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Comparative technical, architectural and archaeological study of the various marinid medersas in the Maghreb
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available
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Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 666–670 EnergyProcedia Procedia125 00 (2017)
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017,www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment, ERE European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017, EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment, ERE
Comparative technical, architectural and archaeological study of the Comparative technical, architectural and study of the Thevarious 15th International Symposium on District and Cooling marinid medersas inarchaeological theHeating Maghreb various Belhaj marinid medersas in the Akhssas Maghreb a, a *, Lahcen Bahia,the Ahmed AssessingSiham the feasibility of using heat demand-outdoor a a School of Engineers (L3GIE), Rabat, Morocco temperatureMohammed function fora,Mohammadia a long-term heat demand forecast SihamV University, Belhaj *, Lahcen Bahi ,district Ahmed Akhssas a
a
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc Mohammed V University, Mohammadia School of Engineers (L3GIE), Rabat, Morocco
Abstract a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b
VeoliainRecherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous 78520 Limay,gave France Abstract The Medersa’s concept was born the Maghreb with Merinid dynasty. The Daniel, sovereign merinid great importance and value c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, to knowledge and development of intellectual and political Muslim’s life. In this work we will clarify the France ingenuity of the constructors, theconcept richness and the in power of the merinid in timedynasty. and space bysovereign establishing a comparative dealingand with the The Medersa’s was born the Maghreb with Merinid The merinid gave greatstudy importance value architectural, and technical aspectand for political a better Orientation of rehabilitation of Muslim construction to knowledgearchaeological and development of intellectual Muslim’s life. In this work of wesuch willtypes clarify the ingenuity of the with regard tothe therichness preservation of architecture and the choice of building materials. constructors, and the power of the merinid in time and space by establishing a comparative study dealing with the Abstract architectural, archaeological and technical aspect for a better Orientation of rehabilitation of such types of Muslim construction with regard to the preservation of architecture and the choice of building materials. heating networks are commonly in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the ©District 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier addressed Ltd. ©greenhouse 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. gas emissions from the building sector. These require high investments which areGeneral returnedAssembly through the heat Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee systems of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) 2017 Peer-review under responsibility of theconditions scientific committee of therenovation European policies, Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly sales. Due to the changed climate and building heat demand in the future could decrease, 2017 TheEnergy, Authors. Published bythe Elsevier Ltd. (ERE). –© Division Resources and 2017 – Division Energy, Resources andEnvironment the Environment (ERE). prolonging the investment returnofperiod. Peer-review under responsibility the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 The mainOujda; scopeSustainable ofResources this paper is tothe assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand –Keywords: Division Energy, and Environment (ERE). Development; Energy; Green forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildingsOujda; that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district Keywords: Sustainable Development; Energy; Green renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were 1. Introduction compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications 1.The Introduction The medersa is an Arabic word which means place of study it's verb is Darasa to study and Mudarris means (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation professor. medersa a placeupwhere the Islamic religion mainlyand studied, the role of the medersas considered). is to be a scenarios, The the error value is increased to 59.5% (depending on theisweather renovation scenarios combination The for medersa is anwithout Arabic wealth, word which means place oftostudy it'sthey verbare is Darasa towith study and Mudarris means shelter students or foreigners come learn, founded a pious and charitable The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the professor. The medersa is a place where the Islamic religion is mainly studied, the role of the medersas is to beand a intention. The is aheating monument of medieval decrease in themedersa number of hours typical of 22-139h during theart. heating season (depending on the combination of weather shelter for students without wealth, or foreigners come to learn, they are founded with a pious and charitable renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the intention. The medersa a monument art. the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and coupled scenarios). The is values suggestedtypical could of be medieval used to modify improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.+21-266-161-1395; fax: +21-266-161-1395. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.+21-266-161-1395; fax: +21-266-161-1395. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific –1876-6102 Division©Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 – Division Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 – Division Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.284
