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Dedicated to Professor Eliezer Gileadi
www.elsevier.nl/locate/jelechem Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 491 (2000) 1 – 8
Preface
Dedicated to Professor Eliezer Gileadi
Eliezer Gileadi obtained his M.Sc. in Chemistry and Physics at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1956. After four years of military service he joined the research group of Brian Conway at the University of Ottawa in 1960, and received his Ph.D. in 1963. In his thesis he investigated the role of adsorbed intermediates in electrode kinetics. This led, among other things, to a detailed understanding of the adsorption pseudocapacitance and its role in electrode kinetics. Having completed his Ph.D. in just two years, Eliezer Gileadi joined the research group of John Bockris at the University of Pennsylvania as a Senior Research Associate. Over the following three years he was involved in some of the early work on fuel cells. During the same period he made several important contributions to the field of electrosorption. This effort culminated in two chapters in a book he edited himself, entitled Electrosorption. The investigation of adsorbed intermediates by cyclic voltammetry is common today in electrochemistry. The theory behind this technique was first worked out by Gileadi and Srinivasan, in a paper published in 1966. Eliezer Gileadi returned to Israel to join the School of
Chemistry of Tel Aviv University in 1966, and founded an electrochemistry group there. Many Israeli electrochemists obtained their education in this research group, under the supervision of Eliezer Gileadi and his colleagues. One of the early achievements of Eliezer Gileadi, after he had joined Tel Aviv University, was the development of a new adsorption isotherm, ‘The Combined Adsorption Isotherm’. This isotherm describes the variation of the fractional surface coverage with potential, resulting from the combined effect of two physically independent phenomena — the replacement of water molecules at the surface by the adsorbate and the transfer of charge needed to form the intermediate species. While each of these effects had earlier been studied separately, their combined action had not been considered. One of the consequences of the Combined Isotherm is the observation of the effect of molecular size on the kinetic parameters, an effect that had not been recognized until then. This yielded, for the first time, a rational interpretation of intermediate values of the Tafel slope, often observed experimentally, which are not simple multiples of (2.3RT/F).
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The experimental verification of the kinetic behavior resulting from the Combined Isotherm, in which I had the privilege to be involved, led to the development of a very accurate method for measuring electrode kinetics. Tafel slopes and other kinetic parameters were determined with an accuracy of 0.1%, more than an order of magnitude better than any other kinetic measurement in electrochemistry until then. The very high accuracy of the experimental technique discussed above allowed Eliezer and his group to examine the temperature dependence of the transfer coefficient, h. Careful experiments showed that h is inherently independent of temperature, justifying the existing theory of electrode kinetics. The electroplating of aluminum on high-strength steel for the purpose of replacing cadmium as a corrosion protection coating is of great interest to the aviation industry. This cannot be performed in aqueous solution, because hydrogen evolution would be the predominant process at the high negative potentials needed to reduce aluminum. Eliezer, in collaboration with Emanuel Peled, developed a plating bath for this technology. The conductivities of hydronium and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions are unusually high, compared to all other ions in the same solution. This has been attributed to an unusual mechanism of proton conductivity, commonly referred to as the Grothuss mechanism, or the hopping mechanism. Eliezer set out to determine whether this kind of hopping mechanism was unique to the proton, or could occur also for heavy ions. Israel Rubinstein, then a graduate student with Eliezer, proved in his thesis that a hopping mechanism of conductivity can also occur in solutions of bromide ions with bromine as the solvent. This was the first proof of such an anomalous mechanism of conductivity for any ion other than the proton. In recent years Eliezer has been conducting research with Vladimir Tsionsky, applying the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) and its electrochemical equivalent, the EQCM, for the study of surfaces and interfaces. In one of the first studies, a new method was developed for the study of adsorption isotherms, which was given the name ‘the supporting gas method’. The unique feature of this method is that the total pressure of the gas in contact with the QCM is maintained constant, while the partial pressure of the material being studied is increased, and the corresponding change in frequency is recorded. Although with hindsight it seems to be the obvious way of doing such experiments, this method had not been proposed earlier, and its absence prevented the use of the QCM as a tool for the study of adsorption isotherms from the gas phase. Many studies employing the EQCM in the submonolayer region are lacking in accuracy, because the
change in resonance frequency is attributed to the change in mass, and other factors that can affect the frequency are ignored. Eliezer and his colleagues have rigorously addressed this problem, and the foundations have been laid for the correction for different artifacts and for the study of processes such as specific adsorption, upd and the very early stages of electroplating. Eliezer Gileadi has always been eager to share his knowledge and scientific experience with others. He has traveled widely and has spent a few months at a time in many universities and research institutes around the world. His longest associations have been with Glenn Stoner of the Department of Materials Science of the University of Virginia, Pat Moran of the Department of Materials Science of the Johns Hopkins University and Barry MacDougall of the Institute of Chemical Process and Environmental Technology of the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa. He has also spent short periods on sabbatical leave at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, the University of Osaka in Japan; the CNRS in Meudon, France; the Universidad del Pais Vasco in San Sebastian, Spain; the Technical University in Dresden, Germany and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Australia. Eliezer has always combined his interest in fundamental and applied research. Consequently he has been a consultant with many industrial research organizations, including major companies such as Lockheed, Hooker Chemicals, Celanese Research Corp., Air Products and the Israel Aviation Industry, as well as numerous small research ventures, both in the USA and in Israel. Eliezer has been leading a yearly workshop on ‘Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry’, at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland since 1991. In 1996 he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering. He has been a Fellow of the American Electrochemical Society since 1997 and a Fellow of the AAAS since 1998. Eliezer Gileadi served as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry of Tel Aviv University (1973 –1976), as Dean of the Faculty of Exact Sciences (1980 –1984) and Director of the Gordon Center for Energy Studies (1991 –1996). Since 1980 he has been the incumbent of the Nathan Cummings Chair of Pure and Applied Electrochemistry. In the years 1992 –1997 Eliezer served as a member of the Israel Council for Higher Education. The most important activity of Eliezer Gileadi in the service of the public was his involvement in facilitating the absorption of new-immigrant scientists from the former Soviet Union. These activities include the establishment, in 1994, of the ‘Gileadi Program’, which provided 500 temporary university research positions for first class scientists, who could not find regular faculty
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positions because of their relatively advanced age and the lack of available university faculty positions in their field. This was followed in 1998 by the establishment of the much more ambitious KAMEA program which provided semi permanent research positions for the same scientists. These programs have been a great success in terms of the quality and quantity of research being produced by the Israeli academic community as a whole, and in the ability of the State of Israel to absorb the tide of new immigrants and integrate them into the local scientific community. Eliezer Gileadi has published three books: A monograph entitled ‘Electrosorption’ and two post-graduate textbooks, one entitled ‘Interfacial Electrochemistry — An Experimental Approach’ and the other ‘Electrode Kinetics for Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Materials Scientists’. The former introduces the user to experimental techniques in electrode kinetics, their theoretical basis and practical applications and the latter is a comprehensive textbook on electrode kinetics. Two of these books have also been published in Chinese and a translation of ‘Electrode Kinetics’ into Spanish and Greek is underway.
