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Effect of electroacupuncture on zusanli (stomach-36) in post prandial antropyloric movement
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Abstract from the Japanese Journal The Autonomic Nervous System 144 (2008) 89–91
#4 Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex prior to crying Kiyoshi Kamiya, Masaki Fumoto, Yoshinari Seki, Ikuko Sato-Suzuki, Hideho Arita Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan To study the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in crying, we continuously measured cerebral oxygenation in the PFC and heart rate in subjects (n = 8) while they watched an emotional movie for about an hour. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb). We identified three stages in the crying process that we called: precrying, triggered for crying and actual crying. In the precrying stage, we found a slow, gradual increase in oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC and a rise in the heart rate, when subjects felt “choked up” with emotion. Tachycardia indicates increased sympathetic activity. In the triggered for crying stage, a sharp increase occurred in oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC just before the subjects started crying. In the crying stage, we found that both the increase of oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC and the tachycardia were reversed, although the subjects continued to cry. Psychological tests (POMS) after crying showed recovery from the emotional response. These results suggest that crying may be triggered when the ventromedial PFC is activated, causing a dominance of the parasympathetic tone in the wakeful subjects. These changes in the autonomic nervous system may be responsible for reducing stress. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 314–320, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.009
hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and Arousal Index were evaluated by polysomnography. AHI was positively correlated with the low-frequency power (LF)/high-frequency power (HF) ratio (r = 0.490) and was negatively correlated with HF (r = −0.374). The profound sleep stage/total sleep time ratio correlated negatively with AHI, and in patients whose AHIs were ≥30 the ratio was significantly lower than in patients whose AHIs were <15. HF was significantly lower in patients with AHIs≥ 30 than in patients with AHIs < 15. The HF was also significantly lower in patients with Arousal Index ≥ 30 than in patients with Arousal Index < 30. These results indicate that autonomic nervous functions are disturbed in patients with OSAHS. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 393–399, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.011
#7 Influence of wrapped warm footbath on the autonomic nervous system and psychoneuroimmunological activities in healthy middle-aged volunteers — Examination of a time series changes of autonomic nerve activity with wavelet analysis Keiko Yamamotoa, Yoko Asob, Shinya Nagatac School of Medicine, College of Nursing, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan b Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan c Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 564-0053, Japan a
The sense of presence or the sense of “being there” of a video system increases as the viewing angle increases. This has prompted the development of wide-field imaging systems. However, viewer motion sickness has become an important factor to consider with regard to such wide-field video image viewing systems. We evaluated visually induced motion sickness by measuring two subjective and one physiological indices in participants while they viewed vibrating images presented on a wide-field display. The results showed that the severity of motion sickness, as evaluated by total simulator sickness score of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, increased as the horizontal field of view increased, and had a tendency to plateau above a horizontal field of view of 83 arc degrees. In addition, the ratio of low-frequency component (0.04–0.15 Hz) to high frequency component (0.15–0.4 Hz), which is an index of the autonomic nervous activity, revealed that the sympathetic control system of our subjects was activated while they viewed vibrating sequences. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 383–391, 2007)
The acute effects of wrapped warm footbath (WWF, footbathing with a plastic bag wrapped up to the knees) on autonomic and neuropsycoimmunological activities were evaluated in healthy volunteers aged 45–56 years (n = 7, vs. six normal controls). The experimental subjects received WWF for 30 min (net footbath period, 20 min) and the control subjects were measured in supine position without WWF. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis at every second with wavelet transformation was used for evaluation of the autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic, activities. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), natural killer cell activity (NKCA) and serum cortisol were evaluated as the neuropsycoimmunological parameters. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for subjective evaluation of the level of comfort. The high frequency component (HF: 0.15–0.4 Hz) of HRV increased in both groups. The low frequency component (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz)/HF in the intra-footbath period and in the post-footbath period were significantly decreased in the WWF group. The serum cortisol levels were significantly decreased in both groups, and the S-IgA was significantly increased in the WWF group. No significant changes were detected in the NKCA. Subsequently, evaluation by VAS suggested that the subjects in the experimental group were significantly more relaxed. These results indicate that the parasympathetic activity, as evaluated by HF in HRV, was increased and the sympathetic activity, as evaluated by the LF/HF, was decreased in the WWF group, suggesting that WWF provides relaxation. Moreover, wavelet analysis of the HRV is a good indicator of the psychological condition during a WWF. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 400–408, 2007)
doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.010
doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.012
#6 Autonomic nervous activity in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
#8 Effect of electroacupuncture on zusanli (stomach-36) in post prandial antropyloric movement
#5 Wide-field video system induced motion sickness and change in viewers' sympathovagal balance Masaki Emoto NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo 157-8510, Japan
Noriko Ohisaa,b, Hiromasa Ogawac, Nobuki Murayamaa, Katsumi Yoshidad Department of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan b Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan c Department of Infection Disease, and Respiration, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan d Department of Medical Technology, Tohoku University School of Health Sciences, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
a
Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated by means of power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/
Yasumasa Sakanoa, Eiichi Chiharab a Graduate School of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan b Department of Anesthesiology, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan Objective: Acupuncture is used to treat gastrointestinal discomfort and improve gastric movement, but how acupuncture stimulates human gastric movement has not been studied. We examined the influence of electroacupuncture on post prandial gastric movement in healthy subjects by ultrasonographically observing the gastric antrum. We measured electro-
Abstract from the Japanese Journal The Autonomic Nervous System 144 (2008) 89–91
gastrography (EGG) simultaneously with ultrasonography, and studied the relationship between EGG and actual gastric contraction. Method: Antropyloric movement was recorded in a control group of 7 healthy subjects and in an electroacupuncture group of 7 healthy subjects. We measured the period/ cross-section/amplitude of the gastric antrum from ultrasonographic imaging, and read the peak frequency from EGG. Results: The period of antropyloric contraction was shortened significantly by electroacupuncture (p < 0.05). Neither the contractile amplitude index nor the change in the cross-section of the gastric antrum differed between the two groups. In several cases, antropyloric contraction frequency did not coincide with the EGG peak frequency. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture on zusanli (stomach36) strengthened gastric movement by quickening the period of antropyloric contraction. EGG frequency does not precisely reflect actual post prandial gastric contraction. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 409–417, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.013
#9 Effect of microbubble bathing on hemodynamic change and thermoregulatory function Yuuki Shimizua, Yuko Kawaharab, Fumio Ogaic, Satoshi Iwasea, Junichi Sugenoyaa, Yoko Inukaia, Naoki Nishimuraa, Maki Satoa a Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan b Toho Gas Co. Ltd, Nagoya 456-8511, Japan c Rinnai Co. Ltd., Oguchi 480-0132, Japan We studied the effect of microbubbles (50–100 μm in diameter) in bathing on human hemodynamic and thermoregulatory function. The subjects were 9 healthy swim-suited women in their 30s who provided informed consent. After 10 min of rest, they bathed in normal water (NW), microbubbles (MB), or water with dissolved bath powder (BP) for 15 min, then rested for 30 min. The subjects' tympanic temperature (Tty), skin temperature (Tsk), skin heat flow (SHF) detected by a heat flow sensor, heart rate (HR) detected by electrocardiography, and skin blood flow (SBF) detected by a laser Doppler flowmeter were monitored throughout the experiment. Tty decreased slightly just after MB bathing, but increased under all conditions, and was significantly lower in BP than in the other conditions. SHF in MB was significantly higher than in NW. The high frequency (HF) component of HR variability (0.15–0.4 Hz) rose significantly higher than the resting level at 10 min after bathing, while the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF) decreased compared to the resting level. The theoretical simulation of microbubbles heat conductance showed that the insulation of microbubbles was disregarded. SHF was higher in MB than in NW, and the Tty increase in MB was lower than in NW. The improvement in thermal conductance after
