Contents of volume 1A

Contents of Volume 1A CONTRIBUTORS TO PART A PREFACE CONTENTS OF VOLUME I-PART B

v

vii xiii

Wave Propagation in Fluids and Normal Solids R. N. THURSTON I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS REPRESENTATION OF OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN FLUIDS SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN ISOTROPIC LINEAR ELASTIC SOLIDS SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN A LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MEDIUM SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN CRYSTALS VIII. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN STRAINED ELASTIC CRYSTALS REFERENCES

2 2 55 58 72 87 89 91 109

Guided Wave Propagation in Elongated Cylinders and Plates T. R. MEEKER AND A. H. MEITZLER

I. II. III. IV.. V.

INTRODUCTION MODES OF PROPAGATION IN PLATES MODES OF PROPAGATION IN SOLID CYLINDERS APPLICATIONS OF THEORIES FOR GUIDED WAVES IN PLATES AND CYLINDERS SPECIAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH GUIDED ELASTIC WAVES IN PLATES AND CYLINDERS

225

112 112 130 141 153

Contents of Volume 1A

226 REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES

164 166

Piezoelectric and Piezomagnetic Materials and Their Function in Transducers DON A. BERLINCOURT, DANIEL R. CURRAN, AND HANS JAFFE Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF IMPORTANT CRYSTALS EQUATIONS OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC MEDIUM POLYCRYSTALLINE FERROELECTRICS COMMON MODES OF VIBRATION FOR PIEZOELECTRIC SOLIDS EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS PIEZOMAGNETICMATERIALS REFERENCES

170 171 182 198 219 233 257 267

Ultrasonic Methods for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Liquids and Solids H. J. MCSKIMIN Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

A GENERAL LOOK AT METHODS TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS FOR MECHANICALVIBRATIONS TECHNIQUES FOR Low-VISCOSITY LIQUIDS VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS PLASTICS AND RUBBER-LIKE MATERIALS FOR MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS MEASURING TECHNIQUES FOR HARD SOLIDS MEASUREMENTOF ELASTIC MODULI OF SINGLE CRYSTALS REFERENCES

272 276 278 292 297 303 324 330

Use of Piezoelectric Crystals and Mechanical Resonators in Filters and Oscillators WARREN P. MASON I. II.

INTRODUCTION PROPAGATIONPROPERTIES OF WAVES IN GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS

336 355

Contents of Volume 1A

227

III. IV V VI.

371 381 393 398 412 416

PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL ELEMENTS FILTER CIRCUITS EMPLOYING CRYSTAL AND CERAMIC RESONATORS CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS ELECTROMECHANICAL SELECTORS AND FILTER SYSTEMS REFERENCES APPENDIX

Guided Wave Ultrasonic Delay Lines JOHN E. MAY, JR. Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION TORSIONAL MODE DELAY LINES SHEAR MODE STRIP DELAY LINES LONGITUDINAL MODE WIRE DELAY LINES LONGITUDINAL MODE DISPERSIVE STRIP DELAY LINES LONGITUDINAL MODE DISPERSIVE STRIP DELAY LINES WITH TAPERED THICKNESS TRANSDUCER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES

418 428 438 446 455 461 467 481

Multiple Reflection Ultrasoninc Delay Lines WARREN P. MASON Io II. III. IV

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES IN SOLIDS FORMS OF STRAIGHT PATH AND MULTIPLE REFLECTION DELAY LINES FURTHER WORK AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REFERENCES

485 486

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

501 508

494 498 499

Contents of Volume 1B v vii xiii

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF VOLUME I-PART A

The Use of High- and Low-Amplitude Ultrasonic Waves for Inspection and Processing BENSON CARLIN

Io II. III.

INTRODUCTION: APPLICATIONS IN INSPECTION AND PROCESSING ULTRASONIC PROCESSING: HIGH-AMPLITUDE ULTRASONICS LoW-AMPLITUDE WAVES REFERENCES

1 3 31 54

Physics of Acoustic Cavitation in Liquids H. G. FLYNN Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION THE DYNAMICS OF A SINGLE CAVITY NUCLEI AND THRESHOLDS SOME PHYSICAL PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ACOUSTIC CAVITATION CAVITATION ACTIVITY INTERPRETATIONS OF CAVITATION PHENOMENA REFERENCES 228

58 72 116 131 153 167 168

Contents of Volume 1B

229

10 Semiconductor TransducersmGeneral Considerations WARREN P. MASON

I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES USING THE HALL EFFECT AND THE MAGNETORESISTANCE EFFECT p-n JUNCTIONS AND ESAKI DIODES NOISE IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES REFERENCES

173 174 196 202 210 213

11 Use of Semiconductor Transducers in Measuring Strains, Accelerations, and Displacements R. N. THURSTON

I. II. III. IV.

THE PIEZORESISTANCE EFFECT SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN GAGES OTHER APPLICATIONS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, NOISE, AND NONLINEARITY REFERENCES

215 223 233 233 234

12 Use of p-n Junction Semiconductor Transducers in Pressure and Strain Measurements M. E. SIKORSKI Io II. III.

INTRODUCTION SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE I - V CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNNEL DIODES, THEORY IV. OPERATION OF ESAKI DIODES V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON TUNNEL DIODES VI. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS IN TUNNEL DIODES VII. NOISE IN TUNNEL DIODES VIII. DEVICE APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

238 238 251 254 264 280 284 289

Contents of Volume 1B

230 IX. X.

301 318 319

TRANSISTOR TRANSDUCERS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

13 The Depletion Layer and Other High-Frequency Transducers Using Fundamental Modes D. L. WHITE I. II. III.

RESISTIVELAYER TRANSDUCERS PROPERTIESOF FUNDAMENTAL TRANSDUCERS SOMEASPECTS OF PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS IV. THE DEPLETION LAYER TRANSDUCER V. THF DIFFUSION LAYER TRANSDUCER VI. EPITAXIALTRANSDUCERS VII. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTIVE LAYER TRANSDUCERS VIII. AN EVALUATION REFERENCES

321 326 335 338 343 347 348 351 351

14 The Design of Resonant Vibrators EDWARD EISNER Io II. III.

INTRODUCTION STRAINS IN RESONANT BODIES DESIGN OF A RESONATOR REFERENCES

353 353 355 363

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

367 372

Contents of Volume 2A CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS AND FUTURE VOLUMES

v vii xiii

Transmission of Sound Waves in Gases at Very Low Pressures MARTIN GREENSPAN I. II. III. IV.. V. VI. VII. VIII.

INTRODUCTION NOMENCLATURE THEORY EXPERIMENTALMETHODS RESULTSAND DISCUSSION MIXTURES FREE-MOLECULE PROPAGATION APPENDIX: TABLES REFERENCES

1 3 7 28 34 35 37 40 43

Phenomenological Theory of the Relaxation Phenomena in Gases H.-J. BAUER

Io II. III. IV.

LIST OF SYMBOLS INTRODUCTORY REMARKS THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES IN HOMOGENEOUS CLOSED SYSTEMS AND IN FREE ACOUSTIC FIELDS THE SINGLE RELAXATION PROCESS 231

48 50 52 55 61

Contents of Volume 2A

232

V VI.

SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE RELAXATION PROCESSES EXAMPLES OF MULTIPLE RELAXATIONS REFERENCES

83 102 131

Relaxation Processes in Gases H. O. KNESER

Io II. III. IV.

PROBLEM DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION EXCITATION RELAXATION MOLECULAR THEORY OF RELAXATION TIMES RELAXATION OF A DISSOCIATION EQUILIBRIUM REFERENCES REFERENCES

133 135 182 193 199

4 Thermal Relaxation in Liquids JOHN LAMB Io II. III.

INTRODUCTION BASIC THEORY FOR A SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION THE DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REFERENCES

203 209 227 279

Structural and Shear Relaxation in Liquids T. A. LITOVITZ AND C. M. DAVIS

I~ II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION ELASTIC MODULI OF LIQUIDS STRUTCTURAL VISCOSITY VELOCITY DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION DUE TO SHEAR AND STRUCTURAL RELAXATION HIGH-FREQUENCY LIMITING MODULI OF LIQUIDS RELAXATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF MODULI THE RELATION OF ULTRASONIC AND DIELECTRIC RELAXATION TIMES

282 285 293 315 319 329 341

Contents of Volume 2A

233

VIII. COOPERATIVE EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL AND DIELECTRIC PROCESSES REFERENCES

346 348

The Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves in Electrolytic Solutions JOHN STUEHR AND ERNEST YEAGER

Io II. III. IV.

LIST OF SYMBOLS INTRODUCTION ULTRASONIC VELOCITY RELAXATION PROCESSES IN ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS OTHER EFFECTS REFERENCES

351 354 355 376 453 458

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

463 470

Contents of Volume 2B CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS AND FUTURE VOLUMES

v vii xiii

Relaxations in Polymer Solutions, Liquids, and Gels W. PHILIPPOFF

Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL REACTION OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS TO TIMEDEPENDENT STRESSING THEORY FOR COILED MOLECULES ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA EXPERIMENTAL METHODS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REFERENCES

4 8 34 44 54 87

Relaxation Spectra and Relaxation Processes in Solid Polymers and Glasses I. L. HOPKINS AND C. R. KURKJIAN

Io II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION POLYMERS INORGANIC GLASSES INORGANIC POLYMERS REFERENCES

91 101 110 156 158 234

235

Contents of Volume 2B

Volume Relaxations in Amorphous Polymers ROBERT S. MARVIN AND JOHN E. McKINNEY I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION PHENOMENOLOGICAL RELATIONS MOLECULAR THEORIES EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

165 168 175 182 225 227

10 Nonlinear Acoustics ROBERT T. BEYER I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION PROPAGATIOIN OF A FINITE-AMPLITIUDE PLANE WAVE IN NONDISSIPATIVE AND DISSIPATIVE MEDIA EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THEORY THE INTERACTION OF FINITE-AMPLITUDE BEAMS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

231 232 250 260 263 263

11 Acoustic

Streaming

WESLEY LE MARS NYBORG

Io II. III. IV.