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10. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Roger Parsons and Jacek Lipkowski for their involvement in the publication of this special issue.
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12. Emilia Kirowa-Eisner Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel A6i6 Uni6ersity, Ramat A6i6, 69978 Tel A6i6, Israel
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14. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Articles 1. E. Gileadi, A. Lifshitz, B. Perlmutter-Hayman, The use of thermistors in the flow method of measuring rapid reactions. The dehydration of carbonic acid as a test reaction, Bull. Res. Counc. Isr. A8 (1959) 75. 2. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Electrochemistry of the nickel oxide electrode, Part IV. Electrochemical kinetic studies of reversible potentials as a function of degree of oxidation, Can. J. Chem. 40 (1962) 1933. 3. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Kinetic theory of pseudocapacitance and electrode reactions at appre-
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ciable surface coverage, Trans. Faraday Soc. 68 (1962) 2493. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, M. Dzieciuch, Calculation and analysis of adsorption pseudocapacity and surface coverage from EMF decay and polarization curves — application to a decarboxylation reaction, Electrochim. Acta 8 (1963) 143. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, H.G. Oswin, The theory of current distribution and potential profile at an electrode of significant ohmic resistance, Can. J. Chem. 41 (1963) 2447. E. Gileadi, B.E. Conway, Kinetic theory of adsorbed intermediates in electrochemical catalysis, J. Chem. Phys. 39 (1963) 3420. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Steady-state theory of adsorption pseudocapacity in electrode reactions, Can. J. Chem. 42 (1964) 90. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, H. Kozlowska-Angerstein, Significance of non-steady state ac and dc measurements in electrochemical adsorption kinetics, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 341. J.O’M. Bockris, B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, Anodic oxidation of cellulose and lower carbohydrates, Electrochim. Acta. 9 (1964) 1329. J.O’M. Bockris, B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, B.D. Cahan, Basis of possible continuous self activation in an electrochemical energy converter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 487. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, Electrochemical kinetics of parallel reactions, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 452. R.J. Blasco, E. Gileadi, An electrochemical and microbiological study of the formic acid –formic dehydrogenase systems, J. Adv. Energy Convers. 4 (1964) 179. E. Gileadi, B.T. Rubin, J.O’M. Bockris, Electrosorption of ethylene on platinum as a function of potential, concentration and temperature, J. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 3335. J.O’M. Bockris, H. Wroblowa, E. Gileadi, B.J. Piersma, Anodic oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons on platinum electrodes, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61 (1965) 2531. S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, The potential sweep method — a theoretical analysis, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 321. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, Dielectric relaxation in the electric double layer, J. Chem. Phys. 44 (1966) 1445. E. Gileadi, Electrosorption of uncharged molecules on solid electrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11 (1966) 137. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, J.O’M. Bockris, The electrochemical oxidation of ethylene — comparison of steady-state and potential sweep method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 585.
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19. W. Hieland, E. Gileadi, J.O’M. Bockris, Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the electrosorption of benzene on Pt, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 1207. 20. E. Gileadi, M. Fullenwider, J.O’M. Bockris, The permeation of electrolytic hydrogen through Pt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 926. 21. E. Gileadi, S.D. Argade, J.O’M. Bockris, The potential of zero charge on Pt and its pH dependence, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 2044. 22. E. Gileadi, Radiotracer studies of electrosorption of neutral molecules. Proc. 2nd Eur. Corros. Inhib. Symp. (1966) 543. 23. J.O’M.Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, A molecular theory of the charge dependence of adsorption of molecules in the electric double layer, Electrochim. Acta. 12 (1967) 1301. 24. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, Solution creeping or dielectric relaxation? J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 2510. 25. E. Gileadi, Lj. Duic, J.O’M. Bockris, A comparison of radiotracer and electrochemical methods for the measurement of the electrosorption of organic molecules, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1915. 26. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, R. Haynes, The dependence of the separation factor for the hydrogen evolution reaction upon potential. Mechanism evidence for transition metal substrates, J. Electroanal. Chem. 19 (1968) 446. 27. N. Tshernikovsky, E. Gileadi, New techniques for double-layer capacity measurements at solid metal electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 579. 28. J.O’M. Bockris, G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, The anodic oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons: a mechanism study, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 427. 29. J.O’M. Bockris, S.D. Argade, E. Gileadi, The determination of the potential of zero charge on solid metals, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 1259. 30. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, P.N. Sawyer, Electrochemical methods for the detection of thrombus formation on conducting surfaces, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 6. 31. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of b-diketones on mercury, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 342. 32. V. Breger, E. Gileadi, Adsorption and absorption of hydrogen in palladium, Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 177. 33. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The Ag AgClO4 reference electrode in propylene carbonate, J. Electroanal. Chem. 25 (1970) 481. 34. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, E. Gileadi, Kinetic studies of the electrochemical reduction of dimedone on mercury, Electrochim. Acta. 16 (1971) 1437. 35. T. Bejerano, Ch. Forgacs, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic com-
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pounds, Part I. The inhibition of Br2 and I2 evolution on platinum by phenol, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 65. U. Eisner, E. Gileadi, Anodic oxidation of hydrazine and its derivatives of gold, Part I. The oxidation of N2H4, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 81. E. Gileadi, On the potential dependence of electrosorption of neutral organic molecules, J. Electroanal. Chem. 30 (1971) 123. E. Kariv, E. Gileadi, Reduction of b-diketones of mercury, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 36, (1971) 476. E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition and self inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 36 (1971) 464. E. Zeigerson, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, Part II. Self inhibition of oxidation of isomers of hydroquinone on platinum, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 421. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of 1,3-diketones and some of their 2,2-disubstituted derivatives, Tetrahedron 27 (1971) 1303. E. Kariv, B. Cohen, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of 2,2%,5,5%-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione on mercury, Tetrahedron 27 (1971) 805. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, The components of electrode potential, J. Electroanal. Chem. 36 (1972) 492. E. Gileadi, B. Stanczewski, A. Parmeggiani, T. Lucas, S. Srinivasan, P.N. Sawyer, Antithrombogenic characteristics of cathodically polarized copper prostheses, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 16 (1972) 489. G.E. Stoner, S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism for the antithrombogenic activity of some drugs, Part I. Competitive adsorption of fibrinogen and heparin on mica, J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 2107. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, The effect of competition with water on the kinetic parameters in electrode reactions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1316. G.E. Stoner, S. Senti, E. Gileadi, The effect of NaF and SnF2 on the rate of corrosion of dental amalgams, J. Den. Res. 50 (1971) 1647. E. Gileadi, Adsorption isotherms for intermediates formed in charge-transfer processes, Isr. J. Chem. 9 (1971) 405. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Mechanism of the electroreduction of glycol aldehyde on the DME, J. Electroanal. Chem. 38 (1972) 191. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, J. Electroanal. Chem. 38 (1972) 137.
