- Email: [email protected]
Design philosophy—turbine generator lubricating oil systems
ABSTRACTS
COMPILED BY P A M E L A POCOCK AND A. D. JORDAN
Copies o/ original articles are best obtained by writing direcl /o the jour~ml in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be/bund in a reference book such as World Lisl of Scienhjie and Technical Publications, Willing~ Press Guide, and f o r American journals only, Ayers.
BETTS, C., ROBERTS, W. H. A t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l study of a l i q u i d - l u b r i c a t e d h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g . P r o c e e d i n g s of the Institution of M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s , Vol 183, P t 1, No 32 (1969) pp 647-662 The u s e of m e c h a n i c a l p u m p s for c i r c u l a t i n g high t e m p e r a t u r e l i q u i d - s o d i u m coolant in n u c l e a r - p o w e r e d fast r e a c t o r s e m p h a s i s e s the p r o b l e m of d e s i g n i n g s u i t a b l e b e a r i n g s . This p a p e r p r e s e n t s a s e m i - e m p i r i c a l theory which d e s c r i b e s the (static) p e r f o r m a n c e of a h y d r o s t a t i c jet j o u r n a l b e a r i n g for such a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e the flow t h r o u g h the b e a r i n g is p r e dominantly t u r b u l e n t . The t h e o r y c o v e r s both v i s c o u s and t u r b u l e n t r e g i m e s of flow. In the p r e s e n t a t i o n n o n - d i m e n sional g r o u p s a r e plotted to f a c i l i t a t e d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n of the t h e o r y to specific p r o b l e m s . E x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g p a r a f f i n and w a t e r a s the working fluid a r e d e s c r i b e d ; R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1700 and 7000 r e s p e c t i v e l y w e r e a c h i e v e d c o m p a r e d with Re in e x c e s s of 20 000 likely to be e n c o u n t e r e d in p r a c t i c e . The design and p e r f o r m a n c e of an 8 in d i a m e t e r b e a r i n g for a 6000 g a l / m i n m e c h a n i c a l sodium pump p r o t o t y p e is d e s c r i b e d . (6 figures, 20 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 389)
BROWN, E. D. E f f e c t s of t e m p e r a t u r e on lubricity of l u b r i c a t i n g s i l i c o n e s . Wear, Vol 15, No 2 (1970) pp 131-135 A b r i e f r e v i e w of the e f f e c t s of t e m p e r a t u r e on l u b r i c a t i o n by s i l i c o n e s is given. T h r e e s i l i c o n e s d i f f e r i n g only in v i s c o s i t y (5 cSt, 50 cSt, 2000 cSt at 77°F) were t e s t e d u s i n g a f o u r - b a l l m a c h i n e . T h e r e w e r e s h a r p t r a n s i t i o n s in w e a r and f r i c t i o n with t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s was explained by two m e c h a n i s m s ; in the a b s e n c e of a i r t e m p e r a t u r e d i s o r i e n t s the p o l y m e r , thinning the film and allowing m e t a l - t o - m e t a l contact, in the p r e s e n c e of a i r , oxide f i l m s help to s u p p o r t the load. (4 t a b l e s , 10 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 390)
CHADWICK, R. The r e l e v a n c e of lubrication in e x t r u s i o n . M e t a l s and M a t e r i a l s . Vol 4, No 5 (May 1970) pp 201-206 The d e f o r m a t i o n b e h a v i o u r of m e t a l s u n d e r l u b r i c a t e d and u n l u b r i c a t e d conditions a r e c o n s i d e r e d . After d i s c u s s i n g tool l u b r i c a t i o n p r o b l e m s the a u t h o r c o n c l u d e s that the high s u r face quality e x p e c t e d f r o m a l u m i n i u m and copper alloy e x t r u s i o n s is a s s o c i a t e d with i n t i m a t e contact between the e x t r u d ed m a t e r i a l and the tool and can be d e s t r o y e d by u s i n g a l u b r i c a n t . Except for s t e e l and o t h e r high t e m p e r a t u r e m a t e r i a l s the u n l u b r i c a t e d p r o c e s s s e e m s b e t t e r . (7 figures, 23 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Triboiogy 1970, a b s t r a c t 391) CONKLIN, J. R. Design p h i l o s o p h y - - t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r l u b r i c a t i n g oil s y s t e m s . L u b r i c a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol 25, No 1 (1970) pp 15-21 The d e s i g n philosophy of the t u r b i n e m a n u f a c t u r e r s , oil supp l i e r s , p u r i f i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s and e n g i n e e r s / c o n s u l t a n t s is s u m m a r i z e d . The four f a c t o r s influencing e x i s t i n g oil s y s t e m s d e s i g n s a r e ; c h a n g e s in t u r b i n e design, c h a n g e s in oil f o r m u l a t i o n , d e m a n d for g r e a t e r s y s t e m r e l i a bility, and the u s e of n u c l e a r e n e r g y for power g e n e r a t i o n . The A S M E - A S T M - N E M A r e c o m m e n d e d p r a c t i c e for oil p u r i fication s y s t e m s is d i s c u s s e d . (9 f i g u r e s , 2 tables, 13 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 392)