LIST OF SYMBOLS INTRODUCTION BASIC EQUATIONS SOLUTIONS FOR THE STREAMING VELOCITY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REFERENCES

265 266 268 282 314 330

236

Contents of Volume 2B

12 Use of Light Diffraction in Measuring the Parameter of Nonlinearity of Liquids and the Photoelastic Constants of Solids L. E. HARGROVE AND K. ACHYUTHAN I. II.

NONLINEARITYOF LIQUIDS PHOTOELASTICCONSTANTS OF SOLIDS REFERENCES

333 352 367

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

371 378

Contents of Volume 3A CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

v vii xv

Anelasticity and Internal Friction Due to Point Defects in Crystals B. S. BERRY AND A. S. NOWICK

Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF ANELASTIC BEHAVIOR THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF STRESS-INDUCED ORDERING RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO ELEMENTARY POINT DEFECTS RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO DEFECT PAIRS RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO THE INTERACTION OF POINT DEFECTS AND DISLOCATIONS REFERENCES

1 3 11 21 29 38 41

Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Impurities by Anelastic Methods CHARLES WERT

Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

DIFFUSION AS A RANDOM WALK PROCESS RELAXATION PHENOMENA EXAMPLES OF RELAXATION DUE TO POINT DEFECTS RELAXATION OF DILUTE BINARY SOLUTIONS INTERSTITIAL-SUBSTITUTIONAL INTERACTIONS IN BCC CRYSTALS ANELASTIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS IN INTERSTITIAL ALLOYS IN FCC AND HCP CRYSTALS 237

44 45 50 52 58 60

238

Contents of Volume 3A

VII. RELAXATIONIN SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS VIII. RELAXATIONIN IONIC CRYSTALS REFERENCES

65 69 74

Bordoni Peak in Face-Centered Cubic Metals D. H. NIBLETT

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES THEORY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

78 80 88 95 114 119

Dislocation Relaxations in Body-Centered Cubic Transition Metals R. H. CHAMBERS I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS IN BCC TRANSITION METALS MODELS OF THE DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS IN BCC TRANSITION METALS DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THE MODELS OF DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION REFERENCES

123 125 162 182 193 195

Ultrasonic Methods in the Study of Plastic Deformation ROHN TRUELL, CHARLES ELBAUM, AND AYORA HIKATA

Io II.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS ON ALUMINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS

199 200

Contents of Volume 3A III. IV. V.

239

INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTS DEFOLIATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS ULTRASONIC VELOCITY EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH DISLOCATION BEHAVIOR REFERENCES

204 211 214 221

Internal Friction and Basic Fatigue Mechanisms in Body-Centered Cubic Metals, Mainly Iron and Carbon Steels W. J. BRATINA Io II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION DAMPING OF A FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL DAMPING ASSOCIATED WITH DISLOCATION MOTION REPEATED STRESSING AND FATIGUE REFERENCES

223 224 241 268 285

Use of Anelasticity in Investigating Radiation Damage and the Diffusion of Point Defects DONALD O. THOMPSON AND VICTOR K. PARE Io II. III. IV. V. V.

INTRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF RADIATION DEFECTS EXPECTED DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RADIATION DEFECTS ON INTERNAL FRICTION AND ELASTIC MODULI EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS OF TECHNIQUE TO DEFECT-DISLOCATION STUDIES REFERENCES

294 294 303 308 308 314 357

Kinks in Dislocation Lines and Their Effects on the Internal Friction in Crystals ALFRED SEEGER AND PETER SCHILLER I. II.

INTRODUCTION DISLOCATIONAND KINK MODELS AND THEIR MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT

361 369

Contents of Volume 3A

240 III. IV.

PROPERTIES OF KINKS APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF KINKS TO INTERNAL FRICTION IN CRYSTALS REFERENCES

427

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

497 505

474 491

Contents of Volume 3B v vii xv

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES

Use of Sound Velocity Measurements in Determining the Debye Temperature of Solids GEORGE A. ALERS

Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF DEBYE THEORY METHODS OF DETERMINING 00 FROM THE ELASTIC MODULI COMPARISON WITH SPECIFIC HEAT DATA CONCLUSION REFERENCES

1 2 5 32 40 40

Determination and Some Uses of Isotropic Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline Aggregates Using Single-Crystal Data O. L. ANDERSON Io II. III.

IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION THE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC CONSTANTS THE ISOTROPIC MODULI OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA, MAGNESIA, TITANIA, TUNGSTEN, AND THREE CARBIDES SOME USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS USING THE VRH MODULI THE RELATION AMONG SOUND VELOCITY, DENSITY, AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT THE RELATION BETWEEN DEBYE TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY FOR OXIDES 241

43 47 48 54 55 62

Contents of Volume 3B

242 VII.

THE PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF Vl/p --CONSTANT FOR OXIDES REFERENCES APPENDIX I. ELASTIC MODULI FOR SINGLE-CRYSTAL SOLIDS APPENDIX II. ISOTROPIC MODULI COMPUTED FROM ELASTIC CONSTANTS GIVEN IN APPENDIX I APPENDIX III. REFERENCES FOR MODULI FOR SOLIDS LISTED IN APPENDIX I

64 75 77 84 91

The Effect of Light on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali Halide Crystals ROBERT B. GORDON I. II.

98 117 125

OBSERVEDPHENOMENA DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Magnetoelastic Interactions in Ferromagnetic Insulators R. C. LE CRAw AND R. L. COMSTOCK

I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION LINEAR MAGNETOELASTIC INTERACTIONS INSTABILITIES OF MAGNETOELASTIC WAVES LOSS MECHANISMS AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS APPENDIX. MAGNETOELASTIC ENERGY FOR ARBITRARY ORIENTATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD REFERENCES

127 129 152 165 194 197

Effect of Thermal and Phonon Processes on Ultrasonic Attenuation P. G. KLEMENS

I. II. III.

INTRODUCTION LATTICE WAVES ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC BEAMS IN THE HIGH-FREQUENCY LIMIT

201 202 219

Contents of Volume 3B

243

ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC BEAMS IN THE Low-FREQUENCY LIMIT REFERENCES

IV

227 232

Effect of Impurities and Phonon Processes on the Ultrasonic Attenuation of Germanium, Crystal Quartz, and Silicon WARREN P. MASON I. II. III.

IV V VI.

INTRODUCTION EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON THE Low-FREQUENCY INTERNAL FRICTION HIGH-FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN GERMANIUM, QUARTZ, AND SILICON EVALUATION OF ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION DUE TO PHONON-PHONON INTERACTIONS FROM THIRD-ORDER ELASTIC MODULI COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH THEORETICAL RESULTS EFFECTS OF PHONON PROCESSES ON THE DRAG COEFFICIENTS OF DISLOCATIONS REFERENCES

237 238 248 253 268 274 284

Attenuation of Elastic Waves in the Earth L. KNOPOFF I. II. III. IV V. VI.

INTRODUCTION LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF ATTENUATION MODELS OF LOSS FOR CONSTANT Q ATTENTUATION OF SEISMIC WAVES ASSUMPTIONS USED IN INTERPRETATION INTERPRETATION REFERENCES

287 289 296 304 311 318 322

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

325 331

Contents of Volume 4A CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES

v vii xv

Transmission and Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Semiconductors J. H. MCFEE I. II. III.

INTRODUCTION THEORY EXPERIMENT APPENDIX. CALCULATION OF SCREENED COUPLING CONSTANT REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 7 26 41 43 44

Paramagnetic Spin-Phonon Interaction in Crystals EDMUND B. TUCKER Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

INTRODUCTION ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE THE SPIN-PHONON HAMILTONIAN THE WALLER MECHANISM EXCHANGE EFFECTS IN SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS FOR THE IRON GROUP IONS SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS FOR THE RARE EARTHS DOUBLE QUANTUM DETECTION OF PHONONS 244

48 48 51 60 62 66 88 97 97

245

Contents of Volume 4A X~ XI.

PULSE PROPAGATION IN DISPERSIVE MEDIA THE PHONON MASER REFERENCES

100 105 109

Interaction of Acoustic Waves with Nuclear Spins in Solids D. I. BOLEF

I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE THEORY OF ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION BY NUCLEAR SPINS EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR OBSERVING ACOUSTIC SPINPHONON ABSORPTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF NUCLEAR SPIN-PRONON INVESTIGATIONS APPENDIX. ELECTRIC QUADRIPOLE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES FOR Ho AT AN ANGLE 0 TO DIRECTION OF ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION REFERENCES

113 115 128 143 162 177 178

4 Resonance Absorption LEONARD N. LIEBERMANN I. II. III. IV.. V.

INTRODUCTION DETERMINIZATIONOF MOLECULAR COUPLING EXCHANGEFREQUENCY OR TRANSITION PROBABILITY LATTICEFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONS OF RESONANCE ABSORPTION REFERENCES

183 185 187 189 191 193

Fabrication of Vapor-Deposited Thin Film Piezoelectric Transducers the Study of Photon Behavior in Dielectric Materials at Microwave Frequencies J. DE KLERK

I.