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51. M. Babai, N. Tshernikovski, E. Gileadi, Doublelayer capacity measurement in dilute solutions — a new technique, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1018. 52. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The effect of molecular size on kinetic parameters in electrode reactions, J. Electroanal. Chem. 42 (1973) 111. 53. S. Efrima, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the PZC of solid electrodes by the time-of-contact method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 879. 54. E. Kariv, H. Terni, E. Gileadi, Asymmetric induction by alkaloids in electrolytic reduction, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 639. 55. E. Kariv, H. Terni, E. Gileadi, The role of quinidine in induction of asymmetric synthesis at mercury electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 18 (1973) 433. 56. E. Gileadi, A combined adsorption isotherm for intermediates formed in electrode reactions, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 56 (1973) 228. 57. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of aluminum from aromatic hydrocarbons — application to electroplating, Plating 62 (1975) 342. 58. S. Kashti, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Molecular size effects in the reduction of nitroalkanes on Hg, Israel J. Chem. 12 (1974) 1003. 59. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al from aromatic hydrocarbons, Part I. Composition of baths and effect of additives, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 15. 60. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, The use of adsorbed bromine as a brominating agent in organic reactions: the production of mono- and di-bromo phenols, Electrochim. Acta 21 (1976) 231. 61. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The rotating cone electrode, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 22. 62. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Interfacial phenomena at solid aluminum electrodes in solutions of Al2Br6 and MBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 639. 63. E. Kirowa-Eisner, S. Kashti, E. Gileadi, The effect of size and location of adsorbed intermediates in the double layer on the Tafel slope — the reduction of hydroxylamine on the DME, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 401. 64. E. Peled, A. Mitavski, E. Gileadi, Polarography of Hg2 + ions in the system AlBr/KBr/aromatic hydrocarbon, Z. Phys. Chem. 98 (1975) 111. 65. G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, J.C. Ludlow, D.J. Kirwan, Immobilization of trypsin on carbon, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17 (1975) 455. 66. E. Peled, A. Mitavski, A. Reger, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical properties of the AlBr3/MBr/ArH solvent system and polarography of metal ions in it, J. Electroanal. Chem. 75 (1977) 677.
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67. J. Hermolin, J. Kopilov, E. Gileadi, Asymmetric reduction of 2- and 4-acetylpyridine in the presence of strychnine, J. Electroanal. Chem. 71 (1976) 245. 68. S. Ziegel. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al on a HMDE from aromatic hydrocarbons containing AlBr3 and KBr, Electrochim. Acta 23 (1978) 363. 69. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, F.J. Salzano, C. Braun, A. Beaufrere, S. Gottesfeld, L.J. Nuttal, A.B. LaConti, An electrochemically regenerative hydrogen –chlorine fuel-cell as an energy storage system for electric utilities, J. Power Sources 2 (1977/78) 191. 70. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Formation of thick layers of iodine during the anodic oxidation of iodide on RDE, Part I. The precipitation –dissolution mechanism, J. Electroanal. Chem. 82 (1977) 209. 71. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Formation of thick layers of iodine during the anodic oxidation of iodide on RDE, Part II. Open circuit behavior, J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 1720. 72. E. Gileadi, Tafel slopes in relation to the replacement of adsorbed water by organic molecules, Phys. Chem. Liq. 7 (1977) 239. 73. M. Babai, S. Gottesfeld, E. Gileadi, The nature of the surface films formed on platinum in the presence of 1-naphthol, Isr. J. Chem. 18 (1979) 110. 74. S. Ziegel, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, The diffusion coefficient of aluminum in mercury, Electrochim. Acta 24 (1979) 513. 75. M. Elam, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al Br and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part I. Surface processes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 1474. 76. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Determination of the nature of the ionic species in a low dielectric constant solvent from transference number measurements, J. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 869. 77. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, The mechanism of high conductivity in a solvent of low dielectric constant, J. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 873. 78. I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, High electrolytic conductivity in solid bromine, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 1368. 79. I. Rubinstein, M. Bixon, E. Gileadi, Confirmation of the hopping mechanism of the conductivity of Br− ions in solutions containing Br2, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 715. 80. M. Elam, E. Gileadi, The electrochemical oxidation of I− in a nonpolar solvent consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in an aromatic hydrocarbon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 815. 81. I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, Measurement of electrical conductivity in solid Br2 and I2, J. Electroanal. Chem. 108 (1980) 191.
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82. E. Peled, M. Brand, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the viscosity and specific conductivity of an Al plating bath — the non-Stokesian mechanism of electrolytic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1697. 83. E. Peled, M. Elam, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al from a nonaqueous medium consisting of Al2Br6 and LiBr in ethylbenzene: the effect of additives, J. Appl. Electrochem. 11 (1981) 463. 84. H. Reller, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Ensembles of microelectrodes — a digital simulation, J. Electroanal Chem. 138 (1982) 65. 85. L. Nacamulli, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical properties of graphite fiber/epoxy composite electrodes, J. Appl. Electrochem. 12 (1982) 73. 86. G.E. Stoner, G. Cahen Jr., M. Sachiani, E. Gileadi, The mechanism of low frequency ac electrochemical disinfection, J. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 9 (1982) 229. 87. M. Elam, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part II. The behavior of Sn and Pb, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 585. 88. M. Elam, I. Bahatt E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Nernst plots and formal potentials in a nonpolar electrolyte consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 1609. 89. M. Elam, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part III. The behavior of Ag and Cu, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2058. 90. H. Reller, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Ensembles of microelectrodes — digital simulation by the two dimensional expanding grid method. Cyclic voltammetry, IR effects and application, J. Electroanal. Chem. 161 (1984) 247. 91. Z. Stein, E. Gileadi, Proton conductivity in mixed solvents, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 2166. 92. R.C. Paciej, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, Electrolytic recovery of gallium from dilute solutions employing microelectrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 1307. 93. J.R. Scully, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical measurement of corrosion rates in media of low conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 579. 94. E. Kirowa-Eisner, A. Brestovisky, I. Reshef, M. Brand, E. Gileadi, Simultaneous measurement of differential thermal analysis and electrolytic conductivity in iodide/iodine mixtures, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 555. 95. J. Gruberger, E. Gileadi, Plating on anodized aluminum, Part 1. The mechanism of charge transfer across the barrier layer oxide film in 1100 aluminum, Electrochim. Acta 31 (1986) 1531.
