Effects of Citrus Molasses Distillers Solubles and Molasses on Rumen Parameters and Lactation1

Effects o f C i t r u s Molasses Distillers Solubles and Molasses o n R u m e n Parameters and Lactation1 J. M. WING, H. H. VAN HORN, S. D. SKLARE, and B. HARRIS, JR. Dairy Science Department University of Florida Gainesville 32611

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Effects of dietary citrus molasses distillers solubles (0, 6, 12, and 18% of DM) on diet digestibility and ruminal parameters were studied with four fistulated Holstein cows fed each diet in Latin square sequence. Diets were 25% cottonseed hulls with solubles substituted for corn. Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were increased curvilinearly with peak at 6%. Crude protein digestibility was depressed linearly and ADF curvilinearly with added solubles. Ruminal acetic acid proportion increased linearly and propionic acid decreased curvilinearly. Change in butyric acid was small with 0, 6, and 12% solubles but it increased dramatically with 18%. In a 36-cow (107 cow-period) lactation experiment with corn silage-based and cottonseed hull-based diets (0, 3, 6, and 9% solubles) milk yield increased ; the diet containing 6% solubles gave highest production. We compared cane molasses (3 and 6%), liquid hemicellulose extract (3%, Masonex), and liquid lignin sulfonate (3%, Flambeau) added to cottonseed hull diets. Linear increases in milk yield and FCM were obtained with cane molasses; Flambeau and Masonex effects on production were not different from control. With diets and amounts used in these experiments, citrus molasses solubles and cane molasses each at up to 6% of DM nutritionally were superior to corn.

Molasses and molasses-type liquid feeds usually contain high proportions of soluble carbohydrates. As dietary proportions of these feeds increase, proportion of soluble carbohydrates increases, which causes a shift in population of bacteria and protozoa and in proportion of VFA produced. Waldo and Schultz (18) showed that sucrose reduced acetic acid and increased butyric acid in rumen fluid. Results were similar with glucose and fructose but not with xylose and arabinose as infused sugars (16). Reduction in the proportion of propionate associated with increase in butyrate was also observed by Kellogg and Owen (12) with a more rapid increase in lactic acid production than with starch. They (12) found that sucrose and molasses produced similar effects and concluded that the influence of molasses on fermentation patterns is via its sucrose content because sucrose is the primary energy source in cane molasses. Citrus molasses is made from citrus products by curing waste residue with small quantitites of lime. Afterwards, continuous presses expel fluid, which is concentrated into a syrup. Becker et al. (4) determined that citrus molasses has 1.4% digestible CP and 56.7% TDN. Baker (2) found citrus molasses could replace corn for growing and finishing steers. Chapman et aI. (6) found citrus molasses to be equal to cane molasses in performance and acceptability. Large amounts of citrus molasses are used for production of beverage alcohol. Remaining sugars, primarily pentoses, cannot be used by the beverage industry b u t are a potential source of energy for cattle along with residual yeast from fermentation in the form of citrus molasses distillers solubles (9). Our objectives were to determine digestibility and r u m e n fermentation effects of citrus molasses distiller's solubles (CMDS) and effect of CMDS in complete mixed diets for lactating cows compared with cane molasses and other

Received October 30, 1986. Accepted September 14, 1987. 1Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series Number 7766. 1988 J Dairy Sci 71:414--420

414

CITRUS MOLASSES DISTILLERS SOLUBLES AND MOLASSES

415

TABLE 1. Diet composition (DM basis), Experiment 1. CMDS1 Ingredient

0%

6%

12%

18%

25.0 12.0 50.0 11.5 1.3 .2

25.0 18.0 43.5 12.0 1.3 .2

(%) Cottonseed hulls CMDS Ground corn Soybean meal (49%) Limestone Dynafos

25.0 63.0 10.5 1.3 .2

25.0 6.0 56.5 11.0 1.3 .2

1CMDS = Citrus molasses distillers solubles, 52% DM as fed. Composition of DM: CP 7.3%, ash 7.3%, total sugars 4.3%, Ca .9%, P .19%. Provided by Florida Distillers Company, Lake Alfred, FL.

