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Effect of Iron and Magnesium on Manganese Metabolism1
1134
B. C. DILWORTH, E. J. DAY AND J. E. HILL SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Evidence was presented which indicates that differences exist in the calcium availability of feed grade phosphates to the chick. These data, along with previously reported phosphorus availability values, suggest a positive correlation between the availability of the calcium and phosphorus in feed grade phosphates.
Dilworth, B. C , and E. J. Day, 1964. Phosphorus availability studies with feed grade phosphates. Poultry Sci. 43 : 1039-1044.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
National Research Council, 1960. Nutrient requirements for domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements for poultry. Nelson, T. S., and H. T. Peeler, 1961. The availability of phosphorus from single and combined phosphates to chicks. Poultry Sci. 40: 13211328. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.
Effect of Iron and Magnesium on Manganese Metabolism1 H . R. WOERPEL AND S. L . BALLOUN Poultry Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (Received for publication March 9, 1964)
T
HERE are many areas in which water for livestock and poultry consumption contains high concentrations of iron and magnesium salts. In Iowa, a number of cases of leg problems with swine and turkeys have been reported from these areas. Furthermore, the Iowa State University Diagnostic Laboratory has diagnosed these leg problems to be due to nutritional rather than pathological causes. Leg disorders commonly observed in turkeys appear to be the gross symptoms of perosis. A dietary manganese deficiency has been found to cause perosis, (Ringrose et al., 1939). Excessive amounts of some minerals can be toxic to poults or can act as antagonists of other minerals. For example, magnesium has been known to be 1
Journal Paper No. J4813 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1327.
an antagonist of some minerals, especially calcium, and Wilgus and Patton (1939) found that ferric hydroxide and iron citrate decreased the diffusable manganese in the intestinal tract. The primary objective of the studies reported herein was to determine the effect of a high concentration of dietary iron and magnesium on the utilization of manganese by the turkey poult. Production performance, liver manganese concentrations, bone formation and manganese retention were considered criteria of adequate manganese nutrition. Secondary considerations were given to the effect of high dietary iron and magnesium on concentrations of iron and magnesium in liver tissue. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Keithley White male poults were used in these experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, the poults were placed in wire-floored
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from H. J. Baker and Brothers, Inc., New York, New York.
Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 1 1 : 1-42.
MANGANESE METABOLISM TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish solubles product (54% protein) Soybean oil Bicalcium phosphate Ground oystershell Vitamin and methionine mix" Iodized salt
Diet (%) 40.5 48.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
battery brooders with thermostatically controlled electric heating elements and fed the basal ration (Table 1). After one week, the poults were removed from the batteries and divided into three weight groups. Poults were randomly selected from each of the three weight groups in equal numbers for each pen, individually weighed and wing-banded. Poults were then returned to their allotted pens in the battery brooders, and dietary treatments were randomly assigned to the pens at this time with two replicate pens per treatment. Poults had access to feed and water ad libitum. After four weeks in the heated batteries, the poults were placed in growing batteries for two weeks. In experiment 2, the poults were placed in floor pens the last four weeks of the experimental period. Liver iron and magnesium and bone magnesium concentrations were determined by a modification of the method described for blood by Natelson (1961). Liver manganese concentrations were determined for blood by the method used for bio-materials described by Sandell (1959). Bone ash was determined by a method similar to that described by Fry and Stadelman (1958). Analysis of the basal rations for magnesium, iron and manganese was by a method described by A.O.A.C. (1960). Data from the experiments were sub-
jected to an analysis of variance as described by Snedecor (1956). The basal ration is given in Table 1. In experiments 2 and 3, the protein level of the basal ration was decreased from 28% to 24% at 7 weeks of age by adjustment of the corn: soybean meal ratio. The sources of supplemental manganese, iron and magnesium were manganese dioxide, ferrous sulfate and magnesium oxide, respectively. Experiment 1. One-hundred-and-eight oneweek-old male poults were grouped into lots of nine poults per pen in accordance with a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of six dietary treatments in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of two levels of manganese and three levels of a combination of iron plus magnesium as given in Table 2. The basal diet contained 17 p.p.m. of manganese, 451 p.p.m. of iron and 1267 p.p.m. of magnesium by analysis. Individual poult weights were taken at two-week intervals. The relative rate of gain was essentially the same at each weighing, therefore only the weight gains for the entire experimental period of six weeks is presented. Two poults were randomly selected from each pen and sacrificed for specimen collection at the termination of the experiment. For the histological study, longitudinal sections of the metarsus were taken at the junction of the metaphysis and diaphysis. These sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Experiment 2. One-hundred-and-sixty oneweek-old male poults were grouped into lots of ten poults each and assigned to pens in accordance with a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of eight dietary treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement as given in Table 4.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
0 Supplied the following amounts per lb.: vitamin A, 4,000 I.U.; vitamin D, 1,000 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 10 I.U.; menadione, 2 mg.; riboflavin, 2 mg.; niacin, 30 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 2 mg.; choline, 300 mg.; folic acid, 1 mg.; vitamin B12, 10 meg.; methionine, 454 mg.; and ethoxyquin, 56 mg.