96. A. Brestovisky, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the conductivity of iodides in liquid and solid iodine, Electrochim. Acta 31(1986) 1553. 97. E. Gileadi, Anomalous temperature dependence of the Tafel slope, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 117. 98. E. Gileadi, The combined adsorption isotherm, Electrochim. Acta 32 (1987) 221. 99. L. Nacamulli-Piran, E. Gileadi, Double-layer studies in a nonpolar solvents consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in ethylbenzene, J. Electroanal. Chem. 229 (1987) 165. 100. H. Reller, I. Feldstien-Halkun, E. Gileadi, Rotating cylinder strip micro electrode, Electrochim. Acta 33 (1988) 95. 101. U. Landau, N.L. Weinberg, E. Gileadi, Threeelectrode measurements in industrial cells, J. Electrochem Soc. 135 (1988) 396. 102. S.M. Lipka, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, L.L. Scribner, E. Gileadi, The electrochemical behavior of graphite fiber –epoxy matrix composite electrodes containing varying fiber orientations, J. Electrochem Soc. 135 (1988) 368. 103. J.N. Murray, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Pseudocapacitance of corroding steel surfaces, Corros. Sci. 44 (1988) 533. 104. S.M. Lipka, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, L.L. Scribner, E. Gileadi, Hydrogen and oxygen evolution on graphite fiber –epoxy matrix composite electrodes, Electrochim. Acta. 33 (1988) 753. 105. I. Bahatt, L. Nacamulli-Piran, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical formation of Al/Pt surface alloys, Denki Kagaku (Electrochem. Soc. Jpn.) 55 (1988) 339. 106. N. Tchernikovsky, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, The effect of mechanical strain on the rate of hydrogen evolution, J. Electrochem Soc. 136 (1989) 1089. 107. R.G. Kelly, J.P. Moran E. Gileadi, J. Kruger, The passivity of iron in mixtures of propylene carbonate and water, Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 823. 108. R.G. Kelly, J.P. Moran C. Zollmann, E. Gileadi, J. Kruger, Passivity of Fe in anhydrous propylene carbonate, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 3262. 109. E. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, E. Gileadi, The temperature dependence of the Tafel slope, Part 1. Calibration and application to the reduction of hydroxylamine on the DME, Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 1103. 110. P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Alleviating the confusion caused by polarity in electrochemistry, J. Chem. Education 66 (1989) 91. 111. C. Zollman, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The dynamic micro polarization method, Part 1. Ap-
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plication to aluminum, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 1378. A. Zagiel, E. Gileadi, Plating on anodized aluminum, Part II. The effect of the metal, the anion and the aluminum alloy, Electrochim. Acta 35 (1990) 1019. E. Gileadi, On the apparent potential dependence of the entropy of activation, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 3870. M. Schwarz, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Temperature dependence of the Tafel slope — the reduction of BrO− in alkaline media, J. Elec3 troanal. Chem. 361 (1993) 193. K. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Negative apparent enthalpy of activation — the reduction of Br− at the DME in 3 alkaline solutions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 1183. V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Use of the quartz crystal microbalance for the study of adsorption from the gas phase, Langmuir 10 (1994) 2830. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Optical and electrochemical studies of hydrogen evolution and intercalation on valve metals, Part I. Niobium pentoxide, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 1501. E. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Dependence of the transfer coefficient on temperature for the hydrogen evolution reaction on the dropping mercury electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem. 381 (1995) 29. V. Tsionsky, L. Daikhin, M. Urbakh, E. Gileadi, Behavior of the QCM in nonadsorbing gases at high pressure, Langmuir 11 (1995) 674. R. Taylor, E. Gileadi, The physical interpretation of the Warburg impedance, Corrosion 51 (1995) 664. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Underpotential –overpotential transition of Ag overlayer on Pt, Part I. Formation of a Pt/Ag surface alloy, J. Electroanal. Chem. 167 (1995) 383. C.S. Brossia, E. Gileadi, R.G. Kelly, The electrochemistry of Fe in methanolic solutions and its relation to the corrosion phenomenology, Corros. Sci. 37 (1995) 1455. E. Kirowa-Eisner, A. Kaplevatsky, Ch. Yarnitzky, A. DeAgostini, E. Gileadi, Transient methods — comparison of three methods employing the Cd2 + /Cd(Hg) couple, J. Electroanal. Chem. 394 (1995) 127. V. Tsionsky L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Weighing ions in solution with quartz crystal microbalance, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) L-233. A. Kaplevatsky, E. Kirowa-Eisner, L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Extension of fast-transient techniques
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to the non-linear region, J. Electroanal. Chem. 407 (1996) 51. K. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Temperature dependence of the Tafel slope. The reduction of iodate in alkaline media, J. Electroanal. Chem. 410 (1996) 189. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Upd – opd transition in Ag overlayer on Pt, Part II. Reversible and irreversible rearrangement in silver adlayers, J. Electroanal. Chem. 412 (1996) 117. V. Tsionsky L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Response of the quartz crystal microbalance for gold electrodes in the double-layer region, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 2240. G. Zilberman, V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Response of the EQCM for specific adsorption on gold electrodes: the adsorption of pyridine and benzene, Can. J. Chem. 75 (1997) 1674. A. Vaskevich, E. Gileadi, Upd –opd transition of Ag overlayer on Pt, Part III. Influence of the rearrangement of the overlayer structure on blocking of hydrogen upd, J. Electroanal. Chem. 442 (1998) 147. V. Tsionsky, L. Daikhin, G. Zilberman, E. Gileadi, Response of the EQCM for electrostatic and specific adsorption on gold and silver electrodes, Faraday Discuss. 107 (1997) 337. G. Zilberman, V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Solvent structure at the metal/solution interface, Electrochim. Acta (in press). E. Gileadi, V. Tsionsky, Studies of electroplating using the EQCM, Part I. Copper and silver on gold, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2491) 597. L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, V. Tsionsky, M. Urbakh, G. Zilberman, Slippage at adsorbate –electrolyte interfaces. Response of EQCM to adsorption, Electrochim. Acta (in press). V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Early stages in the electroplating of copper and silver on gold, Mater. Sci. Eng. A (in press). O. Younes, E. Gileadi, Electroplating of high tungsten content Ni/W alloys, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. (submitted for publication).
Chapters in books 1. E. Gileadi, B.E. Conway, The behavior of adsorbed intermediates in electrochemical catalysis, in: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. III, Butterworth, Guilford, UK, 1964, pp. 347 –455 (Chapter 5). 2. B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, Mechanism of anodic oxidation of organic fuels, in: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. IV, Plenum Press, New York, 1966, pp. 47–175 (Chapter 2).
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3. S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical techniques in fuel-cell research, in: Handbook of FuelCell Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968, pp. 221 – 360 (Chapter 2). 4. S.D. Argade, E. Gileadi, Potentials of zero charge, in: Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967, pp. 87–116 (Chapter 5). 5. E. Gileadi, Adsorption in electrochemistry, in: Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967, pp. 1 –18 (Chapter 1).
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Books 1. E. Gileadi (Ed.), Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967. 2. E. Gileadi, E. Kirowa-Eisner, J. Penciner, Interfacial Electrochemistry — An Experimental Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975. 3. E. Gileadi, Electrode Kinetics — For Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Materials Scientists, VCH, Weinheim, 1993.