INTRODUCTION

195

Contents of Volume 4A

246 II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Vlll. IX. X. XI.

PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CdS AND ZnS REVIEW OF CdS=DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE NEW APPROACH TO VAPOR DEPOSITION VAPOR DEPOSITION APPARATUS FILM THICKNESS MONITOR SUBSTRATE SURFACE PREPARATION VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCEDURE STRUCTUREOF FILMS PHONONGENERATION ATTENUATIONMEASUREMENTS REFERENCES

196 198 199 202 203 207 209 210 211 215 222

The Vibrating String Model of Dislocation Damping A. V. GRANATO AND K. LUCKE I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION SURVEY OF TYPES OF EFFECTS OBSERVED AND QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE FOR DISLOCATION LOSSES THE MODEL EFFECTS AT LOW STRAIN AMPLITUDES (COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTS) STRAIN AMPLITUDE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS REFERENCES

226 229 238 249 264 274

The Measurement of Very Small Sound Velocity Changes and Their Use in the Study of Solids G. A. ALERS I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTALMETHODS EXPERIMENTALRESULTS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

277 278 282 296 296

Contents of Volume 4A

247

Acoustic Wave and Dislocation Damping in Normal and Superconducting Metals and in Doped Semiconductors WARREN P. MASON

I, II. III. IV

INTRODUCTION ATTENUATION OF SOUND WAVES IN METALS DUE TO FREE ELECTRONS ATTENUATION IN METALS DUE TO DISLOCATIONS DAMPED BY ELECTRONS ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS REFERENCES

299 301 310 325 350

Ultrasonics and the Fermi Surfaces of the Monovalent Metals J. ROGER PEVERLEY

I~ II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION THE FERMI SURFACE ELECTRON ORBITS THE MAGNETOACOUSTIC EFFECT EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES THE FERMI SURFACES OF THE NOBLE METALS REFERENCES

353 354 357 359 364 368 377

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

379 385

Contents of Volume 4B CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

v vii xiii

10 Oscillatory Magnetoacoustic Phenomena in Metals B. W. ROBERTS Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION OSCILLATORY MAGNETOACOUSTIC PHENOMENA EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OTHER STUDIES DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES

2 3 13 15 46 47 47

11 Transmission of Sound in Molten Metals G. M. B. WEBBER AND R. W. B. STEPHENS Io II. III. IV.

V.

INTRODUCTION ULTRASONIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON PROPAGATION IN LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS LARGE-AMPLITUDE PROPAGATION AND SONOLUMINESCENCE IN LIQUID MERCURY APPENDIX REFERENCES

248

53 55 77 83 88 90 94

Contents of Volume 4B

249

12 Acoustic and Plasma Waves in Ionized Gases G. M. SESSLER

Io II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION FLUID THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES KINETIC THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REFERENCES

99 101 131 140 175

13 Relaxation and Resonance of Markovian Systems ROGER CERF

Io II. III.

THE MODEL INTERACTION WITH A WEAK SINUSOIDAL FIELD PARTICULAR PROPERTIES OF DISSYMMETRICAL SYSTEMS SYMBOLS REFERENCES

181 186 197 206 209

14 Magnetoelastic Properties of Yttrium-Iron Garnet WALTER STRAUSS

I~ II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION THEORY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS APPLICATIONS APPENDIX: TRANSFORMATION TO BODY DIAGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEM SYMBOLS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

211 212 244 250 260 264 266 267

Contents of Volume 4B

250

15 Ultrasonic Attenuation Caused by Scattering in Polycrystalline Media EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION ATTENUATIONCAUSED BY GRAIN SCATTERING RELATEDWORK ON VELOCITY ANISOTROPY SUMMARY REFERENCES

269 272 317 325 326

16 Sound Velocities in Rocks and Minerals" Experimental Methods, Extrapolations to Very High Pressures, and Results ORSON L. ANDERSON AND ROBERT C. LIEBERMANN

I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES NEW METHODS OF DETERMINING SOUND VELOCITY: DIRECT AND INDIRECT CRITIQUE OF PRESENT DATA DATA ON Vp AND Vs IN ROCKS AND MINERALS" GENERAL COMMENTS SYMBOLS APPENDIXES APPENDIX I. PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AT STANDARD TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES APPENDIX II. COMPRESSIONALVELOCITY VERSUS PRESSURE (10 BARS TO 10 KBAR) APPENDIX III. SHEAR VELOCITY VERSUS PRESSURE (10 BARS TO 10 KBAR) APPENDIX IV. COMPRESSIONALVELOCITY VERSUS TEMPERATURE (25~ TO 600~ APPENDIX V. SHEAR VELOCITY VERSUS TEMPERATURE (25~ TO 600~ APPENDIX WI. PETROGRAPHIC MODAL ANALYSES OF CERTAIN ROCKS IN APPENDIXES I TO V APPENDIX VII. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ROCKS IN APPENDIXES I TO V

330 330 349 373 374 376 376 394 421 432 441 443 451 453

Contents of Volume 4B

251

REFERENCES

466

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

473 483

Contents of Volume 5 v vii xi

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

Acoustic Wave Propagation in High Magnetic Fields Y. SHAPIRA I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION LIQUID METALS IMPURE SOLID METALS HIGH-FIELD SUPERCONDUCTORS GIANT QUANTUM OSCILLATIONS REFERENCES

1 3 6 10 23 56

Impurities and Anelasticity in Crystalline Quartz DAVID B. FRASER Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION ANELASTICITY: A REVIEW ACOUSTIC LOSS MEASUREMENTS LOSS MECHANISMS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

252

59 64 66 94 107 108

Contents of Volume 5

253

Observation of Resonant Vibrations and Defect Structure in Single Crystals by X-Ray Diffraction Topography W. J. SPENCER

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL X-RAY TECHNIQUES QUALITATIVE X-RAY THEORY OBSERVATION OF DEFECTS IN SINGLE CRYSTALS OBSERVATION OF RESONANT VIBRATIONS IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL PLATES REFERENCES

111 114 118 128 135 160

Wave Packet Propagation and Frequency-Dependent Internal Friction M. ELICES AND E GARdA-MOLINER

I~ II. III. I~. V.

INTRODUCTION 163 THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE WAVES 166 THE PROPAGATION OF WAVE PACKETS: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 170 THE PROPAGATION OF WAVE PACKFTS: ENERGETIC ANALYSIS 202 APPLICATION TO THE THEORY OF INTERNAL FRICTION 209 REFERENCES 217

5 Coherent Elastic Wave Propagation in Quartz Ultramicrowave Frequencies JOHN ILUKOR AND E. H. JACOBSEN

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION CAVITY AND CRYSTAL GEOMETRY APPARATUS FOR GENERATION AND DETECTION RESULTS FUTURE RESEARCH REFERENCES

221 221 223 224 228 230

(Jontents of Volume

254

Heat Pulse Transmission R. J. VON GUTFELD

Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION PHONON ENERGY AND PHASE VELOCITIES PHONON SCATTERING HEAT PULSES IN METALS THERMAL RELAXATION TIMES AND INTERFACIAL BOUNDARY RESISTANCE REFERENCES

233 236 252 273

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

293 299

281 289

Contents of Volume 6 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

v vii xi

Light Scattering as a Probe of Phonons and Other Excitations PAUL A. FLEURY Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

INTRODUCTION THEORY EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES BRILLOUIN EXPERIMENTS AS AN EXTENSION OF ULTRASONICS BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN THE STUDY OF PHASE TRANSITIONS PHONON INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER EXCITATIONS SCATTERING FROM OTHER THAN ACOUSTIC PHONONS STIMULATED SCATTERING OF LIGHT REFERENCES

2 4 18 30 37 42 49 56 61

Acoustic Properties of Materials of the Perovskite Structure HARRISON H. BARRETT Io II. III. I~. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION FERROELECTRICITY AND LATTICE DYNAMICS THEORY OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN SOFT-MODE MATERIALS POTASSIUM TANTALATE STRONTIUM TITANATE SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK REFERENCES 255

65 67 75 86 100 105 106

Contents of Volume 6

256

Properties of Elastic Surface Waves G. W. FARNELL I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

INTRODUCTION FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM ISOTROPIC SUBSTRATES ITERATIVE SEARCH PROCEDURES CALCULATED RESULTS PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS ENERGY FLOW PSEUDOSURFACE WAVES REFERENCES

109 112 116 118 120 149 155 160 165

Dynamic Shear Properties of Solvents and Polystyrene Solutions from 20 to 300 MHz R. S. MOORE AND H. J. MCSKiMIN I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL METHODS MATERIALS AND STEADY-FLOW PROPERTIES RESULTS REFERENCES

167 170 191 193 240

The Propagation of Sound in Condensed Helium S. G. ECKSTEIN, Y. ECKSTEIN, J. B. KETTERSON, AND J. H. VIGNOS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION THEORY OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN SUPERFLUIDS 4He PROPAGATION OF SOUND IN 3He-aHe SOLUTIONS THE LAMBDA TRANSITION 3He SOLID HELIUM APPENDIX

244 246 272 302 310 322 341 366

Contents of Volume 6

257

REFERENCES

368

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

373 381

Contents of Volume 7 vii ix xi

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Superconductors: Magnetic Field Effects M. GOTTLIEB, M. GARBUNY, AND C. K. JONES I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN THE INTERMEDIATE STATE ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN THE MIXED STATE REFERENCES

