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02 Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy) Methane Number (MN) calculated from the standard AVL software M E T H A N E (which corresponds to the MN measured on a Cooperative Fuel Research engine). Then, in the second part, the 'mechanical' resistance to knock of our engine is highlighted by means of the Methane Number Requirement (MNR). A single cylinder LISTER PETTER engine was modified to run as a spark ignition engine with a fixed compression ratio and an adjustable spark advance. Effects of engine settings on the M N R are deduced from experimental data and compared extensively with previous studies. Using the above, it is then possible to adapt the engine settings for optimal knock control and performances. The error on the S U N and MNR stands beneath 4-2 MN units over the gases and engine settings considered.
be attributed to the formation of structures induced by the electric field, and they brake when the shear rate is increased. The relation between the structural arrangements of the suspension under an electric field and the rheological behaviour is analysed in this study. Results show that the ER response of asphaltene suspensions is not as large as that observed in conventional ER fluids, but nevertheless they throw light on the contribution of electrorheological mechanisms upon asphaltene particle aggregation observed in the transport of the crude oil in the petroleum industry.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
04•01776 New oxidation process for coking gasoline refining by using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant Shan, Y. el al. Shiyou Huagong, 2003, 32, (5), 361-364. (In Chinese) A new oxidation process for rocking gasoline refining by using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant was investigated. Properties and octane numbers of the coking gasoline before and after treatment were measured according to standard methods. Refining of coking gasoline was carried out by treating coking gasoline with hydrogen peroxide (30%) promoted by methanol and catalysed by heteropoly acids (H3PMoxWl2-O40) at 35°C for 2 h. Results were: 40% ~ 80% decrease in sulfur content, substantial removal of basic nitrogen, 10% ~ 30% decrease in iodine value, and without decrease in octane number. Consequently the refined coking gasoline was stable during storage. Mass transfer rate of oxidative process can be accelerated by using loop reactor and/or supersonic wave.
04101777 Optimization of direct conversion of methane to liquid fuels over Cu loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst Amin, N. A. S. and Anggoro, D. W. Fuel, 2004, 83, (4 5), 487 494. The optimization of methane conversion to liquid fuels over copper loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst was studied by utilizing experimental design from 'Statsoft Statistica' version 6.0 software. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimum methane conversion and C5 + selectivity. Numerical results indicated the optimum methane conversion of 29.4% with the corresponding C5 + selectivity of 57.2% were achieved at 12.3 vol% of Oz, 203.9 ml/min of total feed flow rate, and %W doped of 3.2 wt%. The optimum C5 + selectivity of 70.2% was attained at 7.6 vol% of O2, 208.9 ml/min of total feed flow rate, and 3.2 wt% of W content with the corresponding methane conversion of 26.7%. By means of variance analysis and additional experiments, the adequacy of this model is confirmed.
04•01778 Precision of oil shale energy rating and oil shale resources Koitmets, K. et al. Oil Shale, 2003, 20, (1), 15 24. The main quality indicator of kukersite is calorific value. Detecting of this indicator is time and labour consuming. Using simple quality indicators, such as ash content or burning matter range, have not been adequate enough. In some cases, when mining technology and structure of extracted material are constant, the quality of oil shale can be evaluated by the content of burning matter. In the case of oil shale resource calculations, the weight of the mineral is not measured but evaluated by calorific value. This method does not take into account the relationship between clay and lime minerals in the layers. The deviations from calculated resource figures have been noticed in mining practice. The error of this method is evaluated, and recommendations for recalculating oil shale resources are given.
04/01779 Pyrolysis kinetics of oil shales determined by DSC and TG/DTG Kok, M. V. and Pamir, R. Oil shale, 2003, 20, (l), 57 68. The kinetics of oil shale pyrolysis was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and non-isothermal thermogravimetry. In nitrogen atmosphere, two different mechanisms causing mass loss were observed: distillation in the region between ambient temperature and 500 K, visbreaking and cracking in the region of 500-800 K. Kinetic parameters of the sample pyrolysis are detected by using different kinetic models, and the results are discussed.
04/01780 Rheological, dielectric and structural characterization of asphaltene suspensions under DC electric fields Rejon, L. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (zl~5), 47i 476. The rheological, dielectric and structural behaviour of suspensions composed of silicon oil and asphaltene particles under DC electric fields are investigated experimentally. In the absence of an electric field, the suspensions show a near Newtonian behaviour. When the electric field (E) is applied, the suspensions behave as Bingham plastics with a yield stress that varies as a power of the electric field. The increase in the viscosity of the suspensions (eleetrorheological phenomenon, ER) is more accentuated at low shear rates and depends on the electric field intensity. The resulting rheological behaviour can
250
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004
04•01781 Daily oil losses in shipping crude oil: measuring crude oil loss rates in daily North Sea shipping operations Bhatia, R. and Dinwoodie, J. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 811-822. Catastrophic crude oil spills excite media interest but operators usually manage greater losses from daily shipping operations single-handed. This paper invites energy policy makers to re-embrace daily oil losses. It categorizes them, discusses physical and accounting measures and reports empirically crude oil loss patterns and factors influencing them on some recent North Sea voyages. Losses varied with crude-type, measured by its vapour pressure, API gravity and viscosity, but evaporative loss in transit was low on these short voyages. Where sediment and water content influenced losses or error rates are exceptional, measurement techniques should be revised. Varying losses across load and discharge ports infer revisions to tank and terminal designs. Empirical evidence revealed reduced losses in double hull vessels, supporting clingage theories, although insufficient pre-1985 or segregated ballast tank vessels were in employment to permit meaningful comparisons with newer ships. Calculating and applying vessel experience factors assist comparison and loss prediction. To minimize losses requires closer involvement of policy makers with operators.
