Concentration of heavy metals in seawater and sediments from the Northern Aegean Sea, Greece

Chemosphere, Vol.12, No.l, P r i n t e d in Creat Britain

:~Concentration i~orthern

of

heavy

Aegean

K.Fytianos

Sea,

pp 83 - 91,

metals

in

1983

seawater

OO45-6535/83/O10083-09503.00/O © 1 9 8 3 P e r g a m o n Press Ltd.

and

sediments

from

the

Greece.,,

and G . S . V a s i l i k i o t i s

Environmental

Pollution

Thessaloniki,

Thessaloniki,

Control

Laboratory,

Aristotelian

University

of

Greece.

Introduction The p r e s e n c e sing can

be d e t e c t e d has

in

body o f

chain

to

high,

and

been

the

that

sea.

The c i t y

of

for

the

gulfs

it

their

liquid

west

of

u~its

the or

discharged

and are

at

least

treatment

tructed.

This

ge them a f t e r Thermaikos all small

bay

are

oil

treated coast

witll

a main

will

take

and

Axios

about of

Thessaloniki

mean d e p t h

of

about

20m.

the the

the

In

Figure

83

the

recei-

domestic, populated is

mainly

industry,ferindustrial

area,

waste

sewages

without planned

domestic

of

and

final

industrial

any to

are

are treat-

be c o n s -

s e w a g e s and d i s c h a r in

gulf,

two basins,

and G u l f

Aegean 3 .

smaller

domstic is

es-

industrial

treatment of

the

city

The T h e r m a i k o s

consist

(Bay

The

collector

all

biological

river.

70km,

but near

the

steel

12.000

city.

north

receives

in

increa-

Laboratory

contamination

located

so

and

a heavily

refinery,

the

portially

system

from

more than

near

along

mechanical of

from

as

food-

is

face

inhabitants

Gulf

Thermaikos

runoff

in

by o u r

the

distribution

which

Kavala

ago

The h e a v y m e t a l

also

the

and

1.200.000

industries

located

collector

through

perimeter

central

There also

directly

ment~A

wastes

the

areas,

use T h e r m a i k o s of

accumulate

come t h r o u g h

industrialization

a few y e a r s

area.

metals

heavy

of

in the

Thermaikos

The G u l f

threatening

and o t h e r

investigate

than

increaseawater

some f i s h e s 2 consumption

for

to

and n a t u r a l

some o t h e r

city.

which

treated

wastes.

by i n d u s t r i a l plant

of

area

industrialized

affected

due

witi~ more

industrial

content

sediments

started

industrial

fairly

tiliser

closed

Thessaloniki

agricultural, and

ana

problems,

these

they

was t o

of in

reach

mercury

Some o f

unsuitable study

seawater

invustigation

surrounding ver

are

present

pollutants

finally

mercury

a problem

heavy metals

copper,

and

So,

is

of

these

increased.

pollution

in

This

in

seawaters

lead,

organism#

fishes

heavy metals

pecially

of

human b e i n g s . the

in

quantities

same c o a s t s

remarkably

these

marine

in

marine

The aim o f sing

ions

The c o n t e n t

metalz; tile

metal

Considerable

concentrations.

of

of

importance.

the

gulf

which the

Thessaloniki,

I we can o b s e r v e

has

inner

of an o v e r and

having that

the a the

84

two b a s i n s shallow into

communicate together

mouths,

w h i c h do n o t

t h e open sea f o r To e x p l a i n

Aegean s e a , lation

in

the

role

mited

of

the of

bay o f

charged quantity Figure

2,

which

can o b s e r v e

prevalent.

According

between the

to

is

carry

in

this

was s t u d i e d .

mainly

due t o

tidal

and 2 a r e

in

the

which

do n o t

fishing

of

off

the

part

of

wastes

the

The w a t e r

the winds,

currents,

which

the

for

area,

north

circu-

the

dis-

have a l i -

winds

is

of

the

are

wind

a correlation

direction

di-

t h e most

of

in

the

this

currents,

a North-wind 5

six

sampling

Station

Stations

directly

there

w i n d and t h e

deviation

discharged,

receive

mean f r e q u e n c y

and S o u t h - W e s t

we i n s t a l l e d

industrial

sewage a r e m a i n l y

annual

North

the o b s e r v a t i o n s

direction

In T h e r m a i k o s g u l f

3 in

4,5

stations.

the

Stations

a r e a where m u n i c i p a l

and 6 were l a c a t e d

any w a s t e w a t e r

I

and t h e y

in

a r e used

areas, for

and r e c r e a t i o n .