2 4 6 15 26 48

Ultrasonic Investigation of Phase Transitions and Critical Points CARL W. GARLAND

Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THEORY LIQUID-VAPOR CRITICAL POINT BINARY-LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION FERROELECTRIC AND ANTIFERROELECTRIC TRANSITIONS FERROMAGNETIC AND ANTIFERROMAGNETIC TRANSITIONS ORDER-DISORDER LAMBDA TRANSITIONS FIRST-ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS REFERENCES 258

52 53 63 82 92 110 122 138 140

Contents of Volume 7

259

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Normal Metals and Superconductors: Fermi-Surface Effects J. A. RAYNE AND C. K. JONES

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION THEORY OF ATTENUATION IN NORMAL METALS THEORY OF ATTENUATION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS MEASURING TECHNIQUES RESULTS REFERENCES

149 150 164 174 181 215

4 Excitation, Detection, and Attenuation of High-Frequency Elastic Surface Waves K. DRANSFELD AND E. SALZMANN

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RAYLEIGH WAVES EXCITATION AND DETECTION OF RAYLEIGH WAVES ABSORPTION OF RAYLEIGH WAVES APPLICATIONS REFERENCES

219 221 226 250 263 270

Interaction of Light with Ultrasound: Phenomena and Applications R. W DAMON, W. T. MALONEY, AND D. H. MCMAHON I~ II. III. IV. V.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPT THEORY SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE ELASTOOPTICAL EFFECT ULTRASONICS IN INFORMATION PROCESSING REFERENCES

273 275 287 295 328 363

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

367 377

Contents of Volume 8 ix xi

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

Spin-Phonon Spectrometer CHARLES H. ANDERSON AND EDWARD S. SABISKY I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

INTRODUCTION SPIN-PHONON INTERACTION OPTICAL DETECTION OF THE SPIN POPULATION DIVALENT THULIUM DETECTION OF MONOCHROMATIC ACOUSTIC WAVES PHONON GENERATION BY SPINS HEATERS AS BROAD-BAND PHONON SOURCES PHONON INTERFERENCE IN THIN LIQUID HELIUM FILMS APPENDIX. DERIVATION OF DIFFUSION EQUATION REFERENCES

2 3 12 18 27 33 44 49 55 56

Landau Quantum Oscillations of the Velocity of Sound and the Strain Dependence of the Fermi Surface L. R. TESTARDI AND J. H. CONDON

I. II. III. IV. V. WI.

INTRODUCTION THEORYOF LANDAU QUANTUM EFFECTS EXPERIMENTALMETHODS EXPERIMENTALRESULTS COMPARISONWITH EXISTING DATA SUMMARY REFERENCES 260

59 61 74 79 92 93 94

Contents of Volume 8

261

High-Frequency Continuous Wave Ultrasonics D. I. BOLEF AND J. G. MILLER

Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION THEORY: PROPAGATING WAVE MODEL CW ULTRASONIC RESONATOR ASSEMBLIES AND PROBES CW SPECTROMETER SYSTEMS SAMPLED-CW TECHNIQUE AND SPECTROMETERS ACOUSTIC MOSSBAUER EFFECT SPECTROMETER APPLICATIONS APPENDIX. TRANSMISSION-LINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF COMPOSITE RESONATOR REFERENCES

96 105 120 129 155 163 170 196 198

Ultrasonic Measurements at Very High Pressures P. HEYDEMANN

I~ II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS IN PISTON AND DIE SYSTEMS SUMMARY REFERENCES

203 204 211 233 234

Third-Order Elastic Constants and Thermal Equilibrium Properties of Solids J. HOLDER AND A. V. GRANATO

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION THERMODYNAMICS OF IMPERFECT CRYSTALS DISLOCATIONS POINT DEFECTS PHONONS REFERENCES

237 239 244 252 262 275

Contents of Volume 8

262

Interaction of Sound Waves with Thermal Phonons in Dielectric Crystals HUMPHREY J. MARIS Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION LANDAU-RUMER THEORY BOLTZMANN EQUATION METHOD COMPARISON OF APPROACHES ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY FOR ~x << 1 ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY FOR ~T << 1 MISCELLANEOUSPROBLEMS APPENDIX SYMBOLS REFERENCES

280 283 291 297 301 319 336 337 339 340

Internal Friction at Low Frequencies Due to Dislocations" Applications to Metals and Rock Mechanics WARREN P. MASON

I. II. III.

IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL FRICTION FOR THREE ROCKS GRAIN BOUNDARY INTERNAL FRICTION AND DISLOCATION PARAMETERS DERIVATION OF THE LOW- AND HIGH-FREQUENCY COMPONENTS OF DISLOCATION ATTENUATION APPLICATION OF THEORY TO ALLOYS AND IMPURE METALS APPLICATION OF DISLOCATION THEORY TO THE INTERNAL FRICTION IN MOON AND EARTH ROCKS REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

347 352 355 358 364 368 371 373 381

Contents of Volume 9 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

Difference in Electron Drag Stresses on Dislocation Motion in the Normal and the Superconducting States for Type I and Type II Superconductors M. SUENAGA AND J. M. GALLIGAN I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL THEORY DISCUSSION SUMMARY APPENDIX REFERENCES

1 4 14 26 30 30 31

Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers G. W. FARLNELL AND E. L. ADLER I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION WAVEEQUATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ISOTROPICPROBLEM CRYSTALSYMMETRY ANISOTROPICEXAMPLES REFERENCES 263

35 37 44 88 109 126

Contents of Volume 9

264

Solid State Control Elements Operating on Piezoelectric Principles E L. N-NAGY AND G. C. JOYCE INTRODUCTION BASIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY ELECTROSTATIC DEVICES THE BIMORPH ACTUATOR IN A CONTROL LOOP DERIVATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CANTILEVER BIMORPH V. ACTUATOR VI. PIEZOELECTRIC STEPPING MOTOR IN CONTROL LOOP VII. A LASER BEAM DEFLECTOR SYSTEM VIII. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT REFERENCES I. II. III.

129 131 132 145 149 153 156 163 165

4 Monolithic Crystal Filters W. J. SPENCER Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION THICKNESS VIBRATIONS IN THIN PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL NETWORKS FOR THICKNESS VIBRATIONS IN THIN PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES PROCESS TECHNOLOGY MCF APPLICATIONS REFERENCES

167 171 191 201 213 219

Design and Technology of Piezoelectric Transducers for Frequencies Above 100 MHz E. K. SITTIG I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSDUCER AND ITS TERMINAL PARAMETERS MASON'S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT THE TRANSDUCER WITH A SINGLE PIEZOELECTRIC LAYER

221 224 229 233

Contents of Volume 9 TRANSDUCERSWITH MULTIPLE PIEZOELECTRIC LAYERS AND INTERLACED COMB SURFACE WAVE TRANSDUCERS VI. MATERIALS VII. TECHNOLOGICALMETHODS VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

265

W.

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

254 258 263 271 272 277 282 289

Contents of Volume 10 ix xi

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

Surface Waves in Acoustics

H. OBERALL Io II. III.

IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION SURFACE WAVES ON FLAT SURFACES: LATERALWAVES SURFACE WAVES GENERATED BY SOUND SCATTERING ON IMPENETRABLE, SIMPLE CURVED SURFACES SURFACE WAVES IN SOUND SCATTERING FROM GENERAL, SMOOTH, CONVEX SURFACES SURFACE WAVES ON SIMPLE CURVED TRANSPARENT OBJECTS MORE-GENERAL EXCITATION MECHANISMS FOR SURFACE WAVES REFERENCES

21 29 37 56 57

Observation of Acoustic Radiation from Plane and Curved Surfaces

WERNER G. NEUBAUER Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION ACOUSTIC VISUALIZATION BY SCHLIEREN RADIATION FROM SOLID CYLINDERS RADIATION FROM CYLINDRICAL SHELLS REFLECTION AND RADIATION FROM PLANE INTERFACES REFERENCES

266

61 62 68 96 104 125

267

Contents of Volume 10

Electromagnetic Generation of Ultrasonic Waves E. ROLAND DOBBS

I~ II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION CLASSICAL THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATION HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESULTS MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATION LoW-TEMPERATURE RESULTS CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENTCES

127 131 135 148 170 185 186 189

4 Elastic Behavior and Structural Instability of High-Temperature A-15 Structure Superconductors LOUIS R. TESTARDI

I~ II.

INTRODUCTION THE BATTERMAN-BARRETT TRANSFORMATION IN A-15 MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A-15 MATERIALS ABOVE Tc III. ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF HIGH- Te SUPERCONDUCTORS AT THE IV. SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION HIGH-FREQUENCY PHONON BEHAVIOR V VI. ANHARMONICITY, INSTABILITY, AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY VII. THEORETICALMODELS OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS VIII. STRUCTURAL INSTABILITYAND HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY REFERENCES

194 205 214 242 259 270 278 290 292

5 Acoustic Holography WINSTON E. KOCK

I. II.

INTRODUCTION HOLOGRAMS AND ZONE PLATES

297 301

Contents of Volume 10

268 III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII.

HOLOGRAM THEORY EARLY ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAMS COHERENCE REFLECTION ZONE PLATES HOLOGRAM SPECKLE THE SYNTHETIC-APERTURE CONCEPT STATIONARY SYNTHETIC-APERTURE SYSTEMS EARLY EXPERIMENTS 1N ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY ACOUSTIC SYNTHETIC-APERTURE SYSTEMS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY UNDERWATER APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY ACOUSTIC KINOFORMS ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY HOLOGRAM PULSE COMPRESSION SEISMIC APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY FURTHER READING SUGGESTIONS REFERENCES

312 312 318 321 327 332 340 348 353 358 361 366 370 374 378 380 381

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX VOLUMES 1-10

385 393 400

Contents of Volume 11 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

Third Sound in Supeffluid Helium Films DAVID J. BERGMAN

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.