2
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667
Education in the medersa was financed by the state from the 10th century and it was equal to secondary studies and contemporary university studies, teachers were paid by the sultan or by a constituted Waqf, or recognized by the state. To study the merinids’ medersa we will first see the causes and interests that have pushed the merinids to give importance to the construction of the medersa second we will detail the architectural and technical aspect of the merinids’ medersas also the medersa el Bouananiya in Fez, Morocco, The medersa of Chellah in Rabat in Morocco and Boumadyen one in Telmcen in Algeria and finally we will conclude by some recommendations based on this studies. 2. History of the notion of medersas The medersas spread in the near east between the middle of the 11th century and the middle of the 13th century with astonishing rapidity. Moreover, the introduction of this institution in the Maghreb returned to a very late period. The oldest Medersa is the Shammiya of Tunis, built by the ruler Hafside Abu Zakariyya in 1249. After the oldest medersa in the Maghreb archaeologically attested, it is that of Al Saffarin in Fez in 1271[1]. In fact, the beginning of the medersas in the Islamic Maghreb still leads a great divergence due to the absence of precise indications and historical sources. The researchers believe that Medersa was born with Almoravids and Almohads, others consider it a meridian adaptation of an institution that has already appeared in the countries of the Islamic Levant, where it has proved its effectiveness in the service of science, Religion and Power. Researchers interested in this topic include: A. Tâzîi [2], G. Makdisi and J. Pederson [3], J. Léon [4], The historian of Abû al-Hassan, Ibn Marzûq[5]. 3. Interests of building medersas 3.1. Religious cause The merinid were interested on construction of the medersa through the time and space occupied by these last to spread the Islamic religion since the first verse of the Koran was "read", "Read in the name of your god". Science and the quest for knowledge occupied a large place in Islam, then teaching and learning became a duty and a right for believers and therefore the medersa was born according to this concept. 3.2. Political cause In order to ensure the survival of the merinid dynasty and to deepen the power of the "sultan" governor [6], scholars and religious, faithful and pious conservatives assumed the role of entrenching and respecting the visions of governors and sultans by the influence they Had on the general public. 3.3. Cultural causes All sultan or khalifa wishing to be known and eulogized through time, science and religious education in the first place and cultural knowledge were the bias to ensure that. Therefore the medersa was the place of worship, diffusion of knowledge and constitution of the history of the dynasty.
4. Archaeological dating The merinid medersas have developed mainly in Morocco with the exception of one that is located in Tlemcen, which is that of El Eubbad and which was built during the siege of the city by merinides. All these medersas were built in the first half of the 14th century as it shown in Table 1, with the exception of the first medersa of Al Saffarin of Fez which dates from the end of the 13th century.
Siham Belhaj et al. / Energy Procedia 125 (2017) 666–670 Belhaj et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
668
3
Table 1. Dating of medersas
The medersas
Group1 (1320-1325)
Group2 (1341-1346)
Group3
Sultan Abou Said
Sultan Abou El Hassan
Sultan Abou Inan
Fes jdid [7]
Sala
Al Bouanania
Sahrij
Mechaiya fes
Sidi El haloui
Sbaiyin
El Eubbad à Tlemcen
Meknes
Taza Attarine
5. Architectural and materials description of Boumadiene Located on an eminence, in the ancestral area of El-Eubbad, which is only 2 km south-east of the town of Tlemcen. To get to the building, a staircase of 15 steps is leaned against the North-West wall which opens onto a porch on which opens a monumental gate in a semicircular arch, with an elegant and robust faience decoration giving access to the building Vestibule . The building is organized around an almost square courtyard 13 m wide and 16 m deep, surrounded by four galleries , with arches in the semicircular archway housing the access to the cells . There are 16 cells on the ground floor opening onto a covered gallery and the same on the first floor, but mostly opening onto an uncovered gallery overlooking the courtyard, the tops of the building walls are covered by small roofs of half-round tiles of green color. 5.1. Boumadiene’s materials The choice of building materials for a project of restoration or conservation of a building called heritage for its historical memory and emotional value is always based on the knowledge of the materials used in the construction of this building. For this purpose we have identified the different materials used in Boumadiene’s medersa, and we find there: • The brick which is used in two forms: raw brick and baked brick. The latter form part of the construction of the partitions, of the supporting elements, the right feet of the doors and forms the facades and the chaining of angles. • The rubble: Used in the outer walls of the medersa. They are arranged between the rows of bricks. • Marble: Used for the cauldron of the court. • Wood: it serves, in fact, as a bearing and constitutive element since it offers a good resistance. The wood is used as long boards to mitigate the heavy loads of structures. Wood as a decorative element is remarkable, especially in ceilings, which are made of cedar wood, supple and resistant, not afraid of attacks of woodworms. The use of wood is in the covers (frames) of the medersa, the doors of the rooms and the main entrance is made of wood decorated in bronze. • The plaster: As in the previous period, the decor on plaster abounds during the reign Merinide, this material adorns the Mihrab and the walls of the classroom of the medersa of Sidi Boumediene as well as the entrance porch.
