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Effects of exercise on craving and smoking in the human laboratory
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e86–e168
whether stigma is related to post-treatment substance use (SU). Aim 2: Examine whether TAU for SUD affects stigma. Methods: We assessed stigma using the Substance Abuse Stigma Scale and SU at baseline, post treatment and one month follow up (f/u) among individuals attending intensive outpatient treatment for SUD. Results: Baseline sample consisted of 17 Caucasian, predominantly male (i.e. 65%) participants, 34.06 (SD = 12.28) years old. They consumed an average of 7.85 (SD = 5.98) drinks/occasion and reported drinking alcohol 15.82 (SD = 12.89) days/month and using drugs 13.62 (SD = 11.57) days/month in the month prior to admission. Aim I: Higher stigma at baseline was associated with higher stigma at f/u, r = .86, p = .01. Higher stigma at post-treatment was significantly related to more days of drug use at f/u, r = .74, p = .03. Aim II: Due to small sample size (i.e. n = 17 at baseline, 12 at post-treatment and 8 at f/u), we were underpowered to perform any parametric tests. However, mean stigma score at baseline, post treatment and f/u respectively was 48.35 (SD = 4.54), 48.75 (SD = 3.11), 48.00 (SD = 3.21). Essentially, there was no change on stigma from pre to post-treatment and f/u. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that stigma may have a detrimental impact on SU and higher pre-treatment stigma may be related to higher stigma at f/u. These results highlight the need for more work on these relationships due to very preliminary findings. Still, our data suggest that stigma may be related to SU and may need to be targeted specifically in treatment. Financial support: Brown University Medical School Predoctoral Seed Money Research Grant (Kulesza); 2T32AA007455-26 (Larimer). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.323 Differences in anxiety sensitivity and sensation-seeking in relation to risk-taking on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) Gretchen Kurdziel, A. Collado-Rodriguez, J.M. Townsend, L. MacPherson, C.W. Lejuez Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Aims: Problematic risk-taking behaviors, including substance use, increase substantially during adolescence. Research indicates real world risk engagement is positively related with sensation seeking and negatively related with anxiety sensitivity. However, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) which measures risk-taking in a controlled laboratory setting has shown inconsistent results with these variables. A factor that needs examination as a moderator to elucidate these relationships is gender. Methods: 11–13 year olds (45.5% female; 54.5% Caucasian) taking part in a larger longitudinal research study completed selfreport measures and behavioral tasks over three waves of data including the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V; Zuckerman, 1994; ˛ = .69, M = .67, SD = .26), the Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Silverman, 1991; M = 28.72, SD = 4.82), and the BART. BART performance as a function of sensation seeking and of anxiety sensitivity was examined separately for boys and girls. Results: Regression analysis indicated at ages 12 and 13, there was a positive relationship between sensation seeking and risktaking in girls (ˇ = .21, t(110) = 2.31, p = .02; ˇ = .27, t(89) = 2.55, p = .01, respectively). For boys, on the other hand, results showed an inverse relationship between anxiety sensitivity and risk-taking (ˇ = −.19, t(105) = −1.97, p = .05). Conclusions: Although generally it is assumed that high sensation seeking and low anxiety sensitivity are uniformly related to risk-taking, our data indicate that risk-taking as measured by the
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BART may be particularly relevant for high sensation seeking in girls and low anxiety sensitivity in boys. Future research should focus on why these constructs may contribute deferentially to boys’ and girls’ risk taking, and the implications this presents in the initiation of substance use in youth. Financial support: R01 DA018647-01 A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.324 Effects of exercise on craving and smoking in the human laboratory Allison N. Kurti, J. Dallery University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States Aims: Exercise decreases craving and withdrawal, enhances mood, and increases the delay to ad lib smoking relative to nonphysical activities. Our aim was to expand previous work to assess the relation between differing components of craving and smoking in the human laboratory. Methods: Experiment 1: 21 smokers engaged in three sessions: control, low-intensity exercise, and moderate-intensity exercise. For each session, participants smoked half a cigarette followed by a 1-h no smoking period, and then they completed the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU)-Brief before and after 20-min of exercise or control activities. The QSU assesses anticipation of the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal. Experiment 2: 15 smokers were exposed to an ABAB within-subjects design (A = control, B = moderate-intensity