INTRODUCTION THE THEORY OF THIRD SOUND IN FLAT FILMS THE PROPERTIES OF THIRD SOUND IN FLAT FILMS-THEORY EXPERIMENTTS ON THIRD SOUND THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF THE SUBSTRATE THIRD SOUIND RESONATORS THIRD SOUND IN MIXED He3-He 4 FILMS ENERGY IN THIRD SOUND THE NORMAL FLUID MOTION AND ATTENUATION MICROSCOPICTHEORIES GLOSSARY OF KEY SYMBOLS AND PHRASES REFERENCES

1 3 23 32 38 41 49 52 55 57 64 66

Physical Acoustics and the Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions M. B. LESSER AND D. G. CRIGHTON

I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION AND ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS SCATTERING AND DIFFRACTION PROBLEMS ACOUSTIC WAVEGUIDES NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

269

70 93 110 125 143 147

Contents of Volume 11

270

Ultrasonic Diffraction from Single Apertures with Application to Pulse Measurements and Crystal Physics EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.

152 153 160 165 173 186 191 205 206 208 208 211

INTRODUCTION THEORY COMPUTATIONS EXPERIMENTS DIFFRACTIONCORRECTIONS INPUTAMPLITUDE PROFILE BROADBANDPULSES SPECIMENS OF FINITE WIDTH SURFACEWAVES SUMMARY REFERENCES APPENDIX

4 Elastic Surface Wave Devices J. DE KLERK Io II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION PHASE CODED SIGNALS 13 BIT BARKER CODE CORRELATOR PROGRAMMABLE SEQUENCE GENERATOR PULSE COMPRESSION FILTERS REFERENCES

213 215 223 231 236 242

Nonlinear Effects in Piezoelectric Quartz Crystals J. J. GAGNEPAIN AND R. BESSON I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF QUARTZ CHARACTERISTIC COEFFICIENTS NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN SHEAR VIBRATING QUARTZ CRYSTAL RESONATORS

245 247 252 266

Contents of Volume 11

271

V. VI. VII.

278 283 287 288

EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS OF A QUARTZ RESONATOR INFLUENCE OF AN APPLIED DC ELECTRIC FIELD CONCLUSION REFERENCES

Acoustic Emission ARTHUR E. LORD, JR. I. II. III. IV.. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL WORK EARLY WORK AND GENERAL BACKGROUND MATERIALS INVESTIGATEDWITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION PROCESSES STUDIED WITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY POTPOURRI OF TOPICS (BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS) CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHERWORK APPENDIX REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

290 291 294 301 320 330 333 336 338 339 345

SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

355 362

Contents of Volume 12 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

The Anomalous Elastic Properties of Materials Undergoing Cooperative Jahn-Teller Phase Transitions R. L. MELCHER Io II. III.

IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION THE JAHN-TELLER EFFECT THEORY OF ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF COOPERATIVE JAHN-TELLER SYSTEMS APPLICATION TO RARE EARTH CRYSTALS TRANSITION METAL ION COMPOUNDS SUMMARY REFERENCES

9 25 67 73 75

2 Superconducting Tunneling Junctions as Phonon Generators and Detectors W. EISENMENGER I. II.

III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION BASICASPECTS OF PHONON GENERATION AND DETECTION BY SINGLE-PARTICLE TUNNELING IN SUPERCONDUCTORS BASIC EXPERIMENTS QUANTITATIVEPHONON DETECTION MODEL PHONONEMISSION SPECTRA APPLICATIONS FURTHER APPLICATIONS AND FINAL REMARKS REFERENCES

272

80 82 87 98 113 137 149 151

Contents of Volume 12

273

Ultrasonic Properties of Glasses at Low Temperatures S. HUNKLINGER AND W. ARNOLD

I~ II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF GLASSES ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES OF GLASSES ABOVE HELIUM TEMPERATURE ANOMALOUS ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF GLASSES BELOW HELIUM TEMPERATURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF THE LoW-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR MICROSCOPIC MODEL CONCLUSION REFERENCES

155 156 160 170 177 203 210 212

4 Acoustical Response of Submerged Elastic Structures Obtained through Integral Transforms H. UBERALL AND H. HUANG I. INTRODUCTION II. NORMAL-MODE SOLUTION OF THE PULSE PROBLEM III. EXPERIMENTSAND NUMERICAL MODE CALCULATIONS IV. 9 WATSON-SOMMERFELD TRANSFORM V. GEOPHYSICALAND MATERIALS-TESTING PROBLEMS REFERENCES NOTE ADDED IN PROOF

217 232 244 254 270 272 275

Ultrasonic Velocity and Attenuation: Measurement Methods with Scientific and Industrial Applications EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

I~ II. III.

INTRODUCTION 277 VELOCITY 279 ABSOLUTE ACCURACY OF THE PULSE-ECHO-OVERLAP METHOD AND THE PULSE SUPERPOSITION METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC VELOCITY 319

Contents of Volume 12

274 IV. V. VI.

ATTENUATION INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS SUMMARY REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

323 335 371 371 374

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

375 383 390

Contents of Volume 13 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

Anelasticity: An Introduction A. S. NOWICK

I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION FORMAL THEORY OF ANELASTICITY INTERNAL VARIABLES AND THE THERMODYNAMIC BASIS FOR RELAXATION SPECTRA PHYSICAL, ORIGINS OF ANELASTICITY REFERENCES

12 14 27

Structural Instability of A-15 Superconductors L. R. TESTARDI I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

INTRODUCTION METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, NMR, AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY THE BATTERMAN BARRETT TRANSFORMATION X-RAY STUDIES ELASTIC MODULI STRESS BEHAVIOR COMPOSITION, DISORDER, AND DEFECTS: THEIR EFFECTS ON TC AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY HIGH FREQUENCY PHONON BEHAVIOR 275

29 29 30 31 32 32 34 36 41

Contents of Volume 13

276 X.

THEORY REFERENCES

41 45

Plate Modes in Surface Acoustic Wave Devices R. S. WAGERS I. II. III.

INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF PLATE MODE PROPAGATION EXCITATION OF PLATE MODES IN PIEZOELECTRIC SUBSTRATES REFERENCES

49 51 64 78

4 Anisotropic Surface Acoustic Wave Diffraction THOMAS L. SZABO I~ II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION THEORY DIFFRACTION LOSS AND PHASE EFFECTS EFFECT OF DIFFRACTION ON DEVICE DESIGN MININIAL DIFFRACTION CUTS DIFFRACTION FOR ACOUSTIC ANALOGUES OF OPTICAL COMPONENTS VII. MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS VIII. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

79 82 93 98 105 107 110 111 111

Doubly Rotated Thickness Mode Plate Vibrators ARTHUR BALLATO I~ II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION WAVES AND VIBRATIONS IN PIEZOELECTRIC MEDIA CRITICAL PLATE FREQUENCIES STATIC FREQUENCY-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR PROPERTIES OF DOUBLY ROTATED CUTS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATE VIBRATORS

115 117 121 129 134 162

Contents of Volume 13

277

VII.

173 179

ANALOG ELECTRIC NETWORK MODELS REFERENCES

The Generalized Ray Theory and Transient Responses of Layered Elastic Solids YIH-HSING PAO AND RALPH R. GAJEWSKI

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION EQUATIONS OF ELASTICITY AND SOLUTIONS THE THEORY OF GENERALIZED RAY THE CAGNIARD METHOD AND TRANSIENT WAVES DUE TO A LINE LOAD AXISYMMETRIC WAVES DUE TO A POINT LOAD GENERAL SOLUTIONS FOR A POINT SOURCE TRANSIENT RESPONSES AND NUMERICAL EXAMPLES REFERENCES

184 186 197 207 218 231 246 264

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

267 273 279

Contents of Volume 14 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

Acoustic Microscopy R o s s A. LEMONS AND CALVIN F. QUATE I. II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUESOF ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY ABERRATIONOF A SINGLE SURFACE LENS RESOLUTIONPERFORMANCE OF THE SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE V. ACOUSTICLENS TRANSFER FUNCTIONS VI. ANTIREFLECRIONCOATINGS FOR ACOUSTIC LENSES VII. TRANSMISSIONACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY VIII. REFLECTION ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY LIST OF SYMBOLS REFERENCES

2 3 20 26 39 51 59 80 88 90

2 Sound Propagation in Liquid Crystals K. MIYANO AND J. B. KETTERSON Io II. III.

INTRODUCTION THEORY EXPERIMENTS APPENDIX A: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS APPEARING IN OTHER HYDRODYNAMIC FORMULATIONS APPENDIX B: THE DE GENNES ELASTICITY THEORY FOR A SMECTIC A LIST OF SYMBOLS REFERENCES 278

93 96 146 173 174 175 176

279

Contents of Volume 14

Electromagnetic-Ultrasound Transducers: Principles, Practice, and Applications H. M. FROST

Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

INTRODUCTION TRANSDUCTION WITH PLANE WAVES SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE TRANSDUCTION BULK ACOUSTIC WAVE TRANSDUCTION OTHER TRANSDUCTION CONSIDERATIONS TRANSDUCER FABRICATION AND OPERATION APPLICATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS REFERENCES

179 185 190 219 228 235 248 269 270

Ultrasonic Transducers for Materials Testing and Their Characterization WOLFGANG SACHSE AND NELSON N. HSU

I~ II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION THE TRANSDUCER AS AN ELEMENT IN AN ULTRASONIC SYSTEM ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCTION METHODS AND DEVICES ULTRASONIC SYSTEM RESPONSE TRANSDUCER CHARACTERIZATION REFERENCES

277 282 295 341 349 394

Ultrasonic Flowmeters LAWRENCE C. LYNNWORTH

Io II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION ULTRASONIC FLOW VELOCIMETER PRINCIPLES AND METHODS AREA AVERAGING FOR NONUNIFORM FLOW PROFILES ULTRASONIC MASS FLOWMETERS HYBRID DESIGNS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REFERENCES

408 414 487 503 510 513 516

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

527 542 558

Contents of Volume 15 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

vii ix

A History of Ultrasonics KARL E GRAFF I.