1135
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H . R . WOERPEL AND S. L. BALLOUN TABLE 2.—Experiment 1. Weight gain and feed efficiency Treatment 0 0 0
0 220 2,200
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 220 2,200
44 440 4,400
Rep. 1 2
1,733 1,646
1,625 1,592
Weight gain (g.) 1,515 1,699 1,469 1,748
1,658 1,595
1,642 1,586
Av.
1,690
1,608
1,492
1,626
1,614
Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
1,742
Feed/gain 1.72 1.84
1.85 2.02
1.87 1.99
1.93 1.81
1.89 1.87
1.85 1.85
Av.
1.78
1.94
1.93
1.87
1.88
1.85
The basal diet up to seven weeks of age contained 22 p.p.m. of manganese, 473 p.p.m. of iron and 1386 p.p.m. of magnesium. From seven to twelve weeks of age, the basal diet contained 21 p.p.m. of manganese, 450 p.p.m. of iron and magnesium. Individual poult weights were recorded at five weeks of age and twelve weeks of age at the termination of the experiment. Feed efficiency was calculated for the first four weeks of the experimental period only. Two poults were randomly selected from each treatment and sacrificed for specimen
collection at the termination of the experiment. Experiment 3. Sixteen fourteen-week-old male turkeys from experiment 2 were used in this experiment. Two birds from each dietary treatment were selected and assigned to individual turkey cages at twelve weeks of age. Each bird received the same dietary treatment as in experiment 2. The basal diet contained 22 p.p.m. of manganese, 462 p.p.m. of iron and 1353 p.p.m. of magnesium. The birds received their
TABLE 3.—Experiment 1. Effect of minerals on bone ash and bone magnesium Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m •) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 220 2,200
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 220 2,200
44 440 4,400
Bone Ash (%) Rep. 1 2
51.12 50.97
50.93 50.83
50.90 48.82
50.57 51.90
51.55 52.12
48.61 47.99
Av.
51.04
50.88
49.86
51.24
51.84
48.30
Bone Magnesium (% of bone ash) Rep. 1 2
1.32 1.24
1.22 1.48
1.32 1.30
1.18 1.24
1.35 1.36
1.62 1.52
Av.