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6. Architectural description of Bouananiya The medersa Al Bou Inaniyya is located in the district of Al Tala near the casbah of Boujloud in the vicinity of El Quarawiyyin in ancient Fez. It is bounded to the north by Al Tala Kabira known as Souk El Kasr during its construction, to the east by Taryana street, to the south by Al Tala Al Saghira and to the west the street of Mezdaa The building of the medersa consists of two levels, a ground floor and a floor with an accessible terrace. It is accessed by three doors; the one opening on Al Tala Al Saghira gives access to the oratory by an elbow vestibule. To the north, two contiguous doors opening on to Al Tala Kabira. The western one is the main one, is placed in the main axis of the monument and opposite the latrines, it opens on a staircase allowing access to the courtyard. This one in the form of a parallelepiped of 20.50m long and 17m wide is totally furnished with a white marble and decorated in the center of a circular basin also in marble. On the north-east and west sides, the courtyard is lined with galleries giving access to the students' rooms. These are isolated from the courtyard by Moucharabiehs.
6.1. Bouananiya’s materials For the Bouananiya we were able to identify on site the following building materials: • The brick: The medersa Al Bou Inaniyya uses mainly the baked brick, which is of traditional manufacture from the marls of the region of Fez. It is part of the construction of partitions and supporting structures. It also serves as a base material for the minaret. The brick is connected in thick beds of mortar; it is arranged either in horizontal bed or oblique (in the form of fish bones). • The adobe: it in the construction of the bases of the walls of outer enclosure of the medersa, it is composed mainly of earth subdued with gravel. It is characterized by its strength and hardness. • The rubble: Used in the outer walls of the medersa for its good resistance. • Marble: Although the area of Fez does not have a marble quarry, this material was widely used, and it comes from the region of Tlemcen. Indeed, the whole court is paved with this material. The different wash basins of the ablutions are also made of marble. The hall of prayer contains large monolithic columns of white marble. • The wood: The use of the wood is in the covers (frames) of the medina Al Bou Inaniyya as well as the doors of the rooms and that of the entrance and the two classrooms are made of carved wood. And to separate the gallery from the courtyard, wooden Moucharabiehs is used. • The zellige: Decorative element of the medersa, and a characteristic component of the architectures of the Maghreb which knew how to remain modern. It is used on walls and floors. 7. Architectural description of Chellah’s medersa The mederssas de chellah is located in the north-west corner of the khalwa, it is inscribed in a rectangular plane 36 m by 17.3 m. It is endowed with all the characteristic components of the Moroccan mederssa. Contain room for prayer, cells, Sahn and ablutions rooms. It is also equipped with a minaret. 7.1. Chellah’s materials The materials are identical to those of Bouananya and Boumediyen with the addition of lime and the wallstone: • Wallstone: Used in the walls of the cells in the chaining of angles and in the jambs of the doors. It is worn in the same way in the upper part of the minaret which surmounts the openings. It is also found in the upperparts of the minaret with a meticulously trimmed apparatus arranged in alternating courses. • La lime: It acts as stabilizer element of the adobe, and thus plays a fundamental role in the solidity of materials. It also shows the coating that covers the walls.