INTRODUCTION

II. III. IV.

HIGH-FREQUENCYACOUSTICS IN THE 19TH CENTURY EARLYWORK IN THE 20TH CENTURY (1900-1915) BIRTHAND GROWTH OF ULTRASONICS (1916-1926) INTENSEULTRASOUND AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS (1927-1939) ULTRASONICSCOMES OF AGE (1940-1955) TO THE PRESENT REFERENCES

V. VI. VII.

2 3 20 28 41 60 89 90

Circuit-Model Analysis and Design of Interdigital Transducers for Surface Acoustic Wave Devices W. RICHARD SMITH Io II.

III. IV. V.

VI.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INTERDIGITALTRANSDUCERS AS FILTER ELEMENTS RELATION OF TRANSDUCER RESPONSE TO GEOMETRY "SECOND-ORDER" EFFECTS AND THEIR COMPENSATION THREE-PORT CIRCUIT MODEL DESCRIPTION OF INTERDIGITAL TRANSDUCERS MATCHING-CIRCUIT-CONTROLLED TRADE-OFFS AMONG INSERTION LOSS, BANDWIDTH, TRIPLE TRANSIT SUPPRESSION, AND VOLTAGE STANDING-WAVE RATIO 280

100 102 110 122 132

160

Contents of Volume 15 VII.

281

SPECIFIC TRANSDUCER GEOMETRIES (ARRAY FACTORS) FOR TYPICAL FILTER APPLICATIONS REFERENCES

177 187

Theory of Resonance Scattering LAWRENCE FLAX, GUILLERMO C. GAUNAURD, AND HERBERT UBERALL I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION ACOUSTIC=WAVE SCATTERINGFROM ELASTIC TARGETS ELASTIC=WAVE SCATTERINGFROM CAVITIES AND INCLUSIONS THE INVERSE SCATTERINGPROBLEM RESONANCES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING REFERENCES

191 193 240 281 285 292

Acoustic Emission--An Update ARTHUR E. LORD, JR. Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

INTRODUCTION DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OPTICAL DETECTION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS SIGNAL ANALYSIS ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING VARIOUS TRANSFORMATIONS DISLOCATION EFFECTS MAGNETOMECHANICAL ACOUSTIC EMISSION MONITORING FATIGUE DAMAGE WITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

295 297 334 334 335 340 342 348 350 353 355

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

361 369 379

Contents of Volume 16 ix

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

xi

Relaxation Processes in Sound Propagation in Fluids: A Historical Survey R. BRUCE LINDSAY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13.

INTRODUCTION ATTENUATIONOF SOUND IN A VISCOUS AND HEAT-CONDUCTING FLUID AS A CLASSICAL RELAXATION PROCESS SOUND PROPAGATION AS A MOLECULAR PROCESS JEANS' THEORY OF PROPAGATION OF SOUND THROUGH A GAS COMPOSED OF LOADED SPHERES EINSTEIN'S INVESTIGATION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED GASES APPLICATIONOF THE RELAXATION CONCEPT TO SOUND DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION BY HERZFELD AND RICE THE INVESTIGATIONS OF BOURGIN ON THE PROPAGATION OF SOUND IN GASES KNESER'S RESEARCH ON THE DISPERSION OF SOUND DUE TO RELAXATION PROCESSES HENRY'S INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY EXCHANGES BETWEEN MOLECULES KNESER'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE MOLECULAR RELAXATION THEORY OF SOUND ABSORPTION THE COLLABORATION OF KNUDSEN AND KNESER IN STUDIES OF ANOMALOUS SOUND ABSORPTION IN GASES RELAXATIONAL THEORIES FOR THE EXCESS ABSORPTION OF SOUND IN LIQUIDS RELAXATION IN THE THEORY OF SOUND ATTENUATION IN SOLIDS REFERENCES 282

1 3 6 10 13 18 21 21 26 26 28 30 34 35

Contents of Volume 16

283

Acoustic Vibrational Modes in Quartz Crystals: Their Frequency, Amplitude, and Shape Determination HARISH BAHADUR AND R. PARSHAD

1. 2. 3.

4.

INTRODUCTION VIBRATIONALMODES OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS SURVEYOF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF MODE SHAPES, FREQUENCIES, AND AMPLITUDES OF VIBRATIONS OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

38 38

67 165 165

Electron and Phonon Drag on Mobile Dislocations in Metals at Low Temperatures J. M. GALLIGAN ~

2. o

o

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF PRIOR EXPERIMENTALWORK ON ELECTRON DRAG IN SUPERCONDUCTORS RECENT EXPERIMENTALWORK ON MOBILE DISLOCATION DENSITIES AND DISLOCATION DRAG IN SUPERCONDUCTORS AND NORMAL-STATE METALS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

173 176

180 209 214

4 Two-Pulse Phonon Echoes in Solid-State Acoustics K. FOSSHEIM AND R. M. HOLT ~

2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION BACKWARD-WAVE ECHOES ACOUSTIC SPIN ECHOES POWDER ECHOES CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES

218 221 259 263 292 292

Contents of Volume 16

284

Dynamic Polarization Echoes in Powdered Materials KOJI KAJIMURA o

2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION ANHARMONIC OSCILLATOR MODEL PARAMETRIC FIELD-MODE INTERACTION MODEL EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES

295 299 321 325 337 339

Memory Echoes in Powders R. L. MELCHER AND N. S. SHIREN lo

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL SURVEY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA THE PARTICLE ROTATION MODEL INTERNAL DEFORMATION MODELS EXPERIMENTAL METHOD EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX m. DERIVATION OF TORQUE EQUATION FROM THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A FIELD APPENDIX B. FIELD ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE FOR THE ROTATION MODEL APPENDIX C. FIELD ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE FOR THE INTERNAL DEFORMATION MODEL REFERENCES

341 343 345 349 354 356 376 376 379 381 382

Fiber Optic Acoustic Transduction J. A. BUCARO, N. LAGAKOS, J. H. COLE, AND T. G. GIALLORENZI ~

2. 3.

INTRODUCTION OPTICAL FIBER TYPES MACH-ZEHNDER FIBER INTERFEROMETER

385 386 389

Contents of Volume 16 ~

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

285

SINGLE-FIBER INTERFEROMETER POLARIZATION SENSORS OPTICAL INTENSITY FIBER SENSORS EVANESCENT FIELD FIBER COUPLER SENSORS HYBRID FIBER SENSORS PRACTICAL SENSOR IMPLEMENTATION REFERENCES

415 420 424 436 439 445 455

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

459 468 477

Contents of Volume 17 vii ix

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

Determination of Third-Order Elastic Constants from Ultrasonic Harmonic Generation Measurements M. A. BREAZEALE AND JACOB PHILIP INTRODUCTION HARMONIC GENERATION OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN CUBIC CRYSTALS THE CAPACITIVE RECEIVER AS A TOOL FOR ABSOLUTEAMPLITUDE MEASUREMENTS THE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE RESULTS FOR SOME SOLIDS TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THE THIRD-ORDER ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SILICON AND GERMANIUM CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

12 18 27 50 56 57

2 Acoustoelasticity and Ultrasonic Measurements of Residual Stresses YIH-HSING PAD, WOLFGANG SACHSE, AND HIDEKAZU FUKUOKA .

2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION WAVE MOTION IN A PRESTRESSED BODY THEORY OF ACOUSTOELASTIC BIREFRINGENCE SURFACE WAVES IN A PRESTRESSED HALF-SPACE RESIDUAL STRESSES AND INELASTIC EFFECTS

286

62 64 71 84 89

287

Contents o f Volume 17 ~

7. 8. 9.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR ACOUSTOELASTICITY ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF APPLIED STRESSES ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES CONCLUSION REFERENCES

101 109 121 137 140

Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere H. E. BASS, L. C. SUTHERLAND, JOE PIERCY, AND LANDON EVANS ~

2. 3.

