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Correlation of tunnel loads with geology Bull Assoc Engng Geol
260A
876356 Experiments with shallow and deep foundations Novak, M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geoteclmical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P1-26. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985
876360 Numerical modeling for soil-foundation interaction Medina, F Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 PIO,~-I/6. Pz~bl :Vew York: .4SCE, t985
Results of field experiments and theoretical analyses are summarised and compared for surface foundations, embedded foundations at various depths, single piles, and pile groups, subjected to horizontal, vertical, and torsional vibration, and also for a hammer foundation under shock loading. Results of theory and experiment are generally in good agreement,but areas where theories require refinement are indicated. 40 refs.
A finite infinite element technique ~s presented to solve three dimensional elastic soil-foundation interaction problems in unbounded layered media. The technique is used to find the dynamic response of foundations subjected to harmonic loadings. By using finite and infinite elements, the size of the near field is kept small. Consequently. the system is characterised by relatively few degrees of freedom, thus providing the analyst with an inexpensive numerical solution. Auth.
876357 Vibration analysis of foundations on layered media
876361 Low tuned compressor foundations on soft clay Madshus. C: Nadim. F: Engen, A: Lerstol, A M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 Pl17-137 Pub[ New York: .4SCE. 1985
Tajirian, F F; Tabatabaie, M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P27-46. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 A new substructuring technique, the flexible volume method, was applied to the solution of general three dimensional foundation vibration problems. The procedure is capable of handling multiple flexible foundations of arbitrary shape, founded on or embedded in layered viscoelastic soils. Dynamic response of circular footings, computed using the SASSI suite of programs, compare well with a more rigorous solution, demonstrating its accuracy. To demonstrate its applicability to practical problems, results of an aircraft impact on a buried tunnel are presented.
876358 Simple approach for evaluation of compliance matrix of pile groups Nogami, T; Kazuo, K Proc Symt~Mmm on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P47-74. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 A simple and efficient method is presented for the computation of the compliance matrix of pile groups subjected to vibrations at the pile heads. The method requires numerical analyses only for single piles attached to a Winkler soil model, and can be applied to any complex soil profile. Charts are also presented for quick evaluation of the compliance of pile groups in a homogeneous soil profile. The frequency range considered includes high frequencies, which are often encountered in machine induced vibrations.
876359 Dynamic stiffness and damping of foundations by simple methods Dobry, R; Gazetas, G Proc Symposium on Vibration Probl~s in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 19#5 P75-107. Pubt New York: ASCE, 1985 Many sophisticated computer models of dynamic behaviour of foundations are available, but the time and experise of employing them may prohibit their use, particularly for preliminary calculations in the conceptual design stage. F o u r simple methods are presented to help in performing parametric studies and develop an engineering insight into dynamic behaviour of foundations~ The emphasis is on the underlying basic principles and common features. Both stiffness and damping coefficients of shallow and deep foundations can be determined using these methods.
The design and testing of two compressor foundations at a site with about 40m of soft sensitive clay above bedrock is described. The foundations are m the form of resilient blocks with four end bearing piles, which both support static loads and act as axial springs to control the natural frequency of the foundations. Results of numerical procedures to evaluate the maximum transient response due to passing through the resonant frequency of the foundations during machine start up and run down are presented. 876362
Vibration isolation of machine foundations Beskos, D E: Dasgupta. B: Vardoulakis, I G Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geoteclmical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P138-15]. Publ New York." ASCE. 1985 The isolation of a machine foundation with trenches to reduce the amplitude of surface waves generated by foundation movement is studied by the boundary element method in the frequency domain under plane strain conditions. The soil is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic, the foundation rigid, massive or massless, surfa~ or embedded and subject to harmonic forces; the trench is rectangular, open or filled. Both the active and passive cases are considered. 876363
Dynamic analysis and performance of compressor foundations Kumar, K: Prakash. S; Dalai, M K: Bhandari. R K M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechm'cal Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P286-300. Pubt New York: ASCE. 1985 Vibration and settlement problems for two massive concrete block compressor foundations, which prevented machine use for two years after settlement, have been studied. Preloading to 44% overload, free vibration and forced "dbration tests in various directions were carried out on one block to ensure static and dynamic soil properties of foundation soils were adequate. Test runs at different machine loads v~re conducted on the other block. The foundation performance was satisfactory, suggesting settlements had stabilised.