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8. Conclusion The merinid dynasty has invested itself in a place of teaching "medersa" throughout the Maghreb territory (Fez, Meknes, Marrakech, Rabat, Sala, Oujda, Telmcen), these medersa different by their architectural plans described previously; they retain the same functionality as the diffusion of religious and scientific knowledge in some cities [8]. The other medersa are experiencing a state of deterioration accentuated [9] - raised during our visits to establish this study - and should be rehabilitated to preserve this old innovation. Acknowledgements Our thanks to the organizers of EGU General Assembly in Vienna 2017 and especially the conveners of the ERE session for their effort during the assembly and after the assembly that allowed us to have this special issue. References [1] http://www.memoarts.com/doc/merinides.php [2] Abd Elhadi Tâzîi. (1972)"Mosque of the villagers, mosque and university in the city of Fez" Encyclopedia and its architectural and intellectual history 1(1972): 121-122 [3] G.Makdisi and J. Pederson. (2007) "Madrasa." Encyclopedia of Islam V, S (2007): 1126-1128 [4] J.Leon. (1980) "Description of the Africa." Book, editor Maisonneuve (1980): 163-164-165 [5] E. Lévi-Provençal. (1925) "A new text of merinid history: The musnad of Ibn Marzûq", Hesperis V,(1925): 29 [6] Maya Shatzmiller.(1976) "The first Merinids and the religious milieu of Fez: the introduction of the Medersas."Studia Islamica 43 (1976): 109-118 [7] Terrasse, Henri. (1962) "The Merinid Fez Jdid Medersa’."Al-Andalus 27.1 (1962): 246. [8] http://www.leseco.ma/regions/57741-fes-les-medersas-enfin-operationnelles.html [9] Siham Belhaj, Lahcen Bahi, Ahmed Akhssas. (2016) "Study of Moroccan Monumental Heritage Traditional for Valorization and Conservation of Collective Memory and for socio-eco-tourism sustainable development-case Kasbah Chellah, Rabat" Energy Procedia 97 (2016): 531-538
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 666–670 EnergyProcedia Procedia125 00 (2017)
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017,www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment, ERE European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017, EGU Division Energy, Resources & Environment, ERE
Comparative technical, architectural and archaeological study of the Comparative technical, architectural and study of the Thevarious 15th International Symposium on District and Cooling marinid medersas inarchaeological theHeating Maghreb various Belhaj marinid medersas in the Akhssas Maghreb a, a *, Lahcen Bahia,the Ahmed AssessingSiham the feasibility of using heat demand-outdoor a a School of Engineers (L3GIE), Rabat, Morocco temperatureMohammed function fora,Mohammadia a long-term heat demand forecast SihamV University, Belhaj *, Lahcen Bahi ,district Ahmed Akhssas a
a
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc Mohammed V University, Mohammadia School of Engineers (L3GIE), Rabat, Morocco
Abstract a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b
VeoliainRecherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous 78520 Limay,gave France Abstract The Medersa’s concept was born the Maghreb with Merinid dynasty. The Daniel, sovereign merinid great importance and value c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, to knowledge and development of intellectual and political Muslim’s life. In this work we will clarify the France ingenuity of the constructors, theconcept richness and the in power of the merinid in timedynasty. and space bysovereign establishing a comparative dealingand with the The Medersa’s was born the Maghreb with Merinid The merinid gave greatstudy importance value architectural, and technical aspectand for political a better Orientation of rehabilitation of Muslim construction to knowledgearchaeological and development of intellectual Muslim’s life. In this work of wesuch willtypes clarify the ingenuity of the with regard tothe therichness preservation of architecture and the choice of building materials. constructors, and the power of the merinid in time and space by establishing a comparative study dealing with the Abstract architectural, archaeological and technical aspect for a better Orientation of rehabilitation of such types of Muslim construction with regard to the preservation of architecture and the choice of building materials. heating networks are commonly in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the ©District 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier addressed Ltd. ©greenhouse 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. gas emissions from the building sector. These require high investments which areGeneral returnedAssembly through the heat Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee systems of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) 2017 Peer-review under responsibility of theconditions scientific committee of therenovation European policies, Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly sales. Due to the changed climate and building heat demand in the future could decrease, 2017 TheEnergy, Authors. Published bythe Elsevier Ltd. (ERE). –© Division Resources and 2017 – Division Energy, Resources andEnvironment the Environment (ERE). prolonging the investment returnofperiod. Peer-review under responsibility the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 