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Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?
Accepted Manuscript Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response? Khalid Ahmed PII: DOI: Reference:
S0306-9877(14)00219-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.015 YMEHY 7614
To appear in:
Medical Hypotheses
Received Date: Accepted Date:
18 March 2014 23 May 2014
Please cite this article as: K. Ahmed, Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?, Medical Hypotheses (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.015
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Letter to Editor:
Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?
Author: Khalid Ahmed1
Author’s Affiliation: 1
Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi-Pakistan
Author’s correspondence: Khalid Ahmed, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi74800, Pakistan Phone: (92-21) 34864435; Cell: +923456942403 Email: [email protected]
Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?
Dear Editor, Leishmania has survived over billions of years as an intracellular protozoan. It is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms [1]. Who might have hosted Leishmania in the early period of its origin? Recent studies show that Acanthamoeba and macrophages are cousins with capacity to host or kill a parasite. [2-6] If this is true, then the pathophysiology of Leishmaniasis could be studied at the cellular level by looking at their interactions in vitro. This in vitro model of the disease, may prove helpful in elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite cellular interactions. This model might unfold how Leishmania can molecularly trick the host for a peaceful coexistence or destruction. What are the conditions for either strategy? This model may also enable us to study the genomics and proteomics of acquiring virulence by parasites by switching off the host molecular signaling pathways, which are capable of generating nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Radical Oxygen Species (ROS), just to name a few. Since, Acanthamoeba can the host various pathogens of diseases, the proposed host-parasite model can be applied to study of evolution of various bacterial pathogens, e.g., Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Mycobacterium avium. [7] By studying interactions, for the first time, in between Leishmania and Acanthamoeba may provide a powerful paradigm to better understand the evolutionary place of each one. Conflicts of interest statement: The author of this Letter to Editor has research no support from any funding source and no conflict of interest thereof with the ideas presented in the letter. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the Aga Khan University Karachi.
References:
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Handman E: Cell biology of Leishmania. Advances in parasitology 1999, 44:1-39. Siddiqui R, Khan NA: Acanthamoeba is an evolutionary ancestor of macrophages: a myth or reality? Experimental parasitology 2012, 130(2):95-97. Cardas M, Khan NA, Alsam S: Staphylococcus aureus exhibit similarities in their interactions with Acanthamoeba and ThP1 macrophage-like cells. Experimental parasitology 2012, 132(4):513-518. Derengowski Lda S, Paes HC, Albuquerque P, Tavares AH, Fernandes L, Silva-Pereira I, Casadevall A: The transcriptional response of Cryptococcus neoformans to ingestion by Acanthamoeba castellanii and macrophages provides insights into the evolutionary adaptation to the mammalian host. Eukaryotic cell 2013, 12(5):761-774. Escoll P, Rolando M, Gomez-Valero L, Buchrieser C: From Amoeba to Macrophages: Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila Infection in Both Hosts. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 2013, 376:1-34. Van Waeyenberghe L, Bare J, Pasmans F, Claeys M, Bert W, Haesebrouck F, Houf K, Martel A: Interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia with Acanthamoeba castellanii parallels macrophage-fungus interactions. Environmental microbiology reports 2013, 5(6):819-824. Siddiqui R, Khan NA: Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasit Vectors 2012, 5(6).
S0306-9877(14)00219-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.015 YMEHY 7614
To appear in:
Medical Hypotheses
Received Date: Accepted Date:
18 March 2014 23 May 2014
Please cite this article as: K. Ahmed, Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?, Medical Hypotheses (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.015
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Letter to Editor:
Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?
Author: Khalid Ahmed1
Author’s Affiliation: 1
Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi-Pakistan
Author’s correspondence: Khalid Ahmed, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi74800, Pakistan Phone: (92-21) 34864435; Cell: +923456942403 Email: [email protected]
Could Acanthamoeba have hosted and trained Leishmania to evade innate immune response?
Dear Editor, Leishmania has survived over billions of years as an intracellular protozoan. It is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms [1]. Who might have hosted Leishmania in the early period of its origin? Recent studies show that Acanthamoeba and macrophages are cousins with capacity to host or kill a parasite. [2-6] If this is true, then the pathophysiology of Leishmaniasis could be studied at the cellular level by looking at their interactions in vitro. This in vitro model of the disease, may prove helpful in elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite cellular interactions. This model might unfold how Leishmania can molecularly trick the host for a peaceful coexistence or destruction. What are the conditions for either strategy? This model may also enable us to study the genomics and proteomics of acquiring virulence by parasites by switching off the host molecular signaling pathways, which are capable of generating nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Radical Oxygen Species (ROS), just to name a few. Since, Acanthamoeba can the host various pathogens of diseases, the proposed host-parasite model can be applied to study of evolution of various bacterial pathogens, e.g., Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Mycobacterium avium. [7] By studying interactions, for the first time, in between Leishmania and Acanthamoeba may provide a powerful paradigm to better understand the evolutionary place of each one. Conflicts of interest statement: The author of this Letter to Editor has research no support from any funding source and no conflict of interest thereof with the ideas presented in the letter. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the Aga Khan University Karachi.
References:
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Handman E: Cell biology of Leishmania. Advances in parasitology 1999, 44:1-39. Siddiqui R, Khan NA: Acanthamoeba is an evolutionary ancestor of macrophages: a myth or reality? Experimental parasitology 2012, 130(2):95-97. Cardas M, Khan NA, Alsam S: Staphylococcus aureus exhibit similarities in their interactions with Acanthamoeba and ThP1 macrophage-like cells. Experimental parasitology 2012, 132(4):513-518. Derengowski Lda S, Paes HC, Albuquerque P, Tavares AH, Fernandes L, Silva-Pereira I, Casadevall A: The transcriptional response of Cryptococcus neoformans to ingestion by Acanthamoeba castellanii and macrophages provides insights into the evolutionary adaptation to the mammalian host. Eukaryotic cell 2013, 12(5):761-774. Escoll P, Rolando M, Gomez-Valero L, Buchrieser C: From Amoeba to Macrophages: Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Legionella pneumophila Infection in Both Hosts. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 2013, 376:1-34. Van Waeyenberghe L, Bare J, Pasmans F, Claeys M, Bert W, Haesebrouck F, Houf K, Martel A: Interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia with Acanthamoeba castellanii parallels macrophage-fungus interactions. Environmental microbiology reports 2013, 5(6):819-824. Siddiqui R, Khan NA: Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasit Vectors 2012, 5(6).