1.28
1.35
1.31
1.21
1.35
1.57
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
Rep. 1 2
MANGANESE METABOLISM
proved the density of the bone tissue. Plate 3 shows poor bone formation caused by a high iron and magnesium concentration with low manganese in the diet. Poor spicule arrangement is especially noted in this plate. This condition was much improved in Plate 4 when the high iron and magnesium diet was supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese. Plate 5 shows bone tissue from a poult fed an adequate diet but which had, nevertheless, developed gross symptoms of perosis. Plates 3 and 5 show
/ % Cr 2 0 3 in feed % Mn in feces\ Retention (%) = 1 0 0 - 1 100 X ) V % Cr 2 0 3 in feces % Mn in feed/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. Weight gain and feed efficiency data at seven weeks of age are given in Table 2. Manganese significantly (P = .05 or less) increased weight gains. Dietary additions of iron and magnesium significantly (P = .01 or less) decreased weight gains. This depression was most severe when no supplemented manganese had been added to the diets. Feed efficiency was not significantly affected by any of the dietary treatments. Since liver concentrations of iron, magnesium, and manganese were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, these data are not presented. Bone ash and bone magnesium concentrations data are given in Table 3. Bone ash was significantly (P = .01 or less) depressed by dietary additions of 440 p.p.m. iron and 4400 p.p.m. magnesium. Bone magnesium was significantly (P = .05 or less) increased by dietary additions of iron and magnesium. Photographs of bone tissue slides are shown in Plates 1-5. A comparison of Plates 1 and 2 shows that the addition of manganese to the basal diet slightly im-
a similarity by displaying bone tissues with abnormal spicule arrangement. Experiment 2. Weight gain and feed efficiency data at five weeks of age and weight gain data at twelve weeks of age are given in Table 4. There were no significant effects on weight gain at five weeks of age by dietary additions of magnesium, iron or manganese. However, feed utilization efficiency was significantly depressed by the high concentration of magnesium. At twelve weeks of age, the dietary addition of 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium had a depressing effect on weight gain. Liver manganese concentration data are given in Table 5. The addition of 44 p.p.m. of manganese to the basal diet significantly increased liver manganese concentrations at P = .01 or less. Magnesium also significantly (P = .05 or less) increased liver manganese concentration. There was a significant interaction of magnesium X iron on liver manganese concentration. Bone ash and bone magnesium concen-
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respective diets for twelve days, then were placed on the same diet containing 0.25 percent chromic oxide. After four days on the chromic oxide diets, fecal collections were made two consecutive days by placing foil pans under each cage. The manganese concentrations for feed and feces were determined by the method described for feed by A.O.A.C. (1960). The chromic oxide determination of feed and feces was by the method described by Kimura and Miller (1957). Retention of manganese for each experimental diet was calculated from the formula:
1137
1138
H . R. WOERPEL AND S. L . BALLOUN
mi • •
& * : H
... ••
»*»'
jjf "
PLATE 2. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese.
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PLATE 1. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet.
1139
MANGANESE METABOLISM
•^tf.J>:
PLATE 3. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium.
MO^-
PLATE 4. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese, 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
-
1140
H . R. WOERPEL AND S. L. BALLOUN
-
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.-: | ^ | o : ;
,J
i :
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5*1 PLATE 5. Bone tissue of a poult displaying gross systems of perosis.
tration data are given in Table 6. Magnesium supplemented to the diet significantly decreased bone ash. Poults with the highest percent bone ash were those receiving the basal diet. Dietary magnesium additions
significantly increased bone magnesium concentrations of poults at P = .01 or less. Experiment 3. Table 7 gives the percent retention for each day and mean percent
TABLE 4.—Experiment Z. Weight gain and feed efficiency Treatment 0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
14 440 0
ooo
Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m.) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 440 0
Rep. 1 2
782 785
824 798
788 800
796 796
827 852
753 774
775 771
771 827
Av.
784
811
794
796
840
764
773
799
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Weight gain at five weeks of age (g.)
Weight gain (lbs.) at 12 weeks of age Rep. 1 I
8.7 9.0
Av.
8.2 8.1
8.0 8.6
8.5 8.0
8.5 9.4
7.6 8.4
5.7 5.6
8.3 8.5
8.2
5.3
8.2
9.0
8.0
5.6
8.4
Feed/gain at 5 weeks of age Rep. 1 1
1.61 1.67
1.64 1.64
1.68 1.74
1.71 1.67
1.64 1.67
1.63 1.63
1.71 1.73
1.85 1.63
Av.
1.64
1.64
1.71
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.72
1.74
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ip a
1141
MANGANESE METABOLISM TABLE 5.—Experiment 2. Liver manganese concentrations Treatment 0 440 0
Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m.) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 4,400
44 0 0
0 440 4,400
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Parts per million (dried) Rep. 1 2
2.7 2.9
2.1 2.1
3.1 2.5
3.1 2.3
3.9 3.7
2.8 2.7
4.0 3.6
4.8 4.0
Av.