DAVIES, P. B., LEONARD, R. Stability of m u l t i r e c e s s h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s . J o u r n a l of M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g Science, Vol 12, No 2 (1970) pp 150-152 An a n a l y s i s , which p r e d i c t s that m u l t i r e c e s s h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s exhibit dynamic i n s t a b i l i t y at, and above, a c e r t a i n s p e e d of shaft rotation, is s u m m a r i z e d . This i n s t a bility i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the shaft e x e r c i s i n g v i b r a t i o n s in a c l o s e d o r b i t of high e c c e n t r i c i t y at a f r e q u e n c y equal to one 1/2 of the c r i t i c a l shaft speed. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s frequency c o r r e s p o n d s to the n a t u r a l frequency of the s y s t e m at z e r o e c c e n t r i c i t y in the a b s e n c e of shaft r o t a t i o n . An e x p r e s s i o n for the c r i t i c a l speed of an o r i f i c e c o m p e n s a t e d b e a r i n g with four r e c e s s e s is given and an e x p e r i m e n t a l v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s is p r e s e n t e d in this p a p e r . (2 f i g u r e s , 4 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 393)
DROMGOLD, L. D., RODMAN, S. E f f e c t s of l u b r i c a n t v i s c o s i t y on the r e d u c t i o n a l u m i n i u m d u r i n g cold r o l l i n g . L u b r i c a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol 26, No 1 (Jan 1970) pp 26-31 The e f f e c t s of b a s e v i s c o s i t y , additives,load, s p e e d , a n d e n t r y m e t a l t h i c k n e s s on a l u m i n i u m foil roiling, u s i n g a l a b o r a t o r y cold r o i l i n g mill w e r e studied. With n o r m a l p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n b a s e oils, lower v i s c o s i t i e s gave lower p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n s , but below 2 - 2 . 5 cSt at 100°F t h e r e was an inc r e a s e in r o i l i n g reduction. (13 figures, 2 tables, 2 r e f e r e n c e ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 394) D'YAKOVA, A. G., NEPONMYASHCHII, E. F. C a l c u l a t i o n of the w e a r on b a l l b e a r i n g s working in a n aqueous m e d i u m . R u s s i a n E n g i n e e r i n g J o u r n a l , Vol 49, No 7 (1969) pp 23-26 ( t r a n s l a t e d f r o m Vestnik M a s h i n o stroeniya) R e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e p r o p o s e d which offer an a p p r o x i m a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of the m e c h a n i s m of wear or r a d i a l ball b e a r i n g s (for the c a s e of two point contact) in an aqueous medium, and which m a k e it p o s s i b l e to e s t i m a t e the r a t e of w e a r f r o m the p h y s i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the m a t e r i a l s , the b e a r i n g design, and the conditions of contact. The n a t u r e of the influence of loading on the w e a r of b e a r i n g s in w a t e r is d e s c r i b e d by t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s in the e n t i r e r a n g e of loads c o r r e s p o n d i n g to contact s t r e s s e s f r o m 120-250 k g f / m m 2. One f o r m u l a given can be u s e d for d e t e r m i n i n g the w e a r of ball b e a r i n g s working in an aqueous m e d i u m at low loads, which is typical of many applications. (3 f i g u r e s , 1 table, 6 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 395) D Y S O N , A. Friction traction and lubricant rheology in elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol 266, No 1170 (Feb 1970) pp 1-33 Experimental friction results are interpreted in terms of a model of a viscoelastic liquid. This model refers to oscillatory shear and in this paper the implications for the behaviour in Continuous s h e a r w e r e examined. The e x p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e s of f r i c t i o n a l t r a c t i o n a g a i n s t sliding s p e e d were a n a l y s e d in t h r e e r e g i o n s ; the l i n e a r region, the n o n l i n e a r (ascending) region, and the t h e r m a l (descending) region. In the l i n e a r r e g i o n t h e r e was a c l o s e connexion between the f r i c t i o n and the b e h a v i o u r in o s c i l l a t o r y s h e a r , and m a n y of the e x p e r i m e n t a l f e a t u r e s o b s e r v e d w e r e explained in t e r m s of the new
TRIBOLOGY August 1970
185
COMPILED BY P A M E L A POCOCK AND A. D. JORDAN
Copies o/ original articles are best obtained by writing direcl /o the jour~ml in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be/bund in a reference book such as World Lisl of Scienhjie and Technical Publications, Willing~ Press Guide, and f o r American journals only, Ayers.