available liquid feeds including hemiceltulose extract from fiberboard manufacturing and spent sulfite liquor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1

Four fistulated (dry) Holstein cows were used to determine effects of CMDS on ration digestibility and rumen parameters. Animals were 2 to 5 yr old and weighed between 590 and 675 kg. Diets (Table 1) were mixed in a mixer truck in 227-kg quantities and stored in burlap bags until feeding. The CMDS was substituted for corn and soybean meal at 0, 6, 12, and 18% of diet DM. Cottonseed hulls were fixed at 25% of diet DM. Each animal received 14 kg of diet (Table 1) /d in two separate feedings; a m o u n t was low enough to nearly eliminate feed refusals. Each digestion trial lasted 30 d with the first 20 d for microbial and animal adaptation to diet. During d 21 to 30, each animal received 10 g of chromic oxide weighed into a gelatin capsule and placed directly in the rumen through a rumen fistula. On d 28, 29, and 30, animals were moved to barn areas and restricted to individual stalls. Fecal grab samples were collected at 1000 and 1500 h. These samples were then pooled and stored at - 2 5 ° C . Ruminal fluid samples were taken on d 29 via suction through rumen cannulas at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 11 h postfeeding, strained through double layer cheesecloth, and pH was determined using an Orion model 810 pH meter. Following pH

determination, 50 rnl were transferred to another glass container, thoroughly mixed with .5 ml of 7% (vol/vol) mercuric chloride, and placed in a freezer ( - 2 0 ° C ) until analyzed for VFA and NH3N. Volatile fatty acids were separated b y column chromatography (15). Rumen NH3N was analyzed with an Orion ammonia electrode (Model 95-10). Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, organic matter, CP, ash (1), NDF, and ADF (8). Additionally, fecal samples were analyzed for chromic oxide (7). Statistical Analysis

Digestibility data were analyzed using a 4 × 4 Latin square mathematical model with cow, period, and treatment as main effects. Each digestibility parameter was tested for linear, quadratic, and cubic fit. R u m e n fluid anlysis included cow, period, treatment, time, cow x time, period x time, and treatment x time in statistical model. Orthogonal contrasts for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects were used to test for treatment effect. All statistical analyses were run under 76.6D version of SAS (3). Experiment 2

In a lactation trial, CMDS at 0, 3, 6, and 9% of diet DM was fed because 6% CMDS appeared to give best results in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 was designed to examine effects of CMDS on milk production, milk composition, body weight changes, and feed efficiency. In addition, comparisons with molasses and two additional liquid feeds, Flambeau and Masonex, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 71, No. 2, 1988

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TABLE 2. Diet c o m p o s i t i o n (DM basis), E x p e r i m e n t 2. Corn silage diets, % CMDS 1 < o

Ingredient

0%

Corn silage Cottonseed hulls Corn Soybean meal (49%) Citrus molasses solubles Molasses Masonex Flambeau Limestone Dynafos (21% Ca, 18% P) Trace mineral salt Diet DM, % CP, % ADF, % NDF, % Ca, % P, %

3%

6%

9%

33.30 33.00 . . . . . . . . 51.80 48.80 12.60 12.80 ... 3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.00 .70 .70 .60 .60

33.40 . . . . 45.70 12.60 6.00 . . . . . . . . . 1.00 .70 .60

33.40

58.90 14.20 12.70 25.50 .68 .45

57.20 14.10 12.60 24.70 .74 .44

Cottonseed hull diets, % CMDS 1 0%

3%

6%

9%

Molasses2 3%

6%

3% Masonex 3

3% Flambeau 4

-a

Z

0o 0o

58.20 14.30 12.50 25.50 .71 .45

. . . 34.20 42.60 48.90 12.70 14.60 9.00 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.00 .70 .70 .60 .60 56.40 14.00 12.50 24.20 .76 .44

89.40 13.80 23.70 39.40 .66 .43

. . . . . . .__. . . 34.10 34.50 34.10 45.90 42.70 40.10 14.70 14.40 14.50 3.00 6.10 9.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .70 .70 .60 .60 .60

. . 34.10 46.00 14.60 . . 3.00 . . . . 1.00 .70 .60

87.50 13.80 23.50 38.70 .68 .43

88.70 13.70 23.50 38.90 .68 .42

85.70 13.50 23.70 38.70 .71 .42

84.00 13.50 23.30 38.00 .73 .42

.