91
MB bathing appeared to be due to enhanced SHF in MB more than in NW. We concluded that microbubble bathing provides more comfort and relaxation than the other bathing conditions tested. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 418–424, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.014
#10 Levels of thermal sweating and superficial sensation in patients with localized spinal lesions: A study of the preganglionic segmental innervation responsible for thermal sweating Hiroshi Saitoa, Teiko Kimparab Department of Neurology, Sendai Eastern Neurosurgical Hospital, Sendai 982-0821, Japan b Department of Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai 982-8523, Japan
a
To elucidate the innervation of sweat glands by spinal preganglionic segments, we performed a colorimetric thermal sweat test in 26 patients with localized spinal cord lesions excluding the cervical cord. In 22 patients, sweat volume was recorded mainly on the forearm and the leg with a capacitance hygrometer. Thermal sudomotor levels (TSL), determined according to the closest sensory dermatome level, were compared with superficial sensation levels (SSL). In 2 out of 3 patients with SSL at T3 or T4, the TSL corresponded roughly to the SSL, while the other patient sweated from the face to C4 level on one side and exhibited anhidrosis in other parts the body. Four patients with SSL at T5 to T8 had TSL at 0–6 segments below the SSL. Nineteen patients with SSL below T9 exhibited a large variation of TSLs: some had TSLs in the same dermatome as SSLs, and two patients exhibited generalized discoloration. In seven of these 19 patients, the sweat volume of the leg was within the normal range, and two of them exhibited focal hyperhidrosis in the lumbosacral region. In three of the patients SSL was symmetrical, but TSL was asymmetrical. Anhidrosis of the upper extremity was seen in one patient with SSL at T3. These results together with a literature review suggested the following: 1) the skin area innervated by each preganglionic segment is wider than the corresponding sensory dermatome, 2) the areas innervated by the upper thoracic, the lower thoracic and the lumbar segments differ considerably from the corresponding sensory dermatomes, and 3) the precise segmental sudomotor innervation of the lumbosacral region remains to be clarified. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 45: 101–111, 2008) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.015
Abstract from the Japanese Journal The Autonomic Nervous System 144 (2008) 89–91
#4 Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex prior to crying Kiyoshi Kamiya, Masaki Fumoto, Yoshinari Seki, Ikuko Sato-Suzuki, Hideho Arita Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan To study the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in crying, we continuously measured cerebral oxygenation in the PFC and heart rate in subjects (n = 8) while they watched an emotional movie for about an hour. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb). We identified three stages in the crying process that we called: precrying, triggered for crying and actual crying. In the precrying stage, we found a slow, gradual increase in oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC and a rise in the heart rate, when subjects felt “choked up” with emotion. Tachycardia indicates increased sympathetic activity. In the triggered for crying stage, a sharp increase occurred in oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC just before the subjects started crying. In the crying stage, we found that both the increase of oxyHb in the ventromedial PFC and the tachycardia were reversed, although the subjects continued to cry. Psychological tests (POMS) after crying showed recovery from the emotional response. These results suggest that crying may be triggered when the ventromedial PFC is activated, causing a dominance of the parasympathetic tone in the wakeful subjects. These changes in the autonomic nervous system may be responsible for reducing stress. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 314–320, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.009
hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and Arousal Index were evaluated by polysomnography. AHI was positively correlated with the low-frequency power (LF)/high-frequency power (HF) ratio (r = 0.490) and was negatively correlated with HF (r = −0.374). The profound sleep stage/total sleep time ratio correlated negatively with AHI, and in patients whose AHIs were ≥30 the ratio was significantly lower than in patients whose AHIs were <15. HF was significantly lower in patients with AHIs≥ 30 than in patients with AHIs < 15. The HF was also significantly lower in patients with Arousal Index ≥ 30 than in patients with Arousal Index < 30. These results indicate that autonomic nervous functions are disturbed in patients with OSAHS. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 393–399, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.011