04/01782 Early efforts to upgrade Fischer-Tropsch reaction products into fuels, lubricants, and useful materials Freerks, R. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 2956-2969. In this review the historical application of the Fischer-Tropsch process, especially in the German chemical industry, to produce a wide range of valuable products is discussed. The products ranged from fuels to foods, and the processes ranged from polymerization to oxidation degradation, and many lubricants used nowadays are based on this synthesis technology.
04•01783
Germany's synthetic fuel industry 1927-45
Stranges, A. N. Ameriean Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 27772788. In this review the development of the synthetic liquid fuel industry in Germany from 1927-1945 is discussed. Special considerations are given to the development of the conversion of coal into gasoline and diesel fuel by the Fischer-Tropsch process.
04•01784
OPEC's optimal crude oil price
Horn, M. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 269-280. In March 2000, OPEC decided to stabilize oil prices within a range of US$22-28/barrel of crude oil. Such an oil-price-level is far beyond the short and long run marginal costs of oil production, beyond even that in regions with particularly high costs. Nevertheless, OPEC may achieve its goal if world demand for oil increases substantially in the future and oil resources outside the OPEC are not big enough to accordingly increase production. In this case OPEC, which controls about 78% of world oil reserves, has to supply a large share of that demand increase. If we assume OPEC will behave as a partial monopolist on the oil market, which takes into consideration the reaction of the other producers to its own sales strategy, it can reach its price target. Lower prices before 2020 are probable only if the OPEC cartel breaks up. Higher prices are possible if production outside OPEC is inelastic as assumed by some geologists, but they would probably stimulate the production of unconventional oil based on oil sand or coal. Crude oil prices above US$30/barrel are therefore probably not sustainable for a tong period.
04/01785 The impact of the Asian crisis on the behavior of US and international petroleum prices Hammoudeh, S. and Li, H. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (1), 135-160. The strong long-run relationships among the petroleum spot and futures prices have weakened after the Asian crisis as manifested in less co-integration among these prices. In the post-crisis period, the directional causal relationships have either changed the direction as in the case of WTI crude or weakened somewhat as in the case of NYMEX gasoline and heating oil. These changes should complicate the job of those who try to benefit from predicting the movements of
be attributed to the formation of structures induced by the electric field, and they brake when the shear rate is increased. The relation between the structural arrangements of the suspension under an electric field and the rheological behaviour is analysed in this study. Results show that the ER response of asphaltene suspensions is not as large as that observed in conventional ER fluids, but nevertheless they throw light on the contribution of electrorheological mechanisms upon asphaltene particle aggregation observed in the transport of the crude oil in the petroleum industry.
Economics, business, marketing, policy
04•01776 New oxidation process for coking gasoline refining by using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant Shan, Y. el al. Shiyou Huagong, 2003, 32, (5), 361-364. (In Chinese) A new oxidation process for rocking gasoline refining by using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant was investigated. Properties and octane numbers of the coking gasoline before and after treatment were measured according to standard methods. Refining of coking gasoline was carried out by treating coking gasoline with hydrogen peroxide (30%) promoted by methanol and catalysed by heteropoly acids (H3PMoxWl2-O40) at 35°C for 2 h. Results were: 40% ~ 80% decrease in sulfur content, substantial removal of basic nitrogen, 10% ~ 30% decrease in iodine value, and without decrease in octane number. Consequently the refined coking gasoline was stable during storage. Mass transfer rate of oxidative process can be accelerated by using loop reactor and/or supersonic wave.
04101777 Optimization of direct conversion of methane to liquid fuels over Cu loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst Amin, N. A. S. and Anggoro, D. W. Fuel, 2004, 83, (4 5), 487 494. The optimization of methane conversion to liquid fuels over copper loaded W/ZSM-5 catalyst was studied by utilizing experimental design from 'Statsoft Statistica' version 6.0 software. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimum methane conversion and C5 + selectivity. Numerical results indicated the optimum methane conversion of 29.4% with the corresponding C5 + selectivity of 57.2% were achieved at 12.3 vol% of Oz, 203.9 ml/min of total feed flow rate, and %W doped of 3.2 wt%. The optimum C5 + selectivity of 70.2% was attained at 7.6 vol% of O2, 208.9 ml/min of total feed flow rate, and 3.2 wt% of W content with the corresponding methane conversion of 26.7%. By means of variance analysis and additional experiments, the adequacy of this model is confirmed.