Preface
Dedicated to Professor Eliezer Gileadi
Eliezer Gileadi obtained his M.Sc. in Chemistry and Physics at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1956. After four years of military service he joined the research group of Brian Conway at the University of Ottawa in 1960, and received his Ph.D. in 1963. In his thesis he investigated the role of adsorbed intermediates in electrode kinetics. This led, among other things, to a detailed understanding of the adsorption pseudocapacitance and its role in electrode kinetics. Having completed his Ph.D. in just two years, Eliezer Gileadi joined the research group of John Bockris at the University of Pennsylvania as a Senior Research Associate. Over the following three years he was involved in some of the early work on fuel cells. During the same period he made several important contributions to the field of electrosorption. This effort culminated in two chapters in a book he edited himself, entitled Electrosorption. The investigation of adsorbed intermediates by cyclic voltammetry is common today in electrochemistry. The theory behind this technique was first worked out by Gileadi and Srinivasan, in a paper published in 1966. Eliezer Gileadi returned to Israel to join the School of
Chemistry of Tel Aviv University in 1966, and founded an electrochemistry group there. Many Israeli electrochemists obtained their education in this research group, under the supervision of Eliezer Gileadi and his colleagues. One of the early achievements of Eliezer Gileadi, after he had joined Tel Aviv University, was the development of a new adsorption isotherm, ‘The Combined Adsorption Isotherm’. This isotherm describes the variation of the fractional surface coverage with potential, resulting from the combined effect of two physically independent phenomena — the replacement of water molecules at the surface by the adsorbate and the transfer of charge needed to form the intermediate species. While each of these effects had earlier been studied separately, their combined action had not been considered. One of the consequences of the Combined Isotherm is the observation of the effect of molecular size on the kinetic parameters, an effect that had not been recognized until then. This yielded, for the first time, a rational interpretation of intermediate values of the Tafel slope, often observed experimentally, which are not simple multiples of (2.3RT/F).
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The experimental verification of the kinetic behavior resulting from the Combined Isotherm, in which I had the privilege to be involved, led to the development of a very accurate method for measuring electrode kinetics. Tafel slopes and other kinetic parameters were determined with an accuracy of 0.1%, more than an order of magnitude better than any other kinetic measurement in electrochemistry until then. The very high accuracy of the experimental technique discussed above allowed Eliezer and his group to examine the temperature dependence of the transfer coefficient, h. Careful experiments showed that h is inherently independent of temperature, justifying the existing theory of electrode kinetics. The electroplating of aluminum on high-strength steel for the purpose of replacing cadmium as a corrosion protection coating is of great interest to the aviation industry. This cannot be performed in aqueous solution, because hydrogen evolution would be the predominant process at the high negative potentials needed to reduce aluminum. Eliezer, in collaboration with Emanuel Peled, developed a plating bath for this technology. The conductivities of hydronium and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions are unusually high, compared to all other ions in the same solution. This has been attributed to an unusual mechanism of proton conductivity, commonly referred to as the Grothuss mechanism, or the hopping mechanism. Eliezer set out to determine whether this kind of hopping mechanism was unique to the proton, or could occur also for heavy ions. Israel Rubinstein, then a graduate student with Eliezer, proved in his thesis that a hopping mechanism of conductivity can also occur in solutions of bromide ions with bromine as the solvent. This was the first proof of such an anomalous mechanism of conductivity for any ion other than the proton. In recent years Eliezer has been conducting research with Vladimir Tsionsky, applying the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) and its electrochemical equivalent, the EQCM, for the study of surfaces and interfaces. In one of the first studies, a new method was developed for the study of adsorption isotherms, which was given the name ‘the supporting gas method’. The unique feature of this method is that the total pressure of the gas in contact with the QCM is maintained constant, while the partial pressure of the material being studied is increased, and the corresponding change in frequency is recorded. Although with hindsight it seems to be the obvious way of doing such experiments, this method had not been proposed earlier, and its absence prevented the use of the QCM as a tool for the study of adsorption isotherms from the gas phase. Many studies employing the EQCM in the submonolayer region are lacking in accuracy, because the
change in resonance frequency is attributed to the change in mass, and other factors that can affect the frequency are ignored. Eliezer and his colleagues have rigorously addressed this problem, and the foundations have been laid for the correction for different artifacts and for the study of processes such as specific adsorption, upd and the very early stages of electroplating. Eliezer Gileadi has always been eager to share his knowledge and scientific experience with others. He has traveled widely and has spent a few months at a time in many universities and research institutes around the world. His longest associations have been with Glenn Stoner of the Department of Materials Science of the University of Virginia, Pat Moran of the Department of Materials Science of the Johns Hopkins University and Barry MacDougall of the Institute of Chemical Process and Environmental Technology of the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa. He has also spent short periods on sabbatical leave at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, the University of Osaka in Japan; the CNRS in Meudon, France; the Universidad del Pais Vasco in San Sebastian, Spain; the Technical University in Dresden, Germany and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Australia. Eliezer has always combined his interest in fundamental and applied research. Consequently he has been a consultant with many industrial research organizations, including major companies such as Lockheed, Hooker Chemicals, Celanese Research Corp., Air Products and the Israel Aviation Industry, as well as numerous small research ventures, both in the USA and in Israel. Eliezer has been leading a yearly workshop on ‘Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry’, at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland since 1991. In 1996 he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering. He has been a Fellow of the American Electrochemical Society since 1997 and a Fellow of the AAAS since 1998. Eliezer Gileadi served as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry of Tel Aviv University (1973 –1976), as Dean of the Faculty of Exact Sciences (1980 –1984) and Director of the Gordon Center for Energy Studies (1991 –1996). Since 1980 he has been the incumbent of the Nathan Cummings Chair of Pure and Applied Electrochemistry. In the years 1992 –1997 Eliezer served as a member of the Israel Council for Higher Education. The most important activity of Eliezer Gileadi in the service of the public was his involvement in facilitating the absorption of new-immigrant scientists from the former Soviet Union. These activities include the establishment, in 1994, of the ‘Gileadi Program’, which provided 500 temporary university research positions for first class scientists, who could not find regular faculty
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positions because of their relatively advanced age and the lack of available university faculty positions in their field. This was followed in 1998 by the establishment of the much more ambitious KAMEA program which provided semi permanent research positions for the same scientists. These programs have been a great success in terms of the quality and quantity of research being produced by the Israeli academic community as a whole, and in the ability of the State of Israel to absorb the tide of new immigrants and integrate them into the local scientific community. Eliezer Gileadi has published three books: A monograph entitled ‘Electrosorption’ and two post-graduate textbooks, one entitled ‘Interfacial Electrochemistry — An Experimental Approach’ and the other ‘Electrode Kinetics for Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Materials Scientists’. The former introduces the user to experimental techniques in electrode kinetics, their theoretical basis and practical applications and the latter is a comprehensive textbook on electrode kinetics. Two of these books have also been published in Chinese and a translation of ‘Electrode Kinetics’ into Spanish and Greek is underway.
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10. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Roger Parsons and Jacek Lipkowski for their involvement in the publication of this special issue.