exercise). Sessions began as in Experiment 1, but after the 20-min exercise/control period, participants underwent a 2-hr ad lib smoking period. Results: Experiment 1: Participants displayed significant decreases in craving based on the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal immediately after moderate-intensity exercise, t(20) = 3.98, p < .01 and t(20) = 2.19, p < .05, respectively. Control and low-intensity exercise did not affect craving. Experiment 2: Exercise effects on the positive consequences of smoking were replicated, t(20) = 2.05, p = .05, and participants waited longer to smoke after exercise sessions (M = 24.33 min, SD = 37.36) than control sessions (M = 3.93 min, SD = 9.80), F = 8.37, p < .01. Delays to ad lib smoking after exercise were significantly correlated with participants’ post-exercise craving based on the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal, r = −.65, p < .001 and r = −.46, p < .05, respectively. Conclusions: Moderate-intensity exercise decreased selfreported craving, and lower levels of post-exercise craving were associated with longer delays to ad lib smoking. This relation was stronger for craving based on the positive consequences of smoking relative to relief from withdrawal, which supports a multidimensional conceptualization of craving as it relates to smoking in the human laboratory. Financial support: UF Dept. of Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.325
whether stigma is related to post-treatment substance use (SU). Aim 2: Examine whether TAU for SUD affects stigma. Methods: We assessed stigma using the Substance Abuse Stigma Scale and SU at baseline, post treatment and one month follow up (f/u) among individuals attending intensive outpatient treatment for SUD. Results: Baseline sample consisted of 17 Caucasian, predominantly male (i.e. 65%) participants, 34.06 (SD = 12.28) years old. They consumed an average of 7.85 (SD = 5.98) drinks/occasion and reported drinking alcohol 15.82 (SD = 12.89) days/month and using drugs 13.62 (SD = 11.57) days/month in the month prior to admission. Aim I: Higher stigma at baseline was associated with higher stigma at f/u, r = .86, p = .01. Higher stigma at post-treatment was significantly related to more days of drug use at f/u, r = .74, p = .03. Aim II: Due to small sample size (i.e. n = 17 at baseline, 12 at post-treatment and 8 at f/u), we were underpowered to perform any parametric tests. However, mean stigma score at baseline, post treatment and f/u respectively was 48.35 (SD = 4.54), 48.75 (SD = 3.11), 48.00 (SD = 3.21). Essentially, there was no change on stigma from pre to post-treatment and f/u. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that stigma may have a detrimental impact on SU and higher pre-treatment stigma may be related to higher stigma at f/u. These results highlight the need for more work on these relationships due to very preliminary findings. Still, our data suggest that stigma may be related to SU and may need to be targeted specifically in treatment. Financial support: Brown University Medical School Predoctoral Seed Money Research Grant (Kulesza); 2T32AA007455-26 (Larimer). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.323 Differences in anxiety sensitivity and sensation-seeking in relation to risk-taking on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) Gretchen Kurdziel, A. Collado-Rodriguez, J.M. Townsend, L. MacPherson, C.W. Lejuez Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Aims: Problematic risk-taking behaviors, including substance use, increase substantially during adolescence. Research indicates real world risk engagement is positively related with sensation seeking and negatively related with anxiety sensitivity. However, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) which measures risk-taking in a controlled laboratory setting has shown inconsistent results with these variables. A factor that needs examination as a moderator to elucidate these relationships is gender. Methods: 11–13 year olds (45.5% female; 54.5% Caucasian) taking part in a larger longitudinal research study completed selfreport measures and behavioral tasks over three waves of data including the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V; Zuckerman, 1994; ˛ = .69, M = .67, SD = .26), the Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Silverman, 1991; M = 28.72, SD = 4.82), and the BART. BART performance as a function of sensation seeking and of anxiety sensitivity was examined separately for boys and girls. Results: Regression analysis indicated at ages 12 and 13, there was a positive relationship between sensation seeking and risktaking in girls (ˇ = .21, t(110) = 2.31, p = .02; ˇ = .27, t(89) = 2.55, p = .01, respectively). For boys, on the other hand, results showed an inverse relationship between anxiety sensitivity and risk-taking (ˇ = −.19, t(105) = −1.97, p = .05). Conclusions: Although generally it is assumed that high sensation seeking and low anxiety sensitivity are uniformly related to risk-taking, our data indicate that risk-taking as measured by the
e113
BART may be particularly relevant for high sensation seeking in girls and low anxiety sensitivity in boys. Future research should focus on why these constructs may contribute deferentially to boys’