#7 Influence of wrapped warm footbath on the autonomic nervous system and psychoneuroimmunological activities in healthy middle-aged volunteers — Examination of a time series changes of autonomic nerve activity with wavelet analysis Keiko Yamamotoa, Yoko Asob, Shinya Nagatac School of Medicine, College of Nursing, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan b Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan c Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka 564-0053, Japan a
The sense of presence or the sense of “being there” of a video system increases as the viewing angle increases. This has prompted the development of wide-field imaging systems. However, viewer motion sickness has become an important factor to consider with regard to such wide-field video image viewing systems. We evaluated visually induced motion sickness by measuring two subjective and one physiological indices in participants while they viewed vibrating images presented on a wide-field display. The results showed that the severity of motion sickness, as evaluated by total simulator sickness score of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, increased as the horizontal field of view increased, and had a tendency to plateau above a horizontal field of view of 83 arc degrees. In addition, the ratio of low-frequency component (0.04–0.15 Hz) to high frequency component (0.15–0.4 Hz), which is an index of the autonomic nervous activity, revealed that the sympathetic control system of our subjects was activated while they viewed vibrating sequences. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 383–391, 2007)
The acute effects of wrapped warm footbath (WWF, footbathing with a plastic bag wrapped up to the knees) on autonomic and neuropsycoimmunological activities were evaluated in healthy volunteers aged 45–56 years (n = 7, vs. six normal controls). The experimental subjects received WWF for 30 min (net footbath period, 20 min) and the control subjects were measured in supine position without WWF. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis at every second with wavelet transformation was used for evaluation of the autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic, activities. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), natural killer cell activity (NKCA) and serum cortisol were evaluated as the neuropsycoimmunological parameters. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for subjective evaluation of the level of comfort. The high frequency component (HF: 0.15–0.4 Hz) of HRV increased in both groups. The low frequency component (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz)/HF in the intra-footbath period and in the post-footbath period were significantly decreased in the WWF group. The serum cortisol levels were significantly decreased in both groups, and the S-IgA was significantly increased in the WWF group. No significant changes were detected in the NKCA. Subsequently, evaluation by VAS suggested that the subjects in the experimental group were significantly more relaxed. These results indicate that the parasympathetic activity, as evaluated by HF in HRV, was increased and the sympathetic activity, as evaluated by the LF/HF, was decreased in the WWF group, suggesting that WWF provides relaxation. Moreover, wavelet analysis of the HRV is a good indicator of the psychological condition during a WWF. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 400–408, 2007)
doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.010
doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.012
#6 Autonomic nervous activity in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
#8 Effect of electroacupuncture on zusanli (stomach-36) in post prandial antropyloric movement
#5 Wide-field video system induced motion sickness and change in viewers' sympathovagal balance Masaki Emoto NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories, Tokyo 157-8510, Japan
Noriko Ohisaa,b, Hiromasa Ogawac, Nobuki Murayamaa, Katsumi Yoshidad Department of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan b Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan c Department of Infection Disease, and Respiration, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan d Department of Medical Technology, Tohoku University School of Health Sciences, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
a
Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated by means of power spectral analysis of the heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/
Yasumasa Sakanoa, Eiichi Chiharab a Graduate School of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan b Department of Anesthesiology, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine, Kyoto 629-0392, Japan Objective: Acupuncture is used to treat gastrointestinal discomfort and improve gastric movement, but how acupuncture stimulates human gastric movement has not been studied. We examined the influence of electroacupuncture on post prandial gastric movement in healthy subjects by ultrasonographically observing the gastric antrum. We measured electro-
Abstract from the Japanese Journal The Autonomic Nervous System 144 (2008) 89–91