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12. Emilia Kirowa-Eisner Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel A6i6 Uni6ersity, Ramat A6i6, 69978 Tel A6i6, Israel
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14. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Articles 1. E. Gileadi, A. Lifshitz, B. Perlmutter-Hayman, The use of thermistors in the flow method of measuring rapid reactions. The dehydration of carbonic acid as a test reaction, Bull. Res. Counc. Isr. A8 (1959) 75. 2. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Electrochemistry of the nickel oxide electrode, Part IV. Electrochemical kinetic studies of reversible potentials as a function of degree of oxidation, Can. J. Chem. 40 (1962) 1933. 3. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Kinetic theory of pseudocapacitance and electrode reactions at appre-
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ciable surface coverage, Trans. Faraday Soc. 68 (1962) 2493. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, M. Dzieciuch, Calculation and analysis of adsorption pseudocapacity and surface coverage from EMF decay and polarization curves — application to a decarboxylation reaction, Electrochim. Acta 8 (1963) 143. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, H.G. Oswin, The theory of current distribution and potential profile at an electrode of significant ohmic resistance, Can. J. Chem. 41 (1963) 2447. E. Gileadi, B.E. Conway, Kinetic theory of adsorbed intermediates in electrochemical catalysis, J. Chem. Phys. 39 (1963) 3420. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, Steady-state theory of adsorption pseudocapacity in electrode reactions, Can. J. Chem. 42 (1964) 90. B.E. Conway, E. Gileadi, H. Kozlowska-Angerstein, Significance of non-steady state ac and dc measurements in electrochemical adsorption kinetics, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 341. J.O’M. Bockris, B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, Anodic oxidation of cellulose and lower carbohydrates, Electrochim. Acta. 9 (1964) 1329. J.O’M. Bockris, B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, B.D. Cahan, Basis of possible continuous self activation in an electrochemical energy converter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 487. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, Electrochemical kinetics of parallel reactions, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 452. R.J. Blasco, E. Gileadi, An electrochemical and microbiological study of the formic acid –formic dehydrogenase systems, J. Adv. Energy Convers. 4 (1964) 179. E. Gileadi, B.T. Rubin, J.O’M. Bockris, Electrosorption of ethylene on platinum as a function of potential, concentration and temperature, J. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 3335. J.O’M. Bockris, H. Wroblowa, E. Gileadi, B.J. Piersma, Anodic oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons on platinum electrodes, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61 (1965) 2531. S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, The potential sweep method — a theoretical analysis, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 321. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, Dielectric relaxation in the electric double layer, J. Chem. Phys. 44 (1966) 1445. E. Gileadi, Electrosorption of uncharged molecules on solid electrodes, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11 (1966) 137. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, J.O’M. Bockris, The electrochemical oxidation of ethylene — comparison of steady-state and potential sweep method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 585.
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19. W. Hieland, E. Gileadi, J.O’M. Bockris, Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the electrosorption of benzene on Pt, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 1207. 20. E. Gileadi, M. Fullenwider, J.O’M. Bockris, The permeation of electrolytic hydrogen through Pt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 926. 21. E. Gileadi, S.D. Argade, J.O’M. Bockris, The potential of zero charge on Pt and its pH dependence, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 2044. 22. E. Gileadi, Radiotracer studies of electrosorption of neutral molecules. Proc. 2nd Eur. Corros. Inhib. Symp. (1966) 543. 23. J.O’M.Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, A molecular theory of the charge dependence of adsorption of molecules in the electric double layer, Electrochim. Acta. 12 (1967) 1301. 24. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, K. Muller, Solution creeping or dielectric relaxation? J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 2510. 25. E. Gileadi, Lj. Duic, J.O’M. Bockris, A comparison of radiotracer and electrochemical methods for the measurement of the electrosorption of organic molecules, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1915. 26. J.O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, R. Haynes, The dependence of the separation factor for the hydrogen evolution reaction upon potential. Mechanism evidence for transition metal substrates, J. Electroanal. Chem. 19 (1968) 446. 27. N. Tshernikovsky, E. Gileadi, New techniques for double-layer capacity measurements at solid metal electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 579. 28. J.O’M. Bockris, G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, The anodic oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons: a mechanism study, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 427. 29. J.O’M. Bockris, S.D. Argade, E. Gileadi, The determination of the potential of zero charge on solid metals, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 1259. 30. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, P.N. Sawyer, Electrochemical methods for the detection of thrombus formation on conducting surfaces, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 6. 31. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of b-diketones on mercury, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 342. 32. V. Breger, E. Gileadi, Adsorption and absorption of hydrogen in palladium, Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 177. 33. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The Ag AgClO4 reference electrode in propylene carbonate, J. Electroanal. Chem. 25 (1970) 481. 34. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, E. Gileadi, Kinetic studies of the electrochemical reduction of dimedone on mercury, Electrochim. Acta. 16 (1971) 1437. 35. T. Bejerano, Ch. Forgacs, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic com-
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pounds, Part I. The inhibition of Br2 and I2 evolution on platinum by phenol, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 65. U. Eisner, E. Gileadi, Anodic oxidation of hydrazine and its derivatives of gold, Part I. The oxidation of N2H4, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 81. E. Gileadi, On the potential dependence of electrosorption of neutral organic molecules, J. Electroanal. Chem. 30 (1971) 123. E. Kariv, E. Gileadi, Reduction of b-diketones of mercury, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 36, (1971) 476. E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition and self inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 36 (1971) 464. E. Zeigerson, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, Part II. Self inhibition of oxidation of isomers of hydroquinone on platinum, J. Electroanal. Chem. 28 (1970) 421. E. Kariv, J. Hermolin, I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of 1,3-diketones and some of their 2,2-disubstituted derivatives, Tetrahedron 27 (1971) 1303. E. Kariv, B. Cohen, E. Gileadi, Electroreduction of 2,2%,5,5%-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione on mercury, Tetrahedron 27 (1971) 805. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, The components of electrode potential, J. Electroanal. Chem. 36 (1972) 492. E. Gileadi, B. Stanczewski, A. Parmeggiani, T. Lucas, S. Srinivasan, P.N. Sawyer, Antithrombogenic characteristics of cathodically polarized copper prostheses, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 16 (1972) 489. G.E. Stoner, S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism for the antithrombogenic activity of some drugs, Part I. Competitive adsorption of fibrinogen and heparin on mica, J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 2107. E. Gileadi, G.E. Stoner, The effect of competition with water on the kinetic parameters in electrode reactions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1316. G.E. Stoner, S. Senti, E. Gileadi, The effect of NaF and SnF2 on the rate of corrosion of dental amalgams, J. Den. Res. 50 (1971) 1647. E. Gileadi, Adsorption isotherms for intermediates formed in charge-transfer processes, Isr. J. Chem. 9 (1971) 405. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Mechanism of the electroreduction of glycol aldehyde on the DME, J. Electroanal. Chem. 38 (1972) 191. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Selective inhibition of electrode reactions by organic compounds, J. Electroanal. Chem. 38 (1972) 137.