The g u l f the

of of

of

near

the m i d l e

from the

pollution the of

closed

and r e c e i v e s

of

industrialization

from four

the

gulf

the

any t r e a t -

Kavala

not

in

localized

area

Kavala

town w i t h

because o f

had as c o n s e q u e n c e ,

sampling

industrial

oil-platforme.

sewages o f

without

inhabitants.

sea o i l - r e s e r v e s ,

Here we i n s t a l l e d St.2

also

w a s t e s and d o m e s t i c

increase

discovery

uncontrollable

is

about 80.000

The P a p i d recent

Kavala

industrial

a population

in

to

on l o w l e v e l s .

transport

and t h e

shows t h e that

w},ich have a r i g h t - h a n d

bor,

streams

currents

rivers

open sea by n a r r o w and

intensity. In

ment

the

pollution

cdastal

the

pollution

Thessaloniki the

rection,we area

permit

keeping the

better

the

and t o

(asumed

clean

the

somehow

sources.

stations

(Fig.3)

(fertilize~

The c o a s t a l

the

area)

current

St.l

in

producing and S t . 4 ,

were n o t

the

har-

plant),St.3 2km

studied

away for

the

Kavala gulf. Materials

and Methods

Samples o f

water

and s e d i m e n t s were c o l l e c t e d

T h e r m a i k o s and K a v a l a g u l f s Water

Samples:

filtered

Surface

through

sampling,

to avoid

. The w a t e r

HNO3 t o of

the

convert

a period

all

heavy m e t a l s

of

any p o s s i b l e

It

the metals were c a r r i e d

was f i l t e r d

adsorption

samples were then into out

the

of

twice

one y e a r

s e a w a t e r was s a m p l e d i n t o

a 0 , 4 5 - ~ m membrane.

ners

wall

during

a month

from

(1981-1982).

2,81it

containers

immediately

the metals

acidified

with

inorganic

form.

by a P e r k i n - E l m e r

on t h e

lOml

of

and after

contaiconc.

The m e a s u r e m e n t s 403 A t o m i c

85

Absorption cold

Spectrophotometer equipped with

v a p o u r t e c h n i q u e was used f o r

pensate chemical tificial part

and m a t r i x

sea w a t e r w i t h

o f each w a t e r

used f o r

with

in an

agate mortar.

acid

and n i t r i c

Hg-determination,

Water. of

(i~5)

50°C f o r

12h.

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

After

of the

illustrate

heavy m e t a l s be due t o

and to (St.l

charged.

the

After

the was

(Eckmanhirge)

at

with

lO0°C,and

with

a mixture Ii0°C

~round

of

for

a mixture

t he d i g e s t i o n

maikos g u l f

the g e o l o g i c a l

increasing

perchlo-

2h.

of

For the

lINO3 and

the samples were

during contains

Significant

in

St.3,

the p o l l u t i o n

slightly

the

I

in

fluctuations a slight

rainfalls,which

heavy m e t a l s and e s p e c i a l l y comes from J u g o s l a v i a , the T h e s s a l o n i k i

higher

The s t a t i o n

Seasonal

be due t o

in

in

the wa-

t he c o n c e n t r a -

the w o r l d a r e h i g h ~ f ~ of

t he T h e s s a l o n i k i

industrial

waste and d o m e s t i c

where t h e m u n i c i p a l

high values

the n o r t h - w i n d s

were n o t o b s e r v e d e x c e p t f o r might

from

found

show t h a t

regions

configuration

pollution

in w a t e r which a r e

levels

t h e heavy m e t a l s were o b s e r v e d near i n d u s t r i a l

a r e due to

Kavala G u l f .

The d a t a

compared to o t h e r

and 2) and a l s o

St 4 and S t . 5

heavy m e t a l s

the g e n e r a l

The o b s e r v e d r e l a t i v e l y

and e s p e c i a l l y

in

(M.I.B.K.)

from m e t a l s and

and then h e a t e d a t

t h e samples were t r e a t e ~

sewage. High v a l u e s o f

It

of

w h i c h passed t h r o u g h a 63~m n y l o n

T h e r m a i k o s and K a v a l a g u l f .

of

the

A

Then 2% s o l u t i o n

by a h y d r o - h i e s

The samples were t r e a t e d

in T a b l e I . ,

This might

to

samples.

and D i s c u s s i o n

presented

areas

the

was added and t he formed

was c o n s i d e r e d f r e e

The p a r t i c l e s acid

H2SO4 and h e a t e d a t 6 d e t e r m i n e d by AAS

gulf,

pH 2 . 5 .