gastrography (EGG) simultaneously with ultrasonography, and studied the relationship between EGG and actual gastric contraction. Method: Antropyloric movement was recorded in a control group of 7 healthy subjects and in an electroacupuncture group of 7 healthy subjects. We measured the period/ cross-section/amplitude of the gastric antrum from ultrasonographic imaging, and read the peak frequency from EGG. Results: The period of antropyloric contraction was shortened significantly by electroacupuncture (p < 0.05). Neither the contractile amplitude index nor the change in the cross-section of the gastric antrum differed between the two groups. In several cases, antropyloric contraction frequency did not coincide with the EGG peak frequency. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture on zusanli (stomach36) strengthened gastric movement by quickening the period of antropyloric contraction. EGG frequency does not precisely reflect actual post prandial gastric contraction. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 409–417, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.013
#9 Effect of microbubble bathing on hemodynamic change and thermoregulatory function Yuuki Shimizua, Yuko Kawaharab, Fumio Ogaic, Satoshi Iwasea, Junichi Sugenoyaa, Yoko Inukaia, Naoki Nishimuraa, Maki Satoa a Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan b Toho Gas Co. Ltd, Nagoya 456-8511, Japan c Rinnai Co. Ltd., Oguchi 480-0132, Japan We studied the effect of microbubbles (50–100 μm in diameter) in bathing on human hemodynamic and thermoregulatory function. The subjects were 9 healthy swim-suited women in their 30s who provided informed consent. After 10 min of rest, they bathed in normal water (NW), microbubbles (MB), or water with dissolved bath powder (BP) for 15 min, then rested for 30 min. The subjects' tympanic temperature (Tty), skin temperature (Tsk), skin heat flow (SHF) detected by a heat flow sensor, heart rate (HR) detected by electrocardiography, and skin blood flow (SBF) detected by a laser Doppler flowmeter were monitored throughout the experiment. Tty decreased slightly just after MB bathing, but increased under all conditions, and was significantly lower in BP than in the other conditions. SHF in MB was significantly higher than in NW. The high frequency (HF) component of HR variability (0.15–0.4 Hz) rose significantly higher than the resting level at 10 min after bathing, while the ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF) decreased compared to the resting level. The theoretical simulation of microbubbles heat conductance showed that the insulation of microbubbles was disregarded. SHF was higher in MB than in NW, and the Tty increase in MB was lower than in NW. The improvement in thermal conductance after
91
MB bathing appeared to be due to enhanced SHF in MB more than in NW. We concluded that microbubble bathing provides more comfort and relaxation than the other bathing conditions tested. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 44: 418–424, 2007) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.014
#10 Levels of thermal sweating and superficial sensation in patients with localized spinal lesions: A study of the preganglionic segmental innervation responsible for thermal sweating Hiroshi Saitoa, Teiko Kimparab Department of Neurology, Sendai Eastern Neurosurgical Hospital, Sendai 982-0821, Japan b Department of Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai 982-8523, Japan
a
To elucidate the innervation of sweat glands by spinal preganglionic segments, we performed a colorimetric thermal sweat test in 26 patients with localized spinal cord lesions excluding the cervical cord. In 22 patients, sweat volume was recorded mainly on the forearm and the leg with a capacitance hygrometer. Thermal sudomotor levels (TSL), determined according to the closest sensory dermatome level, were compared with superficial sensation levels (SSL). In 2 out of 3 patients with SSL at T3 or T4, the TSL corresponded roughly to the SSL, while the other patient sweated from the face to C4 level on one side and exhibited anhidrosis in other parts the body. Four patients with SSL at T5 to T8 had TSL at 0–6 segments below the SSL. Nineteen patients with SSL below T9 exhibited a large variation of TSLs: some had TSLs in the same dermatome as SSLs, and two patients exhibited generalized discoloration. In seven of these 19 patients, the sweat volume of the leg was within the normal range, and two of them exhibited focal hyperhidrosis in the lumbosacral region. In three of the patients SSL was symmetrical, but TSL was asymmetrical. Anhidrosis of the upper extremity was seen in one patient with SSL at T3. These results together with a literature review suggested the following: 1) the skin area innervated by each preganglionic segment is wider than the corresponding sensory dermatome, 2) the areas innervated by the upper thoracic, the lower thoracic and the lumbar segments differ considerably from the corresponding sensory dermatomes, and 3) the precise segmental sudomotor innervation of the lumbosacral region remains to be clarified. (The Autonomic Nervous System, 45: 101–111, 2008) doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.08.015