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51. M. Babai, N. Tshernikovski, E. Gileadi, Doublelayer capacity measurement in dilute solutions — a new technique, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1018. 52. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The effect of molecular size on kinetic parameters in electrode reactions, J. Electroanal. Chem. 42 (1973) 111. 53. S. Efrima, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the PZC of solid electrodes by the time-of-contact method, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 879. 54. E. Kariv, H. Terni, E. Gileadi, Asymmetric induction by alkaloids in electrolytic reduction, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973) 639. 55. E. Kariv, H. Terni, E. Gileadi, The role of quinidine in induction of asymmetric synthesis at mercury electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 18 (1973) 433. 56. E. Gileadi, A combined adsorption isotherm for intermediates formed in electrode reactions, Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 56 (1973) 228. 57. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of aluminum from aromatic hydrocarbons — application to electroplating, Plating 62 (1975) 342. 58. S. Kashti, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Molecular size effects in the reduction of nitroalkanes on Hg, Israel J. Chem. 12 (1974) 1003. 59. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al from aromatic hydrocarbons, Part I. Composition of baths and effect of additives, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 15. 60. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, The use of adsorbed bromine as a brominating agent in organic reactions: the production of mono- and di-bromo phenols, Electrochim. Acta 21 (1976) 231. 61. E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The rotating cone electrode, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 22. 62. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Interfacial phenomena at solid aluminum electrodes in solutions of Al2Br6 and MBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123 (1976) 639. 63. E. Kirowa-Eisner, S. Kashti, E. Gileadi, The effect of size and location of adsorbed intermediates in the double layer on the Tafel slope — the reduction of hydroxylamine on the DME, J. Electroanal. Chem. 65 (1975) 401. 64. E. Peled, A. Mitavski, E. Gileadi, Polarography of Hg2 + ions in the system AlBr/KBr/aromatic hydrocarbon, Z. Phys. Chem. 98 (1975) 111. 65. G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, J.C. Ludlow, D.J. Kirwan, Immobilization of trypsin on carbon, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17 (1975) 455. 66. E. Peled, A. Mitavski, A. Reger, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical properties of the AlBr3/MBr/ArH solvent system and polarography of metal ions in it, J. Electroanal. Chem. 75 (1977) 677.
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67. J. Hermolin, J. Kopilov, E. Gileadi, Asymmetric reduction of 2- and 4-acetylpyridine in the presence of strychnine, J. Electroanal. Chem. 71 (1976) 245. 68. S. Ziegel. E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al on a HMDE from aromatic hydrocarbons containing AlBr3 and KBr, Electrochim. Acta 23 (1978) 363. 69. E. Gileadi, S. Srinivasan, F.J. Salzano, C. Braun, A. Beaufrere, S. Gottesfeld, L.J. Nuttal, A.B. LaConti, An electrochemically regenerative hydrogen –chlorine fuel-cell as an energy storage system for electric utilities, J. Power Sources 2 (1977/78) 191. 70. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Formation of thick layers of iodine during the anodic oxidation of iodide on RDE, Part I. The precipitation –dissolution mechanism, J. Electroanal. Chem. 82 (1977) 209. 71. T. Bejerano, E. Gileadi, Formation of thick layers of iodine during the anodic oxidation of iodide on RDE, Part II. Open circuit behavior, J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 1720. 72. E. Gileadi, Tafel slopes in relation to the replacement of adsorbed water by organic molecules, Phys. Chem. Liq. 7 (1977) 239. 73. M. Babai, S. Gottesfeld, E. Gileadi, The nature of the surface films formed on platinum in the presence of 1-naphthol, Isr. J. Chem. 18 (1979) 110. 74. S. Ziegel, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, The diffusion coefficient of aluminum in mercury, Electrochim. Acta 24 (1979) 513. 75. M. Elam, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al Br and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part I. Surface processes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 1474. 76. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Determination of the nature of the ionic species in a low dielectric constant solvent from transference number measurements, J. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 869. 77. A. Reger, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, The mechanism of high conductivity in a solvent of low dielectric constant, J. Phys. Chem. 83 (1979) 873. 78. I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, High electrolytic conductivity in solid bromine, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 1368. 79. I. Rubinstein, M. Bixon, E. Gileadi, Confirmation of the hopping mechanism of the conductivity of Br− ions in solutions containing Br2, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 715. 80. M. Elam, E. Gileadi, The electrochemical oxidation of I− in a nonpolar solvent consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in an aromatic hydrocarbon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127 (1980) 815. 81. I. Rubinstein, E. Gileadi, Measurement of electrical conductivity in solid Br2 and I2, J. Electroanal. Chem. 108 (1980) 191.
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82. E. Peled, M. Brand, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the viscosity and specific conductivity of an Al plating bath — the non-Stokesian mechanism of electrolytic conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128 (1981) 1697. 83. E. Peled, M. Elam, E. Gileadi, Electrodeposition of Al from a nonaqueous medium consisting of Al2Br6 and LiBr in ethylbenzene: the effect of additives, J. Appl. Electrochem. 11 (1981) 463. 84. H. Reller, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Ensembles of microelectrodes — a digital simulation, J. Electroanal Chem. 138 (1982) 65. 85. L. Nacamulli, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical properties of graphite fiber/epoxy composite electrodes, J. Appl. Electrochem. 12 (1982) 73. 86. G.E. Stoner, G. Cahen Jr., M. Sachiani, E. Gileadi, The mechanism of low frequency ac electrochemical disinfection, J. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 9 (1982) 229. 87. M. Elam, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part II. The behavior of Sn and Pb, J. Electrochem. Soc. 130 (1983) 585. 88. M. Elam, I. Bahatt E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Nernst plots and formal potentials in a nonpolar electrolyte consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 1609. 89. M. Elam, E. Peled, E. Gileadi, Cyclic voltammetry in solutions of Al2Br6 and KBr in aromatic hydrocarbons, Part III. The behavior of Ag and Cu, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2058. 90. H. Reller, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Ensembles of microelectrodes — digital simulation by the two dimensional expanding grid method. Cyclic voltammetry, IR effects and application, J. Electroanal. Chem. 161 (1984) 247. 91. Z. Stein, E. Gileadi, Proton conductivity in mixed solvents, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 2166. 92. R.C. Paciej, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, E. Gileadi, Electrolytic recovery of gallium from dilute solutions employing microelectrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 (1985) 1307. 93. J.R. Scully, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical measurement of corrosion rates in media of low conductivity, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 579. 94. E. Kirowa-Eisner, A. Brestovisky, I. Reshef, M. Brand, E. Gileadi, Simultaneous measurement of differential thermal analysis and electrolytic conductivity in iodide/iodine mixtures, J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 555. 95. J. Gruberger, E. Gileadi, Plating on anodized aluminum, Part 1. The mechanism of charge transfer across the barrier layer oxide film in 1100 aluminum, Electrochim. Acta 31 (1986) 1531.