Underground Excava ons See." 876155. 876276
© 1987 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
261A
Geological factors of importance in underground excavations 876364 Correlation of tunnel support loads with geology Brown L A Bull Assoc Engng Geol V24, NI, Feb 1987. P15-26 Instrumented supports were installed during the construction of the Bousted Tunnel, Colorado, USA, and load fluctuation to tunnelling at distances up to 1000m was monitored. Geological and construction variables were correlated with set loads. The composite construction variable of blocking points plus support modulus had highest significance in influencing set loads. Geological variables in order of decreasing significance were: mean dip of major joint sets, thickness of nearest fault, degree of faulting, degree of alteration, and water inflow condition. Terzaghi's classification predicted higher rock loads than those measured.
876365 Maintenance of the Kanmon railway tunnels Miyagushi, K Tunnlg Undgr Space Tech VI, N3/4, 1986, P307-314 The topographical and geological aspects of the Kanmon Straits are outlined. The tunnelling methods used and the structure of the two rail tunnels are described with main emphasis being on their maintenance. The system adopted for the inspection and maintenance of structures in general in the Japanese National Railways (JNR) is described and peculiar problems encountered for such undersea tunnels and measures taken by the JNR are noted. Facilities for disaster prevention in tunnels are also discussed.
876366 Effects of mining on the geological equilibrium at Leichhardt colliery, Blackwater, Queensland Hanes, J In: Ground Movement and Control Related to Coal ~lining (papers to the Symposium, lllawarra, August 1986) P9-16. Pub Parkville: Aus IMM, 1986 The geological setting, engineering geology, in situ stress, strata properties, gas, and mining procedures at Leichhardt colliery are described. The rockburst, cleavage, rib failures and roof falls which occurred are described, together with the mining strain patterns in virgin and destressed coal. It is concluded that each colliery has its own rock mechanics characteristics and the effects of disturbance of the geological equilibrium caused by mining must be take into account. Mining technology cannot simply be transferred from one region to another with guaranteed success.
876367 Geological conditions and applied geomechanics at Tower Colliery Doyle, R; Bof, J; Lowe, S In: Ground Movement and Control Related to Coal Mining (papers to the Symposium, lllawarra, August 1986) P17-22.. Pub Parkville: Aus IMM, 1986 Problems have been encountered at the Tower Colliery, Australia, since its opening in 1978. Faulting has hindered roadway development and an igneous intrusion is associated with rock burst. Roof strata have also led to difficulties. Roof
movements at roadway junctions have been monitored. Movements increase as a roadway is developed from a single heading to a T-junction and then a four-way intersection. The degree of failure is associated with the in situ stress as measured by the strain relaxation method. Geological mapping and geomechanical processes described are aimed at improving present ground control methods.
876368 Localizing of caverns according to permeability, of tectonic elements Ericsson, L O; Ronge, B Proc International Symposium on Large Rock Caverns, Helsinki, 25-28 August 1986 V~, P951-960. Publ OxJbrd: Pergamon Press, 1986 The formation of fracture sets in crystalline bedrock is considered. Shear zones are the most conspicuous lineaments in the landscape, and are easy to observe, but tension fractures are the most important water bearing zones. To optimise cavern siting, hydrogeological investigation should methodically survey fissures, fractures and foliation of the bedrock. Anisotropic hydrogeological conditions can be described by systematic fracture mapping and a statistical approach, and the best possible orientation of underground structures can be determined.
876369 Engineering geological predictions in mineral deposits exploration Smirnov, B V; Dymna, A I Proc 5th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 20-25 October 1986 VI, P165-169. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1986 Development of mineral resources gives rise to phenomena which may favour working conditions, but more usually complicate procedures. Changes in rock stress can lead to deformation and displacement, outbursts, floor heave, roof collapse or ultimate failure. A program using probabilistic statistical prediction has been developed to allow such phenomena to be foreseen and preventative measures taken. A data base of past experiences has been assembled. GeoloNcal data and proposed mining practices are input and conditional probabilities of events determined using a Bayesian approach. Prediction reliability is checked and engineering geology hazard maps prepared.
876370 Critical geotechnical evaluation of Himalayan rock masses with reference to rock tunnelling projects Dhar, Y R; Choubey, V D Proc 5th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 20-25 October 1986 V1, P249-258. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1986 Engineering geological investigations in the Himalayas show diversified, severely disturbed rock masses with complex fold patterns. Many problems arise during tunnelling. Analysis of field investigations and tunnelling failures suggests that geotechnical problems are controlled by nature of topography, rock type, and tectonic environment. Tunnels within a particular tectonic zone have broadly similar geotechical problems, and each physiotectonic zone can be considered as one in which future behaviour can be estimated from past projects.