The mainOujda; scopeSustainable ofResources this paper is tothe assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand –Keywords: Division Energy, and Environment (ERE). Development; Energy; Green forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildingsOujda; that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district Keywords: Sustainable Development; Energy; Green renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were 1. Introduction compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications 1.The Introduction The medersa is an Arabic word which means place of study it's verb is Darasa to study and Mudarris means (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation professor. medersa a placeupwhere the Islamic religion mainlyand studied, the role of the medersas considered). is to be a scenarios, The the error value is increased to 59.5% (depending on theisweather renovation scenarios combination The for medersa is anwithout Arabic wealth, word which means place oftostudy it'sthey verbare is Darasa towith study and Mudarris means shelter students or foreigners come learn, founded a pious and charitable The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the professor. The medersa is a place where the Islamic religion is mainly studied, the role of the medersas is to beand a intention. The is aheating monument of medieval decrease in themedersa number of hours typical of 22-139h during theart. heating season (depending on the combination of weather shelter for students without wealth, or foreigners come to learn, they are founded with a pious and charitable renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the intention. The medersa a monument art. the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and coupled scenarios). The is values suggestedtypical could of be medieval used to modify improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.+21-266-161-1395; fax: +21-266-161-1395. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.+21-266-161-1395; fax: +21-266-161-1395. E-mail address: [email protected] 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific –1876-6102 Division©Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 – Division Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2017 – Division Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE). 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.284
2
Siham Belhaj et al. / Energy Procedia 125 (2017) 666–670 Belhaj et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
667
Education in the medersa was financed by the state from the 10th century and it was equal to secondary studies and contemporary university studies, teachers were paid by the sultan or by a constituted Waqf, or recognized by the state. To study the merinids’ medersa we will first see the causes and interests that have pushed the merinids to give importance to the construction of the medersa second we will detail the architectural and technical aspect of the merinids’ medersas also the medersa el Bouananiya in Fez, Morocco, The medersa of Chellah in Rabat in Morocco and Boumadyen one in Telmcen in Algeria and finally we will conclude by some recommendations based on this studies. 2. History of the notion of medersas The medersas spread in the near east between the middle of the 11th century and the middle of the 13th century with astonishing rapidity. Moreover, the introduction of this institution in the Maghreb returned to a very late period. The oldest Medersa is the Shammiya of Tunis, built by the ruler Hafside Abu Zakariyya in 1249. After the oldest medersa in the Maghreb archaeologically attested, it is that of Al Saffarin in Fez in 1271[1]. In fact, the beginning of the medersas in the Islamic Maghreb still leads a great divergence due to the absence of precise indications and historical sources. The researchers believe that Medersa was born with Almoravids and Almohads, others consider it a meridian adaptation of an institution that has already appeared in the countries of the Islamic Levant, where it has proved its effectiveness in the service of science, Religion and Power. Researchers interested in this topic include: A. Tâzîi [2], G. Makdisi and J. Pederson [3], J. Léon [4], The historian of Abû al-Hassan, Ibn Marzûq[5]. 3. Interests of building medersas 3.1. Religious cause The merinid were interested on construction of the medersa through the time and space occupied by these last to spread the Islamic religion since the first verse of the Koran was "read", "Read in the name of your god". Science and the quest for knowledge occupied a large place in Islam, then teaching and learning became a duty and a right for believers and therefore the medersa was born according to this concept. 3.2. Political cause In order to ensure the survival of the merinid dynasty and to deepen the power of the "sultan" governor [6], scholars and religious, faithful and pious conservatives assumed the role of entrenching and respecting the visions of governors and sultans by the influence they Had on the general public. 3.3. Cultural causes All sultan or khalifa wishing to be known and eulogized through time, science and religious education in the first place and cultural knowledge were the bias to ensure that. Therefore the medersa was the place of worship, diffusion of knowledge and constitution of the history of the dynasty.