96. A. Brestovisky, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Measurement of the conductivity of iodides in liquid and solid iodine, Electrochim. Acta 31(1986) 1553. 97. E. Gileadi, Anomalous temperature dependence of the Tafel slope, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 117. 98. E. Gileadi, The combined adsorption isotherm, Electrochim. Acta 32 (1987) 221. 99. L. Nacamulli-Piran, E. Gileadi, Double-layer studies in a nonpolar solvents consisting of Al2Br6 and KBr in ethylbenzene, J. Electroanal. Chem. 229 (1987) 165. 100. H. Reller, I. Feldstien-Halkun, E. Gileadi, Rotating cylinder strip micro electrode, Electrochim. Acta 33 (1988) 95. 101. U. Landau, N.L. Weinberg, E. Gileadi, Threeelectrode measurements in industrial cells, J. Electrochem Soc. 135 (1988) 396. 102. S.M. Lipka, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, L.L. Scribner, E. Gileadi, The electrochemical behavior of graphite fiber –epoxy matrix composite electrodes containing varying fiber orientations, J. Electrochem Soc. 135 (1988) 368. 103. J.N. Murray, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Pseudocapacitance of corroding steel surfaces, Corros. Sci. 44 (1988) 533. 104. S.M. Lipka, G.L. Cahen Jr., G.E. Stoner, L.L. Scribner, E. Gileadi, Hydrogen and oxygen evolution on graphite fiber –epoxy matrix composite electrodes, Electrochim. Acta. 33 (1988) 753. 105. I. Bahatt, L. Nacamulli-Piran, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical formation of Al/Pt surface alloys, Denki Kagaku (Electrochem. Soc. Jpn.) 55 (1988) 339. 106. N. Tchernikovsky, P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, The effect of mechanical strain on the rate of hydrogen evolution, J. Electrochem Soc. 136 (1989) 1089. 107. R.G. Kelly, J.P. Moran E. Gileadi, J. Kruger, The passivity of iron in mixtures of propylene carbonate and water, Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 823. 108. R.G. Kelly, J.P. Moran C. Zollmann, E. Gileadi, J. Kruger, Passivity of Fe in anhydrous propylene carbonate, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 3262. 109. E. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, E. Gileadi, The temperature dependence of the Tafel slope, Part 1. Calibration and application to the reduction of hydroxylamine on the DME, Electrochim. Acta 34 (1989) 1103. 110. P.J. Moran, E. Gileadi, Alleviating the confusion caused by polarity in electrochemistry, J. Chem. Education 66 (1989) 91. 111. C. Zollman, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, The dynamic micro polarization method, Part 1. Ap-
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plication to aluminum, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 1378. A. Zagiel, E. Gileadi, Plating on anodized aluminum, Part II. The effect of the metal, the anion and the aluminum alloy, Electrochim. Acta 35 (1990) 1019. E. Gileadi, On the apparent potential dependence of the entropy of activation, J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 3870. M. Schwarz, E. Kirowa-Eisner, E. Gileadi, Temperature dependence of the Tafel slope — the reduction of BrO− in alkaline media, J. Elec3 troanal. Chem. 361 (1993) 193. K. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Negative apparent enthalpy of activation — the reduction of Br− at the DME in 3 alkaline solutions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 1183. V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Use of the quartz crystal microbalance for the study of adsorption from the gas phase, Langmuir 10 (1994) 2830. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Optical and electrochemical studies of hydrogen evolution and intercalation on valve metals, Part I. Niobium pentoxide, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 1501. E. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Dependence of the transfer coefficient on temperature for the hydrogen evolution reaction on the dropping mercury electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem. 381 (1995) 29. V. Tsionsky, L. Daikhin, M. Urbakh, E. Gileadi, Behavior of the QCM in nonadsorbing gases at high pressure, Langmuir 11 (1995) 674. R. Taylor, E. Gileadi, The physical interpretation of the Warburg impedance, Corrosion 51 (1995) 664. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Underpotential –overpotential transition of Ag overlayer on Pt, Part I. Formation of a Pt/Ag surface alloy, J. Electroanal. Chem. 167 (1995) 383. C.S. Brossia, E. Gileadi, R.G. Kelly, The electrochemistry of Fe in methanolic solutions and its relation to the corrosion phenomenology, Corros. Sci. 37 (1995) 1455. E. Kirowa-Eisner, A. Kaplevatsky, Ch. Yarnitzky, A. DeAgostini, E. Gileadi, Transient methods — comparison of three methods employing the Cd2 + /Cd(Hg) couple, J. Electroanal. Chem. 394 (1995) 127. V. Tsionsky L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Weighing ions in solution with quartz crystal microbalance, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) L-233. A. Kaplevatsky, E. Kirowa-Eisner, L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Extension of fast-transient techniques
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to the non-linear region, J. Electroanal. Chem. 407 (1996) 51. K. Kirowa-Eisner, M. Schwarz, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Temperature dependence of the Tafel slope. The reduction of iodate in alkaline media, J. Electroanal. Chem. 410 (1996) 189. A. Vaskevich, M. Rosenblum, E. Gileadi, Upd – opd transition in Ag overlayer on Pt, Part II. Reversible and irreversible rearrangement in silver adlayers, J. Electroanal. Chem. 412 (1996) 117. V. Tsionsky L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, Response of the quartz crystal microbalance for gold electrodes in the double-layer region, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 2240. G. Zilberman, V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Response of the EQCM for specific adsorption on gold electrodes: the adsorption of pyridine and benzene, Can. J. Chem. 75 (1997) 1674. A. Vaskevich, E. Gileadi, Upd –opd transition of Ag overlayer on Pt, Part III. Influence of the rearrangement of the overlayer structure on blocking of hydrogen upd, J. Electroanal. Chem. 442 (1998) 147. V. Tsionsky, L. Daikhin, G. Zilberman, E. Gileadi, Response of the EQCM for electrostatic and specific adsorption on gold and silver electrodes, Faraday Discuss. 107 (1997) 337. G. Zilberman, V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Solvent structure at the metal/solution interface, Electrochim. Acta (in press). E. Gileadi, V. Tsionsky, Studies of electroplating using the EQCM, Part I. Copper and silver on gold, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2491) 597. L. Daikhin, E. Gileadi, V. Tsionsky, M. Urbakh, G. Zilberman, Slippage at adsorbate –electrolyte interfaces. Response of EQCM to adsorption, Electrochim. Acta (in press). V. Tsionsky, E. Gileadi, Early stages in the electroplating of copper and silver on gold, Mater. Sci. Eng. A (in press). O. Younes, E. Gileadi, Electroplating of high tungsten content Ni/W alloys, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. (submitted for publication).
Chapters in books 1. E. Gileadi, B.E. Conway, The behavior of adsorbed intermediates in electrochemical catalysis, in: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. III, Butterworth, Guilford, UK, 1964, pp. 347 –455 (Chapter 5). 2. B.J. Piersma, E. Gileadi, Mechanism of anodic oxidation of organic fuels, in: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. IV, Plenum Press, New York, 1966, pp. 47–175 (Chapter 2).
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3. S. Srinivasan, E. Gileadi, Electrochemical techniques in fuel-cell research, in: Handbook of FuelCell Technology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968, pp. 221 – 360 (Chapter 2). 4. S.D. Argade, E. Gileadi, Potentials of zero charge, in: Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967, pp. 87–116 (Chapter 5). 5. E. Gileadi, Adsorption in electrochemistry, in: Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967, pp. 1 –18 (Chapter 1).
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Books 1. E. Gileadi (Ed.), Electrosorption, Plenum Press, New York, 1967. 2. E. Gileadi, E. Kirowa-Eisner, J. Penciner, Interfacial Electrochemistry — An Experimental Approach, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975. 3. E. Gileadi, Electrode Kinetics — For Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Materials Scientists, VCH, Weinheim, 1993.