To com-

were made in a r -

of

Each sample was washe~, o v e n - d r i e d

s i e v e were a n a l y s e d .

tions

Furnace 76 B. The

blank determinations.

sampler.

ters

that

(A.P.D.C.)

Sediments samples were c o l l e c t e d

R~glts

at

to

methly-isobutyl-ketone

the aqueous l a y e r

botton

ric

standards

salinity

dithiocarbamate

complex was e x t r a c t e d extraction

interferences,

a similar

sample was ~ d j u s t e d

ammonium p y r r o l i d i n e

a Graphite

the mercury d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

lead.

transport levels of

of

The r u n o f f

Fig.2.

currents,

The T h e r -

heavy m e t a l s c o m p a i r e d is

t he most p o l l u t e d .

heavy m e t a l

wash o f f

areas

by t h e c o a s t a l

Kavala Gulf increase

sewage a r e d i s -

t he u n p o l l u t e d

as we can see in

causes an a d d i t i o n a l

Gulfo

in

concentrations

in the b e g i n i n g street

dust

from t h e r i v e r pollution

of

of winter.

rich

in

Axios,which

heavy m e t a l s

86

S e d i me n t s The heavy m e t a l T a b l e 2.

concentrations

These r e s u l t s

higher, especially o n l y a small

the values of

portion

of

nisms.

of

l e a d and z i n c

The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

zinc

Cu and Mn a r e c l o s e

to

the o v e r a l l of metals

the u n t r e a t e d

Ditate

is

mean v a l u e g i v e n in

domestic

sediments

and i n d u s t r i a l

mecha-

sediments of

The v a l u e s ~f Zn,

for

other

near to the

and K a v a l a G u l f s

anaeYobic c o n d i t i o n s

The v a r y i n g

transport

Pb and Hg i n

in

combined wit h

the o p p o s i t e .

Kavala G u l f .

in

areas are

Lead e x i s t e d is

show d i f f e r e n t

than those o f

in T h e s s a l o n i k i

of the G u l f

it

of metals-mainly

The h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

part

to o t h e r

t h e main p o r t i o n

in w a t e r

higher

due to

s e d i m e n t s ar e p r e s e n t e d

l e a d and m e r c u r y 7,9.

Thermaikos are also

a r e a and h a r b o r

the

those refered

the w a t e r s ,

suspended e l e m e n t s I however w i t h relationship

in

c o m p a i r e d to

areas.

industrial are p r o b a b l y

sewage o u t f a l l s ,

in

d o m i n a t e and heavy m e t a l s

these

preci-

as s u l p h i d e s .

Conclusions: From the d a t a concentration diments

is

of

presented

considerably

regions.The

Gulf

Tqe p r e s e n t

situation

cal

and b i o l o g i c a l

in

this

t h e ileavy m e t a l s of

higher

K a v a l a is could

treatment

sewage would be i m m e d i a t e l y

s t u d y , w e can c o n c l u d e t h a t investigated

than lesser

be for set

those found polluted

improved if t he into

both in

the

i n w a t e r and se-

literature

for

other

than Thermaikos G u l f . t he a l r e a d y

industrial function.

planned chemi-

waste and the dornest,~c

FIG.

1

~~

NORTH AEGEANSEA

GULF

OF

TH ES S A L O N I KI

N

s•

R~AL

A~IEA

AIRPORT

4~

OF T H E SSALO N IKI

BAY

\~OOST

,~ ~l~l]~

"11

~n "-4

---I "1"

I i

__----

'~

~ |

"--,.. " " y| ZF

"-" ....

-- ........ +'1

,*"iiif

~

. . . . . . . . .

. . . .

f "++" 4,--"" . . . . .

++""" ,+...~

. . . . . . . . . . .

i_++

li

Jf

~

l

v

j

iI

I ~k

"" ~ ~ I

I

t

[

"

~li

d I

f/

~

~

i I i i ",, ",",,,'

i I tl

t L

. t Z t ~

" "

. . . .

I+""-'--+--i

p'--.

I--,.----.- i

II

~ ~ "<.I

I

1

~Z

t tl

Fig.

KAVAL A

I

3 ~ KAVALA

GULF

r

kARVAL

OF

30

©

40 ,^

g

•~

~

~

-r.J

"~ Z

b4

(;3

0

0

0

0

0

~

r~

CO

0

r~ s..._

c

~

-0

~-

k,O

cO

CO

¢,~

o~

uL~

0

o

h-

0

~J

~

q--

~

Od

ra

c

~-

~"

rG

c

cl

V-

~

og

~

0

0

91

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Environ-