INTRODUCTION THEORY OF ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF SOUND A COMPARISON OF PREDICTED ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION LOSS WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA APPENDIX. SYMBOLS, DEFINITIONS, AND UNITS REFERENCES

145 147 174 224 228

Statistical Properties of Random Wave Fields KARL JOACHIM EBELING o

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION STATISTICAL PROPFRTIES OF SIMPLE SOUND FIELD VARIABLES PROBABILITY DENSITIES OF QUANTITIES CONTAINING DERIVATIVES STATISTICS OF TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRADIENTS THE SPATIAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF RANDOM WAVE FIELDS SCATTERING AT ROUGH SURFACES DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION APPENDIX. IMPORTANT SYMBOLS REFERENCES

234 236 246 254 265 287 303 307 309

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

311 317 322

Contents of Volume 18 CONTRIBUTORS IN MEMORIAM PREFACE

ix xi xix

Number-Theoretic Phase Arrays and Diffraction Gratings with Broad Radiation (Scattering) Characteristics MANFRED R. SCHROEDER 1. 2. 3. ~

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

INTRODUCTION THE CONCEPT OF SPATIAL FREQUENCY QUADRATIC-RESIDUEARRAYS Two-DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC-RESIDUE ARRAYS QUADRATIC-RESIDUE PHASE GRATINGS SPREAD-SPECTRUM SEQUENCES GALOIS ARRAYS PHASE GRATINGS BASED ON p = 2 PHASE GRATINGS FOR p > 2 PRIMITIVE-ROOT GRATINGS COMPLEX LEGENDRE GRATINGS ZECH GRATINGS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

1 3 4 7 8 10 11 12 14 14 16 17 19 20

Ultrasonic Generation by Pulsed Lasers D. A. HUTCHINS o

2. 3.

INTRODUCTION GENERATION IN GASES AND VAPORS GENERATION IN LIQUIDS 288

21 25 29

Contents of Volume 18 ~

5.

289

GENERATION IN SOLIDS APPLICATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

56 96 118 118

Electron Beam-Acoustic

Imaging

G. S. CARGILL III 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

INTRODUCTION BASICPHENOMENA EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS-MICROELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS-GRAINSTRUCTURES APPLICATIONS-PLASTICDEFORMATION APPLICATIONS-VIBRATIONALMODES APPLICATIONS-CRACKSAND DELAMINATIONS APPLICATIONS-MISCELLANEOUS FUTUREDEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

125 126 132 137 144 149 151 160 161 163 164 164

Theory of Photothermal and Photoacoustic Effects in Condensed Matter E ALAN MCDONALD AND GROVER C. WETSEL, JR. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION BASICPHOTOTHERMALTHEORY THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT ENCLOSED-CELLPHOTOACOUSTICS PHOTOTHERMALLASER-BEAM DEFLECTION PHOTOACOUSTIC/PHOTOTHERMALIMAGING CONCLUSIONSAND OPEN QUESTIONS REFERENCES

168 169 184 211 248 254 273 274

Contents of Volume 18

290

Opto/Photoacoustics: Vibrational Relaxation: Theory and Experiment M. REBELO DA SILVA AND E LEPOUTRE o 2.

9

3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION ENERGY TRANSFER MECHANISMS RATE EQUATIONS FOR INTERMOLECULAR COLLISIONS APPLICATION TO PHOTOACOUSTICS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS REFERENCES

279 281 291 305 336 343

6 Analytical Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy to Condensed Phase Substances TSUGUO SAWADA AND TAKEHIKO KITAMORI

l~ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

INTRODUCTION BASIS OF ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS WEAK ABSORBANCE DETECTION TRACE ANALYSES CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PAS CHARACTERIZATION OF TURBID AND COLLOIDAL SAMPLES QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS REVIEW OF OTHER PHOTOACOUSTIC AND PHOTOTHERMAL SPECTROSCOPIES FOR ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS REFERENCES

348 348 366 369 377 382 389 393 399

Imaging with Optically Generated Thermal Waves G. BUSSE Io

2. 3. o

5.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT OPTOACOUSTIC THERMAL IMAGING WITH MICROPHONE AND PIEZOELECTRIC DETECTION REMOTE THERMAL WAVE IMAGING DISCUSSION

403 407 416 441 473

Contents of Volume 18 o

291

CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

474 475 475

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

479 487 498

Contents of Volume 19 ix xi Xlll

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE INTRODUCTION

~

Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers D. A. HUTCHINS AND G. HAYWARD lo 2. 3. 4.

INTRODUCTION FIELDS OF CONTINUOUS-WAVE (CW) TRANSDUCERS TRANSIENT FIELD CHARACTERISTICS CONTROL OF TRANSDUCER SPATIAL FIELD CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCES

1 5 21 60 79

The Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS o

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTALS OF THE PULSE-ECHO-OVERLAP MEASUREMENT VERSATILE CONFIGURATIONS MODERN EQUIPMENT DIFFRACTION CORRECTIONS ABSOLUTE ACCURACY SUMMARY REFERENCES

292

81 83 94 100 101 103 105 105

293

Contents of Volume 19

The Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS ~

2. 3. 4. ~

6. 7.

INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTALS OF MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS TO BE AVOIDED DIFFRACTION CORRECTIONS TO TRANSFORM RAW DATA INTO ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS BUFFER ROD METHOD BEYOND THE FUNDAMENTALS SUMMARY REFERENCES

108 110 123 129 134 148 154 154

Physical Principles of Measurements with EMAT Transducers R. B. THOMPSON ~

2. ,

4. 5. 6.

INTRODUCTION GENERAL FORMALISM FOR DISCUSSION OF MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES RADIATION INTO HALF-SPACES COUPLING TO GUIDED MODES OPERATION 1N MAGNETIC MATERIALS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

157 159 164 184 191 197 199

5 Optical Detection of Ultrasound JAMES W WAGNER ~

2. ,,

4.

INTRODUCTION ENCODING AND DECODING ULTRASONIC INFORMATION ON AN

201

OPTICAL BEAM

212 248 263 264 264

DETECTION SENSITIVITY SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

Contents of Volume 19

294

Measuring the Electrical Characteristics of Piezoelectric Devices WARREN L. SMITH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

GENERALREMARKS STANDARDMETHODS FOR DEVICE MEASUREMENT RECOMMENDEDSCATTERING PARAMETER METHODS ESTIMATIONOF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS SUMMARYOF RESONATOR MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES

267 272 275 284 289 290

Photoelastic Visualization and Theoretical Analyses of Scatterings of Ultrasonic Pulses in Solids C. E YING ~

2. 3. ~

o

6. .

.

INTRODUCTION THE DYNAMIC PHOTOELASTIC VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE REFLECTION OF BULK WAVES FROM THE PLANE BOUNDARY SURFACE OF A SEMI-INFINITE SOLID MEDIUM SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES BY A Two-DIMENSIONAL PLANE CRACK SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES BY A CYLINDRICAL CAVITY SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES AND RALEIGH WAVES BY FREE CORNERS VISUALIZATION OF LAMB WAVES AND STUDY OF THEIR REFLECTION FROM A PLATE-FREE EDGE CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES

291 292

AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

345 349 355

300 308 327 332 337 342 342 342

Contents of Volume 20 xiii

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

xv

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Conventional Superconductors MOISES LEVY ~

2. 3.

1 2 13 21 21

INTRODUCTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENCE ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES

Sound Propagation and Collective Modes in Superfluid 3He BIMAL K. SARMA, J. B. KETTERSON, S. ADENWALLA, AND Z. ZHAO ~

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

INTRODUCTION NORMAL STATE OF 3HE SUPERFLUID 3HE COLLECTIVE MODES EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

23 27 33 43 53 101 102 103 295

Contents of Volume 20

296

Sound Propagation in the Heavy Fermion Superconductors BIMAL K. SARMA, MOISES LEVY, S. ADENWALLA AND J. B. KETTERSON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

INTRODUCTION SOUNDPROPAGATION IN CONVENTIONAL SUPERCONDUCTORS UNCONVENTIONALSUPERCONDUCTIVITY HEAVYFERMION SYSTEMS UPT3 UBE13 URUESI2 CE CU 6 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

108 114 118 140 143 176 179 181 185 185 185

4 Ultrasonic Attenuation in the Magnetic Superconducting System Erl_xHoxRh4B4 KEUN JENN SUN AND MOISES LEVY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTALDETAILS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COMMONATTENUATION BEHAVIOR SPECIALATTENUATION BEHAVIOR SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

191 194 196 198 230 232 233

Ultrasonic Propagation in Sintered High-Tc Superconductors MOISES LEVY, MIN-FENG Xu, BIMAL K. SARMA AND KEUN JENN SUN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

INTRODUCTION ATTENUATIONAND VELOCITY IN LA2_xSRxCUO4 ORDINARYSINTERED YBA2CU307_~i ORIENTEDYBA2CU307_~5 SOUNDPROPAGATION IN GDBA2CU3OT_~5 AND ERBA2CU307_ 8 BISRCACUO AND TI BACACUO SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOUNDS SOUNDPROPAGATION IN BAI_xKxBIO3 SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT

237 238 243 254 271 274 280 289 292

Contents of Volume 20

297

APPENDIX A. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH=Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS APPENDIX B. SELECTED VELOCITIES AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS APPENDIX C. TEMPERATURE POSITION OF ATTENUATION PEAKS FOR SINTER-FORGED YBA2CU307 SAMPLES APPENDIX D. ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR RELAXATION TIMES ASSOCIATED WITH RELAXATION ATTENUATION PEAKS REFERENCES

292 295 297 297 298

Sound Velocity Studies of Ceramic High-Temperature Superconductors S. BHATTACHARYA I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

INTRODUCTION THEORY SOUNDVELOCITY IN CERAMIC SAMPLES RESULTSNEAR Tc MAGNETICFIELD DEPENDENCE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY

303 306 311 328 337 342 345 346

Acoustic Studies of Single-Crystal High-Tc Superconductors BRAGE GOLDING 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

INTRODUCTION THE HIGH=Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS ACOUSTICMETHODS FOR SMALL SINGLE CRYSTALS SINGLE-CRYSTALEXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS SUMMARYAND OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

349 351 352 357 376 378 378

Ultrasonic Measurements of Elastic Constants in Single. Crystals of LA2Cu04 J. D. MAYNARD, M. J. MCKENNA, A. MIGLIORI AND WILLIAM M. VISSCHER 1. 2.

INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENTOF THE SMALL=SAMPLE RESONANT ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUE

381 382

Contents of Volume 20

298 .

4.

MEASUREMENTS ON SINGLE=CRYSTAL SAMPLES OF LA2CUO4 MEASUREMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING LA1.86SRo.14CuO4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

397 401 407 407

A Rationalisation of the Diversity in the Elastic Response of Polycrystalline Superconducting Oxides D. E ALMOND ~

2. 3. o

5.

INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF INITIAL WORK A COMPARISON OF THE ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCONDUCTING AND NON-SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

409 410 418 428 429 431 431

10 High-Tc Superconductivity and UltrasonicsmTheoretical Aspects VLADIMIR Z. KRESIN ~

2. 3. o

5.

INTRODUCTION SOUND ATTENUATION AND CONVENTIONAL SUPERCONDUCTIVITY EXOTIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (ORGANIC MATERIALS; HEAVY FERMIONS) HIGH-Tc OXIDES ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN HIGH-Tc OXIDES ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES

435 436 440 441 446 452 452

INDEX CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES

455 461

Contents of Volume 21 vii ix

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

Geometrical and Catastrophe Optics Methods in Scattering PHILIP L. MARSTON

o

4. ~

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRICAL AND PHYSICAL OPTICS METHODS RELEVANT TO SCATTERING CAUSTICS AND ASSOCIATED DIFFRACTION CATASTROPHES WAVES TRANSMITTED THROUGH FLUID AND ELASTIC SCATTERERS AND GLORY SCATTERING SURFACE RAY REPRESENTATIONS OF SCATTERING BY SHELLS AND OTHER SMOOTH OBJECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX: POLAR AND CARTESIAN EXPRESSIONS FOR PRINCIPAL CURVATURES REFERENCES

2 5 52 148 205 220

220 221

Scattering of Sound Pulses and the Ringing of Target Resonances SUSAN K. NUMRICH AND HERBERT UBERALL o

2.

INTRODUCTION THEORY OF THE SCATTERING OF SOUND PULSES FROM IMPENETRABLE OBJECTS THEORY OF THE SCATTERING OF SOUND PULSES FROM ELASTIC OBJECTS

299

235 239

247

Contents of Volume 21

300 ,

EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH SOUND PULSES SCATTERED BY ELASTIC OBJECTS TARGET RESONANCES AND THE SINGULARITY EXPANSION METHOD THEORY OF SURFACE WAVE PULSES, THE RINGING OF RESONANCES, AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE EIGENFREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF ELASTIC SCATTERERS DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS REFERENCES SUBJECT INDEX CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES

257 264

275 301 313 319 325

Contents of Volume 22 vii ix

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

Acoustic Scattering from Elastic Solids ROGER H. HACKMAN ~

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION SPHERICAL SOLIDS INFINITE CYLINDRICAL SOLIDS THE T-MATRIX FORMALISM FINITE CYLINDERS PROLATE SPHEROIDS SURFACE WAVES AND QUASICYLINDRICAL MODES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

1 3 46 61 81 137 174 185 185

Variational Formulations in Acoustic Radiation and Scattering ALLAN D. PIERCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

BASICFEATURES OF VARIATIONAL STATEMENTS HAMILTON'SPRINCIPLE PLATES SHELLS ENERGYCOROLLARIES QUOTIENTPRINCIPLES AND RAYLEIGH'S PRINCIPLE MINIMUMAND MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES METHODOF GERJUOY, RAU, AND SPRUCH 301

196 210 217 227 251 254 259 262

Contents of Volume 22

302 ,

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL COROLLARIES INTEGRAL EQUATIONS BASED ON THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL COROLLARIES VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND NON-SELF-ADJOINT OPERATORS APPLICATION OF THE GERJUOY-RAO-SPRUCH TECHNIQUE UNIQUENESS AND VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS AN ASSESSMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

267

INDEX CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES

373 379

273 301 312 319 327 331 350 354 355

Contents of Volume 23 vii ix

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

The Process of Technology Transfer and Commercialization ESSAY I

ACHIEVINGSUCCESSFULTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, AARON J. GELLMAN ESSAY II DIFFICULTIESIN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS ESSAY III COMMERCIALIZATION: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO SALES TO PROFITS, NEIL J. GOLDFINE ESSAY IV PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND NDT MARKETS, STEPHEN R. RINGLEE ESSAY V TEAMINGmA SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATING SOFT SKILLS AND INDUSTRIAL INTERACTION INTO ENGINEERING CURRICULA, W. LORD, S. UDPA, AND ROBERT S. HARRIS ESSAY VI INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES, ARTHUR BALLATO AND RICHARD STERN

15 20

24 33

Medical Ultrasonic Diagnostics ALBERT GOLDSTEIN AND RAYMOND L. POWIS

Io II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION BASIC IMAGING PRINCIPLES ANALOG GRAY-SCALE IMAGING DIGITAL GRAY-SCALE IMAGING

303

46 49 83 102

Contents of Volume 23

304 V. VI. VII.

DOPPLER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SUMMARY

147 176 184

3 Nondestructive Testing EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS I~ II. III. IV.

INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION PRINCIPLES OF NDT INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS SUMMARY

194 196 215 272

Industrial Process Control Sensors and Systems LAWRENCE C. LYNNWORTH AND VALENTIN MAGORI

II. III. IV..

GENERAL REMARKS ON ULTRASONIC VS NONULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGIES AND SENSORS; CLAMP-ON VS WETTED TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS; WIRELESS REMOTE SENSING INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL AND SIMILAR APPLICATIONS ANALYZER APPLICATIONS CONTACTLESS (WIRELESS) ULTRASONIC SENSORS INCLUDING REMOTE SAW SENSORS

276 289 436

INDEX

471

443

Contents of Volume 24 CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE

ix xi

The Process of Technology Transfer and Commercialization ESSAY I

ACHIEVINGSUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, AARON J. GELLMAN ESSAY II DIFFICULTIESIN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS ESSAY III COMMERCIALIZATION:FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO SALES TO PROFITS, NElL J. GOLDFINE ESSAY IV PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND NDT MARKETS, STEPHEN R. RINGLEE ESSAY V TEAMING---A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATING SOFT SKILLS AND INDUSTRIAL INTERACTION INTO ENGINEERING CURRICULA, WILLIAM LORD, SATISH UDPA, AND ROBERT S. HARRIS ESSAY VI INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES, ARTHUR BALLATO AND RICHARD STERN

15 20

24 33

2 Fabrication and Characterization of Transducers EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS, CLYDE G. OAKLEY, ALAN SELFRIDGE, AND BRUCE MAXFIELD I~ II. III.

INTRODUCTION MONOLITHIC PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE TRANSDUCERS COMPOSITE TRANSDUCERS 305

44 45 76

306

Contents of Volume 24

IV. V. VI.

PVDF FILM TRANSDUCERS ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS (EMATs) SUMMARY

107 116 129

Surface Acoustic Wave Technology: Macrosuccess through Microseisms FRED S. HICKERNELL I~ II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

INTRODUCTION MEASURES OF SUCCESS SURFACE ELASTIC WAVES PRELUDE TO THE SAW ERA (THE EARLY RUMBLINGS) THE INTERDIGITALTRANSDUCER, MATERIALS AND FABRICATION INTERDIGITAL TRANSDUCER CONTROLLED SAW DEVICES ELECTRODECONFIGURED MATCHED FILTER DEVICES SIGNAL PROCESSING THROUGH THE PASSIVE CONTROL OF SAW PROPAGATION ACOUSTOELECTRICSIGNAL PROCESSING ACOUSTO-OPTICS SAW SENSORS FUTURE SUCCESS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX A. SAW PUBLICATIONS APPENDIX B. SAW CONFERENCES APPENDIX C. SAW APPLICATIONS APPENDIX D. WORLDWIDE SAW ACTIVITIES APPENDIX E. THE SAW ENGINEER'S ROLE AS AN ARTISAN

136 138 141 145 148 156 170 174 183 186 186 187 189 190 194 197 203 204 206

Frequency Control Devices JOHN R. VIG AND ARTHUR BALLATO

to II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS FREQUENCY CONTROL DEVICE FUNDAMENTALS RELATED DEVICES FOR FURTHER READING REFERENCES

209 210 222 267 269 269

Contents of Volume 24

307

Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging/Microscopy ROBERT S. GILMORE to II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL REVIEW LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS DESCRIPTION AND THEORY OF ACOUSTIC IMAGING/MICROSCOPY ROLE OF IMAGED MATERIAL: PERMITTED RESOLUTION APPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

275 277 288 289 295 323 343 344 344

6 Research Instruments and Systems BRUCE B. CHICK Io II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS NONLINEAR MEASUREMENTS THIN FILM MEASUREMENTS ACOUSTIC EMISSION MEASUREMENTS REFERENCES

347 348 348 351 355 357 358 361

SUBJECT INDEX

363