. . . 34.40 34.00 43.00 46.10 46.10 14.30 14.60 14.60 . . . . . . . . . . 6.00 . . . . . . . 3.00 . . . . 3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .70 .70 .70 .60 .60 .60 88.00 13.40 23.60 38.70 .70 .42

88.10 13.50 23.50 38.80 .68 .42

87.70 13.50 23.50 38.80 .75 .42

1CMDS = Citrus molasses distillers solubles. ~Molasses 70.5% DM as fed. C o m p o s i t i o n of DM: CP 6.0%, ash 10.0%, t o t a l sugars 55.0%, Ca 1.0%, P .07%. 3 Masonex is t r a d e m a r k of Masonite Corporation, Laurel, MS: 61% DM as-fed. C ompos i t i on of DM: CP 1.1%, ash 5.1%, t ot al sugars 54%, Ca .8%, P .07%. 4 Flambeau is trademark of Flambeau Paper Corporation, Park Falls, Wisconsin: 57% DM as-fed. C ompos i t i on of DM: .1% CP, 9.9% ash, 45% to tal sugars, Ca 3.5%, P 0%.

CITRUS MOLASSES DISTILLERS SOLUBLES AND MOLASSES

were included. Description and composition of these products are shown in Table 2. Experimental design was a partially balanced incomplete block with 36 Holstein cows, three 4-wk periods, and 12 factorially arranged treatments. Data were from 107 cow-period observations (one animal was taken off experiment for one period due to sickness). Diets (Table 2) were mixed in a mixer truck in 907-kg quantities. The first 14 d of each 28-d period was used for animal adaptation to diets; feeding was ad libitum with refusals measured once daily. Milk samples were taken once each period by DHIA supervisors and analyzed on Foss Milk-O-Scan 200. Data were analyzed using a mixed model, least squares and m a x i m u m likelihood computer program of Harvey (11). Statistical model included cow, period, and treatment.

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.--2 RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION Experiment 1

Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were affected similarly by added CMDS (P<.01). Figure 1 shows curvilinear effect of added citrus molasses solubles on organic matter digestibility. Peak digestibility occurred near 6% CMDS. Depressed DM and organic matter digestibilities occurred above 6%. Crude protein digestibility (CPD) was significantly depressed with increased amounts of CMDS (Table 3). Regression analysis showed Y = 53.459 - .242X (R 2 = .77); where Y = percent digestible CP, and X = percent citrus molasses solubles in diet DM. Although digestibility was depressed, the slope ( - . 2 4 2 ) indicates no dramatic differences between 0 and 6% CMDS. Digestibility of ADF was significantly depressed due to added CMDS (Table 3). From 0 to 6% CMDS depression was slight (45.4 to 43.5), effects of 6 and 12% CMDS were nearly equal, arid 18% CMDS caused further decline. Changes in molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids did not differ appreciably with time after feeding• However, means differed over all times sampled (Table 3). Acetic acid proportion increased linearly in response to added CMDS (P<.05). Molar percent of rumen propionic acid was affected curvilinearly (P<.01) with peak molar percent at 6% CMDS.