BETTS, C., ROBERTS, W. H. A t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l study of a l i q u i d - l u b r i c a t e d h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g . P r o c e e d i n g s of the Institution of M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s , Vol 183, P t 1, No 32 (1969) pp 647-662 The u s e of m e c h a n i c a l p u m p s for c i r c u l a t i n g high t e m p e r a t u r e l i q u i d - s o d i u m coolant in n u c l e a r - p o w e r e d fast r e a c t o r s e m p h a s i s e s the p r o b l e m of d e s i g n i n g s u i t a b l e b e a r i n g s . This p a p e r p r e s e n t s a s e m i - e m p i r i c a l theory which d e s c r i b e s the (static) p e r f o r m a n c e of a h y d r o s t a t i c jet j o u r n a l b e a r i n g for such a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e the flow t h r o u g h the b e a r i n g is p r e dominantly t u r b u l e n t . The t h e o r y c o v e r s both v i s c o u s and t u r b u l e n t r e g i m e s of flow. In the p r e s e n t a t i o n n o n - d i m e n sional g r o u p s a r e plotted to f a c i l i t a t e d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n of the t h e o r y to specific p r o b l e m s . E x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g p a r a f f i n and w a t e r a s the working fluid a r e d e s c r i b e d ; R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1700 and 7000 r e s p e c t i v e l y w e r e a c h i e v e d c o m p a r e d with Re in e x c e s s of 20 000 likely to be e n c o u n t e r e d in p r a c t i c e . The design and p e r f o r m a n c e of an 8 in d i a m e t e r b e a r i n g for a 6000 g a l / m i n m e c h a n i c a l sodium pump p r o t o t y p e is d e s c r i b e d . (6 figures, 20 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 389)
BROWN, E. D. E f f e c t s of t e m p e r a t u r e on lubricity of l u b r i c a t i n g s i l i c o n e s . Wear, Vol 15, No 2 (1970) pp 131-135 A b r i e f r e v i e w of the e f f e c t s of t e m p e r a t u r e on l u b r i c a t i o n by s i l i c o n e s is given. T h r e e s i l i c o n e s d i f f e r i n g only in v i s c o s i t y (5 cSt, 50 cSt, 2000 cSt at 77°F) were t e s t e d u s i n g a f o u r - b a l l m a c h i n e . T h e r e w e r e s h a r p t r a n s i t i o n s in w e a r and f r i c t i o n with t e m p e r a t u r e . T h i s was explained by two m e c h a n i s m s ; in the a b s e n c e of a i r t e m p e r a t u r e d i s o r i e n t s the p o l y m e r , thinning the film and allowing m e t a l - t o - m e t a l contact, in the p r e s e n c e of a i r , oxide f i l m s help to s u p p o r t the load. (4 t a b l e s , 10 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 390)
CHADWICK, R. The r e l e v a n c e of lubrication in e x t r u s i o n . M e t a l s and M a t e r i a l s . Vol 4, No 5 (May 1970) pp 201-206 The d e f o r m a t i o n b e h a v i o u r of m e t a l s u n d e r l u b r i c a t e d and u n l u b r i c a t e d conditions a r e c o n s i d e r e d . After d i s c u s s i n g tool l u b r i c a t i o n p r o b l e m s the a u t h o r c o n c l u d e s that the high s u r face quality e x p e c t e d f r o m a l u m i n i u m and copper alloy e x t r u s i o n s is a s s o c i a t e d with i n t i m a t e contact between the e x t r u d ed m a t e r i a l and the tool and can be d e s t r o y e d by u s i n g a l u b r i c a n t . Except for s t e e l and o t h e r high t e m p e r a t u r e m a t e r i a l s the u n l u b r i c a t e d p r o c e s s s e e m s b e t t e r . (7 figures, 23 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Triboiogy 1970, a b s t r a c t 391) CONKLIN, J. R. Design p h i l o s o p h y - - t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r l u b r i c a t i n g oil s y s t e m s . L u b r i c a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol 25, No 1 (1970) pp 15-21 The d e s i g n philosophy of the t u r b i n e m a n u f a c t u r e r s , oil supp l i e r s , p u r i f i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e r s and e n g i n e e r s / c o n s u l t a n t s is s u m m a r i z e d . The four f a c t o r s influencing e x i s t i n g oil s y s t e m s d e s i g n s a r e ; c h a n g e s in t u r b i n e design, c h a n g e s in oil f o r m u l a t i o n , d e m a n d for g r e a t e r s y s t e m r e l i a bility, and the u s e of n u c l e a r e n e r g y for power g e n e r a t i o n . The A S M E - A S T M - N E M A r e c o m m e n d e d p r a c t i c e for oil p u r i fication s y s t e m s is d i s c u s s e d . (9 f i g u r e s , 2 tables, 13 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 392)