© 1987 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted R M ,~.S. 24/6.--H
876356 Experiments with shallow and deep foundations Novak, M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geoteclmical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P1-26. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985
876360 Numerical modeling for soil-foundation interaction Medina, F Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 PIO,~-I/6. Pz~bl :Vew York: .4SCE, t985
Results of field experiments and theoretical analyses are summarised and compared for surface foundations, embedded foundations at various depths, single piles, and pile groups, subjected to horizontal, vertical, and torsional vibration, and also for a hammer foundation under shock loading. Results of theory and experiment are generally in good agreement,but areas where theories require refinement are indicated. 40 refs.
A finite infinite element technique ~s presented to solve three dimensional elastic soil-foundation interaction problems in unbounded layered media. The technique is used to find the dynamic response of foundations subjected to harmonic loadings. By using finite and infinite elements, the size of the near field is kept small. Consequently. the system is characterised by relatively few degrees of freedom, thus providing the analyst with an inexpensive numerical solution. Auth.
876357 Vibration analysis of foundations on layered media
876361 Low tuned compressor foundations on soft clay Madshus. C: Nadim. F: Engen, A: Lerstol, A M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 Pl17-137 Pub[ New York: .4SCE. 1985
Tajirian, F F; Tabatabaie, M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P27-46. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 A new substructuring technique, the flexible volume method, was applied to the solution of general three dimensional foundation vibration problems. The procedure is capable of handling multiple flexible foundations of arbitrary shape, founded on or embedded in layered viscoelastic soils. Dynamic response of circular footings, computed using the SASSI suite of programs, compare well with a more rigorous solution, demonstrating its accuracy. To demonstrate its applicability to practical problems, results of an aircraft impact on a buried tunnel are presented.
876358 Simple approach for evaluation of compliance matrix of pile groups Nogami, T; Kazuo, K Proc Symt~Mmm on Vibration Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P47-74. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 A simple and efficient method is presented for the computation of the compliance matrix of pile groups subjected to vibrations at the pile heads. The method requires numerical analyses only for single piles attached to a Winkler soil model, and can be applied to any complex soil profile. Charts are also presented for quick evaluation of the compliance of pile groups in a homogeneous soil profile. The frequency range considered includes high frequencies, which are often encountered in machine induced vibrations.
876359 Dynamic stiffness and damping of foundations by simple methods Dobry, R; Gazetas, G Proc Symposium on Vibration Probl~s in Geotechnical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 19#5 P75-107. Pubt New York: ASCE, 1985 Many sophisticated computer models of dynamic behaviour of foundations are available, but the time and experise of employing them may prohibit their use, particularly for preliminary calculations in the conceptual design stage. F o u r simple methods are presented to help in performing parametric studies and develop an engineering insight into dynamic behaviour of foundations~ The emphasis is on the underlying basic principles and common features. Both stiffness and damping coefficients of shallow and deep foundations can be determined using these methods.
The design and testing of two compressor foundations at a site with about 40m of soft sensitive clay above bedrock is described. The foundations are m the form of resilient blocks with four end bearing piles, which both support static loads and act as axial springs to control the natural frequency of the foundations. Results of numerical procedures to evaluate the maximum transient response due to passing through the resonant frequency of the foundations during machine start up and run down are presented. 876362
Vibration isolation of machine foundations Beskos, D E: Dasgupta. B: Vardoulakis, I G Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geoteclmical Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P138-15]. Publ New York." ASCE. 1985 The isolation of a machine foundation with trenches to reduce the amplitude of surface waves generated by foundation movement is studied by the boundary element method in the frequency domain under plane strain conditions. The soil is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic, the foundation rigid, massive or massless, surfa~ or embedded and subject to harmonic forces; the trench is rectangular, open or filled. Both the active and passive cases are considered. 876363
Dynamic analysis and performance of compressor foundations Kumar, K: Prakash. S; Dalai, M K: Bhandari. R K M Proc Symposium on Vibration Problems in Geotechm'cal Engineering, Detroit,22 October 1985 P286-300. Pubt New York: ASCE. 1985 Vibration and settlement problems for two massive concrete block compressor foundations, which prevented machine use for two years after settlement, have been studied. Preloading to 44% overload, free vibration and forced "dbration tests in various directions were carried out on one block to ensure static and dynamic soil properties of foundation soils were adequate. Test runs at different machine loads v~re conducted on the other block. The foundation performance was satisfactory, suggesting settlements had stabilised.
