤. 客忤 fright seizure: a seizure of fright that causes vomiting, abdominal pain, and even convulsions The term 客忤 , also known as 中客忤 , 中客 , 中人 and 少小客忤 , was first used in the 46 volume of Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine. Such a problem is often seen among babies due to fright with the same manifestations of that of 客 忤 夜 啼 . Clinically it can be treated by modified Anhun Wan ( 安 魂 丸 , SoulSoothing Pill). If phlegm and heat are exuberant, the formulae for sweeping phlegm and clearing heat can be used to treat it, such as Wendan Tang ( 温 胆 汤 , GallbladderWarming Decoction) added with Gouteng ( 钩藤 , Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis, branchlet of sharpleaf gambirplant) and Sangzhi ( 桑 枝 , Ramulus Mori, branchlet of white mulberry). Literally, 客忤 means infantile convulsive seizures due to fright, to translate it as “fright seizure” seems more concise. In the WFCMS Standard[2], it is translated as “infantile fright”, seems more clearer, because this disease is often concerned with babies. 胎黄 ; 胎疸 neonatal jaundice: yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera seen in the newborn The term 胎疸 was first used in the 46 volume of Discussion of Pathology Based on the Triple-Etiology Doctrine. The term 胎黄 was first used in the book entitled Youyou Tiejing (《幼幼铁镜》, Iron Mirror of Pediatrics) compiled by Xia Dingzhuan ( 夏鼎撰 ) in 1695 in the Qing Dynasty (1636– 1912 AD). Although different in characters, the two terms mean the same thing. Such an infantile problem is usually caused by maternal dampness-heat. Traditionally it is treated by clearing heat and resolving dampness with modified Yinchenhao Tang ( 茵陈蒿汤 , Virgate Wormwood Decoction). Sometime it may be caused by insufficiency of source qi and weakness of spleen qi that fails to resolve coldness and dampness, which can be treated by warming the spleen and resolving dampness with Lizhong Tang ( 理中 汤 , Middle-Regulating Decoction) added with Yinchenhao ( 茵陈蒿 , Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, virgate wormwood herb). 胎赤fetal redness: abnormal redness of the skin in a newborn, often due to affection by toxic heat at the fetal stage, the same as erythroderma neonatorum The term 胎赤 was first used in the book entitled Zhengzhi Zhunsheng (《证治准绳》, Criteria for Treatment of Syndromes) compiled by Wang Kentang ( 王 肯 堂 ) in 1602 the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). It can be treated by clearing heat and harmonizing the blood with Qingre Jiedu Tang ( 清热解毒汤 , Heat-Clearing and Toxin-Removing
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Decoction). 脐风 umbilical wind: a disease of the newborn characterized by cyanotic lips, lockjaw, generalized tonic spasm and tetanic convulsions, referring to neonatal tetanus The term 脐风 was first used in the 5th volume of Golden Prescriptions for Emergency. It can be treated by dredging meridians, settling convulsion and stopping wind with the Cuofeng San ( 撮风散 , Wind-Stopping Powder). To translate 脐风 into “umbilical wind” is obviously literal, but still understandable. In WFCMS Standard[2], it is translated as “neonatal tetanus”, appearing more clearer in meaning, but seeming too modernized. 脐湿 umbilical dampness: a condition of wetness of and possible exudation from the umbilicus after the umbilical cord has been shed, referring to omphalorrhea The term 脐湿 was first used in the book entitled Luxin Jing (《颅囟经》, Canon of Infantile Fontanel) written in ancient times and lost in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD), the author of which was still unknown. This problem is often caused by improper nursing and can be treated by medications effective for astringency and astriction. 脐疮 umbilical sores: redness and swelling of the umbilicus or ulceration spreading around the umbilicus with purulent exudation The term 脐疮 , also known as 脐中生疮 , was first used in the 50th volume of General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases. It is mainly caused by umbilical dampness with infection of toxic elements. The symptoms also include fever, restlessness, redness of lips and dryness of mouth. Clinically it is treated by clearing heat and removing toxin and supplemented by dispersing wind and
stopping itching. 脐疝 ; 脐突 umbilical hernia: a type of abdominal hernia in which part of the intestine protrudes at the umbilicus and is covered with skin, sometimes red and swollen The term 脐 突 was first used in the 4th volume of the book entitled Waike Dacheng (《外科大成》, Full Collection of External Medicine) compiled by Qi Kun ( 祁坤 ) in 1665 in the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD). This problem is often caused by retention of heat in the fetus, or by improper cutting of the umbilical cord, or by repeated crying after birth, or by frequent cough. Clinically it can be treated by clearing heat with Shaoyao Tang ( 芍药汤 , Peony Decoction) or external application of Waixiao San ( 外消散 , External Releasing Powder). REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5
World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the Western pacific region. 2007. Li ZJ. International standard Chinese-English basic nomenclature of Chinese medicine. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House. 2008. Chinese. Li JW. A great dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House. 2014. Chinese-English. Ou M. Chinese-English dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Press. 1986. Chinese-English. Li ZG. International standardization of English translation of traditional Chinese medicine: study of theory, summarization of practice and exploration of methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. 2008. Chinese.
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