2.8
2.1
2.8
2.8
3.8
2.8
3.8
4.4
resulted in a significant (P = .01 or less) manganese X iron interaction. SUMMARY
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a high dietary intake of iron and magnesium with diets containing low and adequate manganese on turkey poult performance. Criteria considered were production performance, liver manganese, iron and magnesium concentrations, bone formation and manganese retention. The following points have been concluded from the data obtained under the dietary conditions employed. 1. The effects of high dietary iron and magnesium on weight gains are variable. A high dietary magnesium intake tends
TABLE 6.—Experiment 2. Effect of minerals on hone ash and bone magnesium concentration Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 440 0
0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 550 4,400
Bone ash (%) Rep. 1 2
53.34 56.44
49.18 53.05
49.49 47.52
48.72 54.29
51.70 53.53
50.18 54.03
48.97 47.91
47.65 49.86
Av.
54.89
51.12
48.50
51.50
52.62
52.10
48.44
48.76
1.11 1.15
1.24 1.16
1.37 1.27
1.13
1.20
1.32
Bone magnesium (% of bone ash) Rep. 1 2
1.10 1.12
1.17 1.10
1.33 1.20
1.31 1.20
Av.
1.11
1.14
1.26
1.26
1.10 1.05
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
retention for both days. The mean percent of the two-day retention data is considered to be more indicative of true retention than individual day retention data. Manganese supplemented at 44 p.p.m. to the basal diet containing 22 p.p.m. of manganese significantly increased the percent retention (P = .01 or less). When 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium was supplemented to the diets, manganese retention was significantly reduced (P = .01 or less). The addition of iron to the diets without supplemental manganese reduced manganese retention from 5.33 percent to 0.47 percent, while this amount of iron added to diets containing supplemented manganese increased manganese retention from approximately 33 to 39 percent. This
1142
H.
R.
WOERPEL AND S. L.
BAIXOUN
TABLE 7.—Experiment 3. Manganese retention Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 440 0
0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Percent retention Rep. 1
0.22 0.00
0.00 3.23
0.00 0.00
29.20 34.36
28.10 44.95
31.04 23.67
29.26 24.11
2
7.38" 4.63 b
1.66 0.00
4.08 3.29
0.51 1.38
38.67 29.81
43.06 40.14
26.38 26.41
33.28 32.22
Av.
6.08" 4.60 b
0.94 0.00
2.04 3.26
0.26 0.69
33.94 32.08
35.58 42.54
28.71 25.04
31.27 28.16
Mean retention" Rep. 1 2
4.66 6.00
0.11 0.83
1.61 3.68
0.00 0.94
31.78 34.24
36.52 41.60
27.36 26.40
26.68 32.75
Av.
5.33
0.47
2.64
0.47
33.01
39.06
26.88
29.72
* First day. b Second day. 0 Mean retention for the two days.
to depress feed efficiency. 2. The dietary manganese requirements of the turkey poult were met by approximately 22 p.p.m. in these experiments when other nutrients were near optimum. 3. The manganese concentration in the liver reflects the manganese intake over an extended period of time. 4. Bone tissue studies indicate an increased manganese requirement for proper bone tissue structure when the diet includes a high dietary iron and magnesium concentration. 5. A high dietary intake of magnesium decreases the percent of bone ash and increases the bone magnesium concentration. 6. An increase in dietary manganese significantly increases the percent manganese retention. A high dietary magnesium intake decreases manganese retention. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr.
E. D. Roberts from the Department of Veterinary Pathology for his cooperation with the histological studies. REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Methods of Analysis. 9th ed. A.O.A.C, Washington, D.C. Fry, J. L., and W. J. Stadelman, 1958. The effect of sex, age, and hormonization on the ash content of chicken bones. Poultry Sci. 37: 67-69. Kimura, F. T., and V. L. Miller, 1957. Improved determination of chromic oxide in cow feed and feces. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5: 216. Natelson, S., 1961. Microtechniques of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. C. C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Ringrose, A. T., J. H. Martin and W. M. Insko, Jr., 1939. Manganese requirements of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 18: 409-410. Sandell, E. B., 1959. Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals. 3rd ed. Interscience, New York, New York. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Wilgus, H. S., and A. R. Patton, 1939. Factors affecting manganese utilization in the chicken. J. Nutrition, 18: 35-45.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
4.77" 4.56 b
B. C. DILWORTH, E. J. DAY AND J. E. HILL SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Evidence was presented which indicates that differences exist in the calcium availability of feed grade phosphates to the chick. These data, along with previously reported phosphorus availability values, suggest a positive correlation between the availability of the calcium and phosphorus in feed grade phosphates.