Underground Excava ons See." 876155. 876276
© 1987 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
261A
Geological factors of importance in underground excavations 876364 Correlation of tunnel support loads with geology Brown L A Bull Assoc Engng Geol V24, NI, Feb 1987. P15-26 Instrumented supports were installed during the construction of the Bousted Tunnel, Colorado, USA, and load fluctuation to tunnelling at distances up to 1000m was monitored. Geological and construction variables were correlated with set loads. The composite construction variable of blocking points plus support modulus had highest significance in influencing set loads. Geological variables in order of decreasing significance were: mean dip of major joint sets, thickness of nearest fault, degree of faulting, degree of alteration, and water inflow condition. Terzaghi's classification predicted higher rock loads than those measured.
876365 Maintenance of the Kanmon railway tunnels Miyagushi, K Tunnlg Undgr Space Tech VI, N3/4, 1986, P307-314 The topographical and geological aspects of the Kanmon Straits are outlined. The tunnelling methods used and the structure of the two rail tunnels are described with main emphasis being on their maintenance. The system adopted for the inspection and maintenance of structures in general in the Japanese National Railways (JNR) is described and peculiar problems encountered for such undersea tunnels and measures taken by the JNR are noted. Facilities for disaster prevention in tunnels are also discussed.
876366 Effects of mining on the geological equilibrium at Leichhardt colliery, Blackwater, Queensland Hanes, J In: Ground Movement and Control Related to Coal ~lining (papers to the Symposium, lllawarra, August 1986) P9-16. Pub Parkville: Aus IMM, 1986 The geological setting, engineering geology, in situ stress, strata properties, gas, and mining procedures at Leichhardt colliery are described. The rockburst, cleavage, rib failures and roof falls which occurred are described, together with the mining strain patterns in virgin and destressed coal. It is concluded that each colliery has its own rock mechanics characteristics and the effects of disturbance of the geological equilibrium caused by mining must be take into account. Mining technology cannot simply be transferred from one region to another with guaranteed success.
876367 Geological conditions and applied geomechanics at Tower Colliery Doyle, R; Bof, J; Lowe, S In: Ground Movement and Control Related to Coal Mining (papers to the Symposium, lllawarra, August 1986) P17-22.. Pub Parkville: Aus IMM, 1986 Problems have been encountered at the Tower Colliery, Australia, since its opening in 1978. Faulting has hindered roadway development and an igneous intrusion is associated with rock burst. Roof strata have also led to difficulties. Roof
movements at roadway junctions have been monitored. Movements increase as a roadway is developed from a single heading to a T-junction and then a four-way intersection. The degree of failure is associated with the in situ stress as measured by the strain relaxation method. Geological mapping and geomechanical processes described are aimed at improving present ground control methods.
876368 Localizing of caverns according to permeability, of tectonic elements Ericsson, L O; Ronge, B Proc International Symposium on Large Rock Caverns, Helsinki, 25-28 August 1986 V~, P951-960. Publ OxJbrd: Pergamon Press, 1986 The formation of fracture sets in crystalline bedrock is considered. Shear zones are the most conspicuous lineaments in the landscape, and are easy to observe, but tension fractures are the most important water bearing zones. To optimise cavern siting, hydrogeological investigation should methodically survey fissures, fractures and foliation of the bedrock. Anisotropic hydrogeological conditions can be described by systematic fracture mapping and a statistical approach, and the best possible orientation of underground structures can be determined.
876369 Engineering geological predictions in mineral deposits exploration Smirnov, B V; Dymna, A I Proc 5th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 20-25 October 1986 VI, P165-169. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1986 Development of mineral resources gives rise to phenomena which may favour working conditions, but more usually complicate procedures. Changes in rock stress can lead to deformation and displacement, outbursts, floor heave, roof collapse or ultimate failure. A program using probabilistic statistical prediction has been developed to allow such phenomena to be foreseen and preventative measures taken. A data base of past experiences has been assembled. GeoloNcal data and proposed mining practices are input and conditional probabilities of events determined using a Bayesian approach. Prediction reliability is checked and engineering geology hazard maps prepared.
876370 Critical geotechnical evaluation of Himalayan rock masses with reference to rock tunnelling projects Dhar, Y R; Choubey, V D Proc 5th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 20-25 October 1986 V1, P249-258. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1986 Engineering geological investigations in the Himalayas show diversified, severely disturbed rock masses with complex fold patterns. Many problems arise during tunnelling. Analysis of field investigations and tunnelling failures suggests that geotechnical problems are controlled by nature of topography, rock type, and tectonic environment. Tunnels within a particular tectonic zone have broadly similar geotechical problems, and each physiotectonic zone can be considered as one in which future behaviour can be estimated from past projects.
© 1987 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted R M ,~.S. 24/6.--H