Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ $00(
(IIHFWRI3UDQGWOQXPEHURQVROLGLILFDWLRQEHKDYLRURIHXWHFWLF VROXWLRQV 0ULQPR\'KDU1LONDQWD%DUPDQ 6QHKDQVKX0DQGDODQG+LPDGUL&KDWWRSDGK\D\ 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ-DGDYSXU8QLYHUVLW\.RONDWD,QGLD
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© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00( Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 .H\ZRUGV 3UDQGWOQXPEHUVROLGLILFDWLRQHXWHFWLFVROXWLRQVQRQGLPHQVLRQDODQDO\VLV
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVQLONDQWD#PHFKMGYXDFLQ
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.318
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
705
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
DYJK & ) + . / /D 3
3 3U 4
T 5D 6WH 7
W 8
X 9
Y [\
[ \ *UHHNV\PEROV D Q U ș 6XEVFULSWV & ( + / 6
DYHUDJH VROLGOD\HUKHLJKW QRQGLPHQVLRQDODYHUDJHVROLGOD\HUKHLJKW VSHFLILFKHDW PDVVIUDFWLRQ KHLJKWRIDFDYLW\ WKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ OHQJWKRIDFDYLW\ ODWHQWKHDWRIIXVLRQ SUHVVXUH QRQGLPHQVLRQDOSUHVVXUH3/UODO 3UDQGWOQXPEHU QODO KHDWIOX[WKURXJKWRSZDOO QRQGLPHQVLRQDOKHDWIOX[WKURXJKWRSZDOOT/NO7+7(
5D\OHLJKQXPEHUJȕ'7/ ĮȞ 6WHIDQQXPEHUF7+7( /D WLPH QRQGLPHQVLRQDOWLPHWDO/ [FRPSRQHQWRIYHORFLW\ QRQGLPHQVLRQDO[FRPSRQHQWRIYHORFLW\X/DO \FRPSRQHQWRI YHORFLW\ QRQGLPHQVLRQDO\FRPSRQHQWRIYHORFLW\Y/DO FRRUGLQDWHYDULDEOHV 1RQGLPHQVLRQDOFRRUGLQDWHYDULDEOHV[/\/ WKHUPDOGLIIXVLYLW\ PRPHQWXPGLIIXVLYLW\ GHQVLW\ QRQGLPHQVLRQDOWHPSHUDWXUH77( 7+ 7( FROGERXQGDU\ HXWHFWLF +RWERXQGDU\ OLTXLG VROLG
706
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
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
)LJ6FKHPDWLFRIWKHSUREOHPGRPDLQ 7DEOH7KHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHV%DUPDQ HWDO&KDNUDERUW\DQG'XWWD.XPDUDQG'XWWD.XPDU HWDO 3URSHUWLHV 'HQVLW\RIWKHVROLGSKDVH.JP 'HQVLW\RIWKHOLTXLGSKDVH.JP /LTXLGWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\:P. 6ROLGWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\:P. 6SHFLILFKHDWRI WKHOLTXLG-.J. 6SHFLILFKHDWRIWKHVROLG-.J. /DWHQWKHDWRIIXVLRQ-.J (XWHFWLF7HPSHUDWXUHq& (XWHFWLFFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
$DOOR\ u 6L
$O&XDOOR\ u &X
3E6QDOOR\ u 3E
1+&O+26ROXWLRQ u 1+&O
7KHUPDOH[SDQVLRQFRHIILFLHQW. /LTXLGYLVFRVLW\.JPV
u u
u u
u u
u u
7DEOH6\VWHP,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPLQIRUPDWLRQ &DYLW\OHQJWK/ &DYLW\KHLJKW+ 1RQGLPHQVLRQDOWRS ZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHș7 1RQGLPHQVLRQDOERWWRP ZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHș%
9DOXHV PP PP
0DWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOOLQJ 7KHSUHVHQWPRGHOFRQVLGHUVDIL[HGJULGDQGVLQJOHGRPDLQDSSURDFKZLWKWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDOOWKHYDULDEOHV DQGSURSHUW\DUH FRQWLQXXPLQWKHHQWLUHGRPDLQ%HQQRQDQG,QFURSHUD9ROOHUDQG3UDNDVK.XPDU HW DO 7RUHSUHVHQWWKHVROLGLILFDWLRQSURFHVVVRPHDVVXPSWLRQVDUHLQFRUSRUDWHGZKLFKLQFOXGHL ODPLQDUDQG XQVWHDG\IOXLGIORZLL 1HZWRQLDQDQGLQFRPSUHVVLEOHIOXLGLLL %RXVVLQHVTDSSUR[LPDWLRQVDWLVILHGE\WKHIOXLG LY WKHVROLGSKDVHIUHHRILQWHUQDOVWUHVVHVDQGY QRVROLGLILFDWLRQVKULQNDJH
707
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
7KHHTXDWLRQVJRYHUQLQJWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIPDVVPRPHQWXPDQGHQHUJ\WRGHVFULEHWKH VROLGLILFDWLRQSURFHVV FDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQWKHQRQGLPHQVLRQDOIRUPDV
wX w Y w[ w \ wX wX wX X Y wW w[ w\ wY wY wY X Y wW w[ w\ wT wT wT X Y wW w[ w\
§ w X w X · w 3 ¸ 3U ¨ ¨ w [ w \ ¸ w [ © ¹ § w Y w Y · w 3 ¸ 3U ¨ 3U 5DT ¨ w [ w \ ¸ w \ © ¹ N ¨§ w T w T ¸· wIO NO ¨ w [ w \ ¸ 6WH wW © ¹
D
E
%RXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQV
\ X Y DQG T 7RSZDOO \ X Y DQG T /HIWDQGULJKWZDOOV [ DQG [ X Y
%RWWRPZDOO
DQG
wT w[
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îîîDQG î DQGWKUHHWLPHVWHSVDQGV )LQDOO\î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
708
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
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
)LJD QRQGLPHQVLRQDOWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQE VWUHDPOLQHZLWKVROLGOLTXLGLQWHUIDFHDW W
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
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
)LJ7HPSRUDOYDULDWLRQRID KHDWIOX[WKURXJKWRSZDOOE DYHUDJHKHLJKWRIVROLGLILHGOD\HU
709
710
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
)LJ7HPSRUDO YDULDWLRQRID QRQGLPHQVLRQDOKHDWIOX[WKURXJKWRSZDOODQGE QRQGLPHQVLRQDODYHUDJHKHLJKW RIVROLGLILHGOD\HU 5HIHUHQFHV %DUPDQ1NXPDU3'XWWD36WXGLHVRQWUDQVSRUWSKHQRPHQDGXHLQJVROLGLILFDWLRQRIDQDOXPLQLXPDOOR\LQ WKHSUHVHQFHRIOLQHDUHOHFWURPDJQHWLFVWLUULQJ-RXUQDORI0DWHULDO3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ %HQQRQ:',QFURSHUD)3$FRQWLQXXPPRGHOIRUPRPHQWXPKHDWDQGVSHFLHVWUDQVSRUWLQELQDU\VROLG
Mrinmoy Dhar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 704 – 711
711
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