Dilworth, B. C , and E. J. Day, 1964. Phosphorus availability studies with feed grade phosphates. Poultry Sci. 43 : 1039-1044.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
National Research Council, 1960. Nutrient requirements for domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements for poultry. Nelson, T. S., and H. T. Peeler, 1961. The availability of phosphorus from single and combined phosphates to chicks. Poultry Sci. 40: 13211328. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.
Effect of Iron and Magnesium on Manganese Metabolism1 H . R. WOERPEL AND S. L . BALLOUN Poultry Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (Received for publication March 9, 1964)
T
HERE are many areas in which water for livestock and poultry consumption contains high concentrations of iron and magnesium salts. In Iowa, a number of cases of leg problems with swine and turkeys have been reported from these areas. Furthermore, the Iowa State University Diagnostic Laboratory has diagnosed these leg problems to be due to nutritional rather than pathological causes. Leg disorders commonly observed in turkeys appear to be the gross symptoms of perosis. A dietary manganese deficiency has been found to cause perosis, (Ringrose et al., 1939). Excessive amounts of some minerals can be toxic to poults or can act as antagonists of other minerals. For example, magnesium has been known to be 1
Journal Paper No. J4813 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1327.
an antagonist of some minerals, especially calcium, and Wilgus and Patton (1939) found that ferric hydroxide and iron citrate decreased the diffusable manganese in the intestinal tract. The primary objective of the studies reported herein was to determine the effect of a high concentration of dietary iron and magnesium on the utilization of manganese by the turkey poult. Production performance, liver manganese concentrations, bone formation and manganese retention were considered criteria of adequate manganese nutrition. Secondary considerations were given to the effect of high dietary iron and magnesium on concentrations of iron and magnesium in liver tissue. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Keithley White male poults were used in these experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, the poults were placed in wire-floored
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from H. J. Baker and Brothers, Inc., New York, New York.
Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 1 1 : 1-42.
MANGANESE METABOLISM TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Fish solubles product (54% protein) Soybean oil Bicalcium phosphate Ground oystershell Vitamin and methionine mix" Iodized salt
Diet (%) 40.5 48.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
battery brooders with thermostatically controlled electric heating elements and fed the basal ration (Table 1). After one week, the poults were removed from the batteries and divided into three weight groups. Poults were randomly selected from each of the three weight groups in equal numbers for each pen, individually weighed and wing-banded. Poults were then returned to their allotted pens in the battery brooders, and dietary treatments were randomly assigned to the pens at this time with two replicate pens per treatment. Poults had access to feed and water ad libitum. After four weeks in the heated batteries, the poults were placed in growing batteries for two weeks. In experiment 2, the poults were placed in floor pens the last four weeks of the experimental period. Liver iron and magnesium and bone magnesium concentrations were determined by a modification of the method described for blood by Natelson (1961). Liver manganese concentrations were determined for blood by the method used for bio-materials described by Sandell (1959). Bone ash was determined by a method similar to that described by Fry and Stadelman (1958). Analysis of the basal rations for magnesium, iron and manganese was by a method described by A.O.A.C. (1960). Data from the experiments were sub-
jected to an analysis of variance as described by Snedecor (1956). The basal ration is given in Table 1. In experiments 2 and 3, the protein level of the basal ration was decreased from 28% to 24% at 7 weeks of age by adjustment of the corn: soybean meal ratio. The sources of supplemental manganese, iron and magnesium were manganese dioxide, ferrous sulfate and magnesium oxide, respectively. Experiment 1. One-hundred-and-eight oneweek-old male poults were grouped into lots of nine poults per pen in accordance with a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of six dietary treatments in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of two levels of manganese and three levels of a combination of iron plus magnesium as given in Table 2. The basal diet contained 17 p.p.m. of manganese, 451 p.p.m. of iron and 1267 p.p.m. of magnesium by analysis. Individual poult weights were taken at two-week intervals. The relative rate of gain was essentially the same at each weighing, therefore only the weight gains for the entire experimental period of six weeks is presented. Two poults were randomly selected from each pen and sacrificed for specimen collection at the termination of the experiment. For the histological study, longitudinal sections of the metarsus were taken at the junction of the metaphysis and diaphysis. These sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Experiment 2. One-hundred-and-sixty oneweek-old male poults were grouped into lots of ten poults each and assigned to pens in accordance with a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of eight dietary treatments in a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement as given in Table 4.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
0 Supplied the following amounts per lb.: vitamin A, 4,000 I.U.; vitamin D, 1,000 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 10 I.U.; menadione, 2 mg.; riboflavin, 2 mg.; niacin, 30 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 2 mg.; choline, 300 mg.; folic acid, 1 mg.; vitamin B12, 10 meg.; methionine, 454 mg.; and ethoxyquin, 56 mg.