4. Archaeological dating The merinid medersas have developed mainly in Morocco with the exception of one that is located in Tlemcen, which is that of El Eubbad and which was built during the siege of the city by merinides. All these medersas were built in the first half of the 14th century as it shown in Table 1, with the exception of the first medersa of Al Saffarin of Fez which dates from the end of the 13th century.
Siham Belhaj et al. / Energy Procedia 125 (2017) 666–670 Belhaj et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
668
3
Table 1. Dating of medersas
The medersas
Group1 (1320-1325)
Group2 (1341-1346)
Group3
Sultan Abou Said
Sultan Abou El Hassan
Sultan Abou Inan
Fes jdid [7]
Sala
Al Bouanania
Sahrij
Mechaiya fes
Sidi El haloui
Sbaiyin
El Eubbad à Tlemcen
Meknes
Taza Attarine
5. Architectural and materials description of Boumadiene Located on an eminence, in the ancestral area of El-Eubbad, which is only 2 km south-east of the town of Tlemcen. To get to the building, a staircase of 15 steps is leaned against the North-West wall which opens onto a porch on which opens a monumental gate in a semicircular arch, with an elegant and robust faience decoration giving access to the building Vestibule . The building is organized around an almost square courtyard 13 m wide and 16 m deep, surrounded by four galleries , with arches in the semicircular archway housing the access to the cells . There are 16 cells on the ground floor opening onto a covered gallery and the same on the first floor, but mostly opening onto an uncovered gallery overlooking the courtyard, the tops of the building walls are covered by small roofs of half-round tiles of green color. 5.1. Boumadiene’s materials The choice of building materials for a project of restoration or conservation of a building called heritage for its historical memory and emotional value is always based on the knowledge of the materials used in the construction of this building. For this purpose we have identified the different materials used in Boumadiene’s medersa, and we find there: • The brick which is used in two forms: raw brick and baked brick. The latter form part of the construction of the partitions, of the supporting elements, the right feet of the doors and forms the facades and the chaining of angles. • The rubble: Used in the outer walls of the medersa. They are arranged between the rows of bricks. • Marble: Used for the cauldron of the court. • Wood: it serves, in fact, as a bearing and constitutive element since it offers a good resistance. The wood is used as long boards to mitigate the heavy loads of structures. Wood as a decorative element is remarkable, especially in ceilings, which are made of cedar wood, supple and resistant, not afraid of attacks of woodworms. The use of wood is in the covers (frames) of the medersa, the doors of the rooms and the main entrance is made of wood decorated in bronze. • The plaster: As in the previous period, the decor on plaster abounds during the reign Merinide, this material adorns the Mihrab and the walls of the classroom of the medersa of Sidi Boumediene as well as the entrance porch.
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6. Architectural description of Bouananiya The medersa Al Bou Inaniyya is located in the district of Al Tala near the casbah of Boujloud in the vicinity of El Quarawiyyin in ancient Fez. It is bounded to the north by Al Tala Kabira known as Souk El Kasr during its construction, to the east by Taryana street, to the south by Al Tala Al Saghira and to the west the street of Mezdaa The building of the medersa consists of two levels, a ground floor and a floor with an accessible terrace. It is accessed by three doors; the one opening on Al Tala Al Saghira gives access to the oratory by an elbow vestibule. To the north, two contiguous doors opening on to Al Tala Kabira. The western one is the main one, is placed in the main axis of the monument and opposite the latrines, it opens on a staircase allowing access to the courtyard. This one in the form of a parallelepiped of 20.50m long and 17m wide is totally furnished with a white marble and decorated in the center of a circular basin also in marble. On the north-east and west sides, the courtyard is lined with galleries giving access to the students' rooms. These are isolated from the courtyard by Moucharabiehs.