04•01778 Precision of oil shale energy rating and oil shale resources Koitmets, K. et al. Oil Shale, 2003, 20, (1), 15 24. The main quality indicator of kukersite is calorific value. Detecting of this indicator is time and labour consuming. Using simple quality indicators, such as ash content or burning matter range, have not been adequate enough. In some cases, when mining technology and structure of extracted material are constant, the quality of oil shale can be evaluated by the content of burning matter. In the case of oil shale resource calculations, the weight of the mineral is not measured but evaluated by calorific value. This method does not take into account the relationship between clay and lime minerals in the layers. The deviations from calculated resource figures have been noticed in mining practice. The error of this method is evaluated, and recommendations for recalculating oil shale resources are given.
04/01779 Pyrolysis kinetics of oil shales determined by DSC and TG/DTG Kok, M. V. and Pamir, R. Oil shale, 2003, 20, (l), 57 68. The kinetics of oil shale pyrolysis was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and non-isothermal thermogravimetry. In nitrogen atmosphere, two different mechanisms causing mass loss were observed: distillation in the region between ambient temperature and 500 K, visbreaking and cracking in the region of 500-800 K. Kinetic parameters of the sample pyrolysis are detected by using different kinetic models, and the results are discussed.
04/01780 Rheological, dielectric and structural characterization of asphaltene suspensions under DC electric fields Rejon, L. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (zl~5), 47i 476. The rheological, dielectric and structural behaviour of suspensions composed of silicon oil and asphaltene particles under DC electric fields are investigated experimentally. In the absence of an electric field, the suspensions show a near Newtonian behaviour. When the electric field (E) is applied, the suspensions behave as Bingham plastics with a yield stress that varies as a power of the electric field. The increase in the viscosity of the suspensions (eleetrorheological phenomenon, ER) is more accentuated at low shear rates and depends on the electric field intensity. The resulting rheological behaviour can
250
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004
04•01781 Daily oil losses in shipping crude oil: measuring crude oil loss rates in daily North Sea shipping operations Bhatia, R. and Dinwoodie, J. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 811-822. Catastrophic crude oil spills excite media interest but operators usually manage greater losses from daily shipping operations single-handed. This paper invites energy policy makers to re-embrace daily oil losses. It categorizes them, discusses physical and accounting measures and reports empirically crude oil loss patterns and factors influencing them on some recent North Sea voyages. Losses varied with crude-type, measured by its vapour pressure, API gravity and viscosity, but evaporative loss in transit was low on these short voyages. Where sediment and water content influenced losses or error rates are exceptional, measurement techniques should be revised. Varying losses across load and discharge ports infer revisions to tank and terminal designs. Empirical evidence revealed reduced losses in double hull vessels, supporting clingage theories, although insufficient pre-1985 or segregated ballast tank vessels were in employment to permit meaningful comparisons with newer ships. Calculating and applying vessel experience factors assist comparison and loss prediction. To minimize losses requires closer involvement of policy makers with operators.
04/01782 Early efforts to upgrade Fischer-Tropsch reaction products into fuels, lubricants, and useful materials Freerks, R. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 2956-2969. In this review the historical application of the Fischer-Tropsch process, especially in the German chemical industry, to produce a wide range of valuable products is discussed. The products ranged from fuels to foods, and the processes ranged from polymerization to oxidation degradation, and many lubricants used nowadays are based on this synthesis technology.
04•01783
Germany's synthetic fuel industry 1927-45
Stranges, A. N. Ameriean Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 27772788. In this review the development of the synthetic liquid fuel industry in Germany from 1927-1945 is discussed. Special considerations are given to the development of the conversion of coal into gasoline and diesel fuel by the Fischer-Tropsch process.
04•01784
OPEC's optimal crude oil price
Horn, M. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 269-280. In March 2000, OPEC decided to stabilize oil prices within a range of US$22-28/barrel of crude oil. Such an oil-price-level is far beyond the short and long run marginal costs of oil production, beyond even that in regions with particularly high costs. Nevertheless, OPEC may achieve its goal if world demand for oil increases substantially in the future and oil resources outside the OPEC are not big enough to accordingly increase production. In this case OPEC, which controls about 78% of world oil reserves, has to supply a large share of that demand increase. If we assume OPEC will behave as a partial monopolist on the oil market, which takes into consideration the reaction of the other producers to its own sales strategy, it can reach its price target. Lower prices before 2020 are probable only if the OPEC cartel breaks up. Higher prices are possible if production outside OPEC is inelastic as assumed by some geologists, but they would probably stimulate the production of unconventional oil based on oil sand or coal. Crude oil prices above US$30/barrel are therefore probably not sustainable for a tong period.
04/01785 The impact of the Asian crisis on the behavior of US and international petroleum prices Hammoudeh, S. and Li, H. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (1), 135-160. The strong long-run relationships among the petroleum spot and futures prices have weakened after the Asian crisis as manifested in less co-integration among these prices. In the post-crisis period, the directional causal relationships have either changed the direction as in the case of WTI crude or weakened somewhat as in the case of NYMEX gasoline and heating oil. These changes should complicate the job of those who try to benefit from predicting the movements of