1135
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H . R . WOERPEL AND S. L. BALLOUN TABLE 2.—Experiment 1. Weight gain and feed efficiency Treatment 0 0 0
0 220 2,200
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 220 2,200
44 440 4,400
Rep. 1 2
1,733 1,646
1,625 1,592
Weight gain (g.) 1,515 1,699 1,469 1,748
1,658 1,595
1,642 1,586
Av.
1,690
1,608
1,492
1,626
1,614
Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
1,742
Feed/gain 1.72 1.84
1.85 2.02
1.87 1.99
1.93 1.81
1.89 1.87
1.85 1.85
Av.
1.78
1.94
1.93
1.87
1.88
1.85
The basal diet up to seven weeks of age contained 22 p.p.m. of manganese, 473 p.p.m. of iron and 1386 p.p.m. of magnesium. From seven to twelve weeks of age, the basal diet contained 21 p.p.m. of manganese, 450 p.p.m. of iron and magnesium. Individual poult weights were recorded at five weeks of age and twelve weeks of age at the termination of the experiment. Feed efficiency was calculated for the first four weeks of the experimental period only. Two poults were randomly selected from each treatment and sacrificed for specimen
collection at the termination of the experiment. Experiment 3. Sixteen fourteen-week-old male turkeys from experiment 2 were used in this experiment. Two birds from each dietary treatment were selected and assigned to individual turkey cages at twelve weeks of age. Each bird received the same dietary treatment as in experiment 2. The basal diet contained 22 p.p.m. of manganese, 462 p.p.m. of iron and 1353 p.p.m. of magnesium. The birds received their
TABLE 3.—Experiment 1. Effect of minerals on bone ash and bone magnesium Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m •) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 220 2,200
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 220 2,200
44 440 4,400
Bone Ash (%) Rep. 1 2
51.12 50.97
50.93 50.83
50.90 48.82
50.57 51.90
51.55 52.12
48.61 47.99
Av.
51.04
50.88
49.86
51.24
51.84
48.30
Bone Magnesium (% of bone ash) Rep. 1 2
1.32 1.24
1.22 1.48
1.32 1.30
1.18 1.24
1.35 1.36
1.62 1.52
Av.