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Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 71, No.' 2, 1988

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,< TABLE 4. Performance responses of lactating cows to diets w i t h variable a mount s of citrus molasses distillers solubles (CMDS), molasses, and other liquid feedstuffs.

o

Milk fat yield

~q Dietary t r e a t m e n t

DM Intake

Milk yield

Milk fat

Milk protein

4% FCM

Bo d y weight change

DM/kg FCM

Z o (kg/d) oo

Corn silage w i t h 0% CMDS 3% CMDS 6% CMDS 9% CMDS Cottonseed hulls w i t h 0% CMDS (Control) 3% CMDS 6% CMDS 9% CMDS Cottonseed hulls w i t h 3% molasses 6% molasses 3% Masonex 3% Flambeau Significant linear contrasts (P<) CMDS linear Molasses linear Flambeau vs. control Flambeau vs. Masonex

(%)

(kg/d)

23.3 22.3 27.0 26.5

22.1 22.2 24.3 23.4

3.35 3.21 3.24 3.40

2.96 2.90 2.81 2.86

20.2 19.6 21.9 21.6

.76 .69 .82 .82

.09 -.01 -.07 .06

1.17 1.18 1.19 1.28

23.2 23.0 26.4 25.0

22,9 23.3 24.2 23.9

2.89 3.13 3.09 3.03

2.89 2.88 2.85 2.81

19.3 20.5 20.5 20.6

.68 ,72 .73 .71

.31 .44 .59 .43

1.25 1.16 1.30 1.22

24.7 23.1 26.2 27.2

23.9 25.0 24.3 23.4

2.79 3.45 3.11 2.78

2.95 2.94 2.86 2.82

19.7 22.9 21.0 19.2

.63 .68 .87 .76

.70 .43 .26 .59

1.31 1.00 1.28 1.50

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CITRUS MOLASSES DISTILLERS SOLUBLES AND MOLASSES So

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% CITRUS M O L A S S E S D I S T I L L E R S S O L U B L E S

Figure 1. Effect of citrus molasses distillers solubles on organic matter digestibility in nonlactating COWS.

The CMDS effect on molar percent of rumen butyric acid was small with 0, 6, and 12% CMDS but dramatic with18% CMDS with molar percent at 5 h postfeeding reaching 25.1%. Acetate to propionate ratios were affected (P<.01) by CMDS with a quadratic effect (P<.10) showing small depression (at 6%) followed by a dramatic rise for 12 and 18% CMDS. Rumen pH was affected by CMDS (P<.05). Despite statistical difference there was only a .36 pH unit difference between 18% (6.19), and 6% (5.83). Ammonia nitrogen was significant only at P<.10 (Table 3). Experiment 2

Least squares means of performance data are in Table 4. CMDS stimulated milk yield (linear, P<.10), FCM (linear, P<.10), and DM intake (linear, P<.05). No significant effects were found on milk composition or body weight. Although CMDS effects fit a linear contrast best, milk production declined slightly at 9%, which coincides with results of Experiment 1 where 6% was optimum. Effect of CMDS on DM intake also was linear (P<.05), but a slight decline in DM intake from 6 to 9% CMDS diets makes it appear that 6% is optimal. Feeding molasses at 3 and 6% of diet DM increased milk production (linear, P<.06), milk fat percent (linear, P<.05), and FCM (linear, P<.01) and resulted in a linear decline in DM/FCM ratio (P<.10). Stimulation of milk yield by molasses fed at amounts of this experim e n t is in disagreement with Wing and Powell

Preselected contrasts compared spent sulfite liquor (Flambeau) to control diet (0% CMDS) and Flambeau to liquid hemicellulose extract (Masonex). Differences between Flambeau and Masonex were only found for milk fat yield (P<.05) with Masonex significantly higher apparently due to a difference in milk fat percentage (however, that difference was not significant). When compared with controls, Flambeau increased DM intake and feed to FCM ratios (P<.IO). Larsen and Schlough (13) found no positive effects on DM intake or on feed to milk ratios. In addition, their work showed that it t o o k 3 to 5 wk for animals to consume at an acceptable rate diets containing 3% spent sulfite liquor. In the present study, animals readily consumed Flambeau diets with no additional time required for acceptance. Bouchard and Conrad (5) also found results conflicting with present data. They found both DM intake and milk production were depressed by diets containing spent sulfite liquor. Basal ration may have played an important role, as cottonseed hull diets effect high DM intakes (10). No significant differences were found between Masonex and molasses for any parameters examined. This is in agreement with our previous findings (17). REFERENCES