6.1. Bouananiya’s materials For the Bouananiya we were able to identify on site the following building materials: • The brick: The medersa Al Bou Inaniyya uses mainly the baked brick, which is of traditional manufacture from the marls of the region of Fez. It is part of the construction of partitions and supporting structures. It also serves as a base material for the minaret. The brick is connected in thick beds of mortar; it is arranged either in horizontal bed or oblique (in the form of fish bones). • The adobe: it in the construction of the bases of the walls of outer enclosure of the medersa, it is composed mainly of earth subdued with gravel. It is characterized by its strength and hardness. • The rubble: Used in the outer walls of the medersa for its good resistance. • Marble: Although the area of Fez does not have a marble quarry, this material was widely used, and it comes from the region of Tlemcen. Indeed, the whole court is paved with this material. The different wash basins of the ablutions are also made of marble. The hall of prayer contains large monolithic columns of white marble. • The wood: The use of the wood is in the covers (frames) of the medina Al Bou Inaniyya as well as the doors of the rooms and that of the entrance and the two classrooms are made of carved wood. And to separate the gallery from the courtyard, wooden Moucharabiehs is used. • The zellige: Decorative element of the medersa, and a characteristic component of the architectures of the Maghreb which knew how to remain modern. It is used on walls and floors. 7. Architectural description of Chellah’s medersa The mederssas de chellah is located in the north-west corner of the khalwa, it is inscribed in a rectangular plane 36 m by 17.3 m. It is endowed with all the characteristic components of the Moroccan mederssa. Contain room for prayer, cells, Sahn and ablutions rooms. It is also equipped with a minaret. 7.1. Chellah’s materials The materials are identical to those of Bouananya and Boumediyen with the addition of lime and the wallstone: • Wallstone: Used in the walls of the cells in the chaining of angles and in the jambs of the doors. It is worn in the same way in the upper part of the minaret which surmounts the openings. It is also found in the upperparts of the minaret with a meticulously trimmed apparatus arranged in alternating courses. • La lime: It acts as stabilizer element of the adobe, and thus plays a fundamental role in the solidity of materials. It also shows the coating that covers the walls.
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8. Conclusion The merinid dynasty has invested itself in a place of teaching "medersa" throughout the Maghreb territory (Fez, Meknes, Marrakech, Rabat, Sala, Oujda, Telmcen), these medersa different by their architectural plans described previously; they retain the same functionality as the diffusion of religious and scientific knowledge in some cities [8]. The other medersa are experiencing a state of deterioration accentuated [9] - raised during our visits to establish this study - and should be rehabilitated to preserve this old innovation. Acknowledgements Our thanks to the organizers of EGU General Assembly in Vienna 2017 and especially the conveners of the ERE session for their effort during the assembly and after the assembly that allowed us to have this special issue. References [1] http://www.memoarts.com/doc/merinides.php [2] Abd Elhadi Tâzîi. (1972)"Mosque of the villagers, mosque and university in the city of Fez" Encyclopedia and its architectural and intellectual history 1(1972): 121-122 [3] G.Makdisi and J. Pederson. (2007) "Madrasa." Encyclopedia of Islam V, S (2007): 1126-1128 [4] J.Leon. (1980) "Description of the Africa." Book, editor Maisonneuve (1980): 163-164-165 [5] E. Lévi-Provençal. (1925) "A new text of merinid history: The musnad of Ibn Marzûq", Hesperis V,(1925): 29 [6] Maya Shatzmiller.(1976) "The first Merinids and the religious milieu of Fez: the introduction of the Medersas."Studia Islamica 43 (1976): 109-118 [7] Terrasse, Henri. (1962) "The Merinid Fez Jdid Medersa’."Al-Andalus 27.1 (1962): 246. [8] http://www.leseco.ma/regions/57741-fes-les-medersas-enfin-operationnelles.html [9] Siham Belhaj, Lahcen Bahi, Ahmed Akhssas. (2016) "Study of Moroccan Monumental Heritage Traditional for Valorization and Conservation of Collective Memory and for socio-eco-tourism sustainable development-case Kasbah Chellah, Rabat" Energy Procedia 97 (2016): 531-538