1.28
1.35
1.31
1.21
1.35
1.57
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on June 8, 2015
Rep. 1 2
MANGANESE METABOLISM
proved the density of the bone tissue. Plate 3 shows poor bone formation caused by a high iron and magnesium concentration with low manganese in the diet. Poor spicule arrangement is especially noted in this plate. This condition was much improved in Plate 4 when the high iron and magnesium diet was supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese. Plate 5 shows bone tissue from a poult fed an adequate diet but which had, nevertheless, developed gross symptoms of perosis. Plates 3 and 5 show
/ % Cr 2 0 3 in feed % Mn in feces\ Retention (%) = 1 0 0 - 1 100 X ) V % Cr 2 0 3 in feces % Mn in feed/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. Weight gain and feed efficiency data at seven weeks of age are given in Table 2. Manganese significantly (P = .05 or less) increased weight gains. Dietary additions of iron and magnesium significantly (P = .01 or less) decreased weight gains. This depression was most severe when no supplemented manganese had been added to the diets. Feed efficiency was not significantly affected by any of the dietary treatments. Since liver concentrations of iron, magnesium, and manganese were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, these data are not presented. Bone ash and bone magnesium concentrations data are given in Table 3. Bone ash was significantly (P = .01 or less) depressed by dietary additions of 440 p.p.m. iron and 4400 p.p.m. magnesium. Bone magnesium was significantly (P = .05 or less) increased by dietary additions of iron and magnesium. Photographs of bone tissue slides are shown in Plates 1-5. A comparison of Plates 1 and 2 shows that the addition of manganese to the basal diet slightly im-
a similarity by displaying bone tissues with abnormal spicule arrangement. Experiment 2. Weight gain and feed efficiency data at five weeks of age and weight gain data at twelve weeks of age are given in Table 4. There were no significant effects on weight gain at five weeks of age by dietary additions of magnesium, iron or manganese. However, feed utilization efficiency was significantly depressed by the high concentration of magnesium. At twelve weeks of age, the dietary addition of 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium had a depressing effect on weight gain. Liver manganese concentration data are given in Table 5. The addition of 44 p.p.m. of manganese to the basal diet significantly increased liver manganese concentrations at P = .01 or less. Magnesium also significantly (P = .05 or less) increased liver manganese concentration. There was a significant interaction of magnesium X iron on liver manganese concentration. Bone ash and bone magnesium concen-
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respective diets for twelve days, then were placed on the same diet containing 0.25 percent chromic oxide. After four days on the chromic oxide diets, fecal collections were made two consecutive days by placing foil pans under each cage. The manganese concentrations for feed and feces were determined by the method described for feed by A.O.A.C. (1960). The chromic oxide determination of feed and feces was by the method described by Kimura and Miller (1957). Retention of manganese for each experimental diet was calculated from the formula:
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1138
H . R. WOERPEL AND S. L . BALLOUN
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PLATE 2. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese.
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PLATE 1. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet.
1139
MANGANESE METABOLISM
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PLATE 3. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium.
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PLATE 4. Bone tissue of a poult which received the basal diet supplemented with 44 p.p.m. of manganese, 440 p.p.m. of iron and 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium.
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1140
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5*1 PLATE 5. Bone tissue of a poult displaying gross systems of perosis.
tration data are given in Table 6. Magnesium supplemented to the diet significantly decreased bone ash. Poults with the highest percent bone ash were those receiving the basal diet. Dietary magnesium additions
significantly increased bone magnesium concentrations of poults at P = .01 or less. Experiment 3. Table 7 gives the percent retention for each day and mean percent
TABLE 4.—Experiment Z. Weight gain and feed efficiency Treatment 0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
14 440 0
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Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m.) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 440 0
Rep. 1 2
782 785
824 798
788 800
796 796
827 852
753 774
775 771
771 827
Av.
784
811
794
796
840
764
773
799
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Weight gain at five weeks of age (g.)
Weight gain (lbs.) at 12 weeks of age Rep. 1 I
8.7 9.0
Av.
8.2 8.1
8.0 8.6
8.5 8.0
8.5 9.4
7.6 8.4
5.7 5.6
8.3 8.5
8.2
5.3
8.2
9.0
8.0
5.6
8.4
Feed/gain at 5 weeks of age Rep. 1 1
1.61 1.67
1.64 1.64
1.68 1.74
1.71 1.67
1.64 1.67
1.63 1.63
1.71 1.73
1.85 1.63
Av.
1.64
1.64
1.71
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.72
1.74
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MANGANESE METABOLISM TABLE 5.—Experiment 2. Liver manganese concentrations Treatment 0 440 0
Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m.) Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 4,400
44 0 0
0 440 4,400
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Parts per million (dried) Rep. 1 2
2.7 2.9
2.1 2.1
3.1 2.5
3.1 2.3
3.9 3.7
2.8 2.7
4.0 3.6
4.8 4.0
Av.