1 Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1970. Official methods of analysis, l l t h ed. Assoc. Washington, DC. 2 Baker, F. S. 1955. Citrus molasses, dried citrus pulp, citrus meal, and blackstrap molasses in steer fattening rations. Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. NFES Mimeo Rpt. 55-3. 3 Barr, A. J., J. H. Goodnight, J. P. Sail, W. H. Blair, and D. M. Chilko. 1979. SAS user's guide. SAS Inst., Inc. Raleigh, NC. 4 Becket, R. B., P.T.D. Arnold, G. K. Davis, and E. L. Fours. 1946. Citrus molasses. Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. Press Bull. 423. 5 Bouchard, R., and H. R. Conrad. 1973. Sulfur requirement of lactating dairy cows. I1. Utilization of sulfates, molasses, and Iignin-sulfonate. J. Dairy Sci. 56:1429. 6 Chapman, H. L., R. W. Kidder, and S. W. Plank. 1953. Comparative feeding value of citrus molasses, cane molasses, ground snapped corn, and dried

Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 71, No. 2, 1988

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8

9

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11 12

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WING ET AL.

citrus pulp for fattening steers on pasture. Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 531. Christian, K. R., and M. R. Coup. 1954. Measurem e n t o f feed intake by grazing cattle and sheep. VI. The determination of chromic oxide in feces. N . Z . J . Sci. Technol. 36:328. Goering, H. K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage fiber analysis. Agriculture H a n d b o o k 379. US Agric. Res. Serv., Washington, DC. Harris, B., Jr., and H. H. Van Horn. 1983. Molasses in dairy nutrition. Molasses in animal nutrition. Natl. Feed lngred. Assoc., West Des Moines, IA. Harris, B., Jr., H. H. Van Horn, K. E. Manookian, S. P. Marshall, M. J. Taylor, and C. J. Wilcox. 1983. Sugarcane silage, s o d i u m hydroxide- and steam pressure-treated sugarcane bagasse, corn silage, cottonseed hulls, s o d i u m bicarbonate, and Aspergillis o~yzae product in complete rations for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 6 6 : 1 4 7 4 . Harvey, W. R. 1977. User's guide for LSML76. Mimeo, Ohio State Univ., C o l u m b u s . Kellogg, D. W., and F. G. Owen. 1969. Relation o f ration sucrose level and grain c o n t e n t to lactation performance and r u m e n f e r m e n t a t i o n . J. Dairy Sci. 52:657. Larsen, H. J., and D. A. Schlough. 1976. Lignosul-

Journal o f Dairy Science Vol. 71, No. 2, 1988

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15

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fonate (spent sulfite liquor) in the diet o f high p r o d u c i n g dairy cows. Ashland Res. Rep. ASH-76-1. Dairy Sci. Dept., Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. Lofgreen, G. P., and K. K. Otagake. 1960. The net energy o f blackstrap molasses for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 4 3 : 2 2 0 . Schaibly, G. E., and J. M. Wing. 1974. Effect o f roughage concentrate ratio on digestibility and r u m e n f e r m e n t a t i o n o f corn silage-citrus pulp rations. J. A n i m . Sci. 38:697. S u t t o n , J. D. 1969. The f e r m e n t a t i o n of soluble carbohydrates in tureen c o n t e n t s of cows fed diets containing a large proportion of hay. Br. J. Nutr. 22:689. Vernlund, S. D., B. Harris, Jr., H. H. Van Horn, and C. J. Wilcox. 1980. Effects of M a s o n e x and forms o f cottonseed hulls on dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 6 3 : 2 0 3 7 . Waldo, D. R., and L. H. Schultz. 1960. Blood a n d r u m e n changes following the intraruminal administration o f glycogenic materials. J. Dairy Sci. 43:496. Wing, J. M., and G. W. Powell. 1969. Response of lactating cows to two levels o f mill-run blackstrap molasses from cane grown on organic soil. J. Dairy Sci. 52:1413.