DAVIES, P. B., LEONARD, R. Stability of m u l t i r e c e s s h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s . J o u r n a l of M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g Science, Vol 12, No 2 (1970) pp 150-152 An a n a l y s i s , which p r e d i c t s that m u l t i r e c e s s h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s exhibit dynamic i n s t a b i l i t y at, and above, a c e r t a i n s p e e d of shaft rotation, is s u m m a r i z e d . This i n s t a bility i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the shaft e x e r c i s i n g v i b r a t i o n s in a c l o s e d o r b i t of high e c c e n t r i c i t y at a f r e q u e n c y equal to one 1/2 of the c r i t i c a l shaft speed. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s frequency c o r r e s p o n d s to the n a t u r a l frequency of the s y s t e m at z e r o e c c e n t r i c i t y in the a b s e n c e of shaft r o t a t i o n . An e x p r e s s i o n for the c r i t i c a l speed of an o r i f i c e c o m p e n s a t e d b e a r i n g with four r e c e s s e s is given and an e x p e r i m e n t a l v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s is p r e s e n t e d in this p a p e r . (2 f i g u r e s , 4 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 393)
DROMGOLD, L. D., RODMAN, S. E f f e c t s of l u b r i c a n t v i s c o s i t y on the r e d u c t i o n a l u m i n i u m d u r i n g cold r o l l i n g . L u b r i c a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g , Vol 26, No 1 (Jan 1970) pp 26-31 The e f f e c t s of b a s e v i s c o s i t y , additives,load, s p e e d , a n d e n t r y m e t a l t h i c k n e s s on a l u m i n i u m foil roiling, u s i n g a l a b o r a t o r y cold r o i l i n g mill w e r e studied. With n o r m a l p e t r o l e u m h y d r o c a r b o n b a s e oils, lower v i s c o s i t i e s gave lower p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n s , but below 2 - 2 . 5 cSt at 100°F t h e r e was an inc r e a s e in r o i l i n g reduction. (13 figures, 2 tables, 2 r e f e r e n c e ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 394) D'YAKOVA, A. G., NEPONMYASHCHII, E. F. C a l c u l a t i o n of the w e a r on b a l l b e a r i n g s working in a n aqueous m e d i u m . R u s s i a n E n g i n e e r i n g J o u r n a l , Vol 49, No 7 (1969) pp 23-26 ( t r a n s l a t e d f r o m Vestnik M a s h i n o stroeniya) R e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e p r o p o s e d which offer an a p p r o x i m a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of the m e c h a n i s m of wear or r a d i a l ball b e a r i n g s (for the c a s e of two point contact) in an aqueous medium, and which m a k e it p o s s i b l e to e s t i m a t e the r a t e of w e a r f r o m the p h y s i c a l and m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the m a t e r i a l s , the b e a r i n g design, and the conditions of contact. The n a t u r e of the influence of loading on the w e a r of b e a r i n g s in w a t e r is d e s c r i b e d by t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s in the e n t i r e r a n g e of loads c o r r e s p o n d i n g to contact s t r e s s e s f r o m 120-250 k g f / m m 2. One f o r m u l a given can be u s e d for d e t e r m i n i n g the w e a r of ball b e a r i n g s working in an aqueous m e d i u m at low loads, which is typical of many applications. (3 f i g u r e s , 1 table, 6 r e f e r e n c e s ) (Tribology 1970, a b s t r a c t 395) D Y S O N , A. Friction traction and lubricant rheology in elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol 266, No 1170 (Feb 1970) pp 1-33 Experimental friction results are interpreted in terms of a model of a viscoelastic liquid. This model refers to oscillatory shear and in this paper the implications for the behaviour in Continuous s h e a r w e r e examined. The e x p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e s of f r i c t i o n a l t r a c t i o n a g a i n s t sliding s p e e d were a n a l y s e d in t h r e e r e g i o n s ; the l i n e a r region, the n o n l i n e a r (ascending) region, and the t h e r m a l (descending) region. In the l i n e a r r e g i o n t h e r e was a c l o s e connexion between the f r i c t i o n and the b e h a v i o u r in o s c i l l a t o r y s h e a r , and m a n y of the e x p e r i m e n t a l f e a t u r e s o b s e r v e d w e r e explained in t e r m s of the new
TRIBOLOGY August 1970
185