2.8
2.1
2.8
2.8
3.8
2.8
3.8
4.4
resulted in a significant (P = .01 or less) manganese X iron interaction. SUMMARY
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a high dietary intake of iron and magnesium with diets containing low and adequate manganese on turkey poult performance. Criteria considered were production performance, liver manganese, iron and magnesium concentrations, bone formation and manganese retention. The following points have been concluded from the data obtained under the dietary conditions employed. 1. The effects of high dietary iron and magnesium on weight gains are variable. A high dietary magnesium intake tends
TABLE 6.—Experiment 2. Effect of minerals on hone ash and bone magnesium concentration Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 440 0
0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 550 4,400
Bone ash (%) Rep. 1 2
53.34 56.44
49.18 53.05
49.49 47.52
48.72 54.29
51.70 53.53
50.18 54.03
48.97 47.91
47.65 49.86
Av.
54.89
51.12
48.50
51.50
52.62
52.10
48.44
48.76
1.11 1.15
1.24 1.16
1.37 1.27
1.13
1.20
1.32
Bone magnesium (% of bone ash) Rep. 1 2
1.10 1.12
1.17 1.10
1.33 1.20
1.31 1.20
Av.
1.11
1.14
1.26
1.26
1.10 1.05
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retention for both days. The mean percent of the two-day retention data is considered to be more indicative of true retention than individual day retention data. Manganese supplemented at 44 p.p.m. to the basal diet containing 22 p.p.m. of manganese significantly increased the percent retention (P = .01 or less). When 4400 p.p.m. of magnesium was supplemented to the diets, manganese retention was significantly reduced (P = .01 or less). The addition of iron to the diets without supplemental manganese reduced manganese retention from 5.33 percent to 0.47 percent, while this amount of iron added to diets containing supplemented manganese increased manganese retention from approximately 33 to 39 percent. This
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H.
R.
WOERPEL AND S. L.
BAIXOUN
TABLE 7.—Experiment 3. Manganese retention Treatment Added manganese (p.p.m.) Added iron (p.p.m Added magnesium (p.p.m.)
0 0 0
0 440 0
0 0 4,400
0 440 4,400
44 0 0
44 440 0
44 0 4,400
44 440 4,400
Percent retention Rep. 1
0.22 0.00
0.00 3.23
0.00 0.00
29.20 34.36
28.10 44.95
31.04 23.67
29.26 24.11
2
7.38" 4.63 b
1.66 0.00
4.08 3.29
0.51 1.38
38.67 29.81
43.06 40.14
26.38 26.41
33.28 32.22
Av.
6.08" 4.60 b
0.94 0.00
2.04 3.26
0.26 0.69
33.94 32.08
35.58 42.54
28.71 25.04
31.27 28.16
Mean retention" Rep. 1 2
4.66 6.00
0.11 0.83
1.61 3.68
0.00 0.94
31.78 34.24
36.52 41.60
27.36 26.40
26.68 32.75
Av.
5.33
0.47
2.64
0.47
33.01
39.06
26.88
29.72
* First day. b Second day. 0 Mean retention for the two days.
to depress feed efficiency. 2. The dietary manganese requirements of the turkey poult were met by approximately 22 p.p.m. in these experiments when other nutrients were near optimum. 3. The manganese concentration in the liver reflects the manganese intake over an extended period of time. 4. Bone tissue studies indicate an increased manganese requirement for proper bone tissue structure when the diet includes a high dietary iron and magnesium concentration. 5. A high dietary intake of magnesium decreases the percent of bone ash and increases the bone magnesium concentration. 6. An increase in dietary manganese significantly increases the percent manganese retention. A high dietary magnesium intake decreases manganese retention. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr.
E. D. Roberts from the Department of Veterinary Pathology for his cooperation with the histological studies. REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Methods of Analysis. 9th ed. A.O.A.C, Washington, D.C. Fry, J. L., and W. J. Stadelman, 1958. The effect of sex, age, and hormonization on the ash content of chicken bones. Poultry Sci. 37: 67-69. Kimura, F. T., and V. L. Miller, 1957. Improved determination of chromic oxide in cow feed and feces. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5: 216. Natelson, S., 1961. Microtechniques of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. C. C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Ringrose, A. T., J. H. Martin and W. M. Insko, Jr., 1939. Manganese requirements of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 18: 409-410. Sandell, E. B., 1959. Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals. 3rd ed. Interscience, New York, New York. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th ed. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Wilgus, H. S., and A. R. Patton, 1939. Factors affecting manganese utilization in the chicken. J. Nutrition, 18: 35-45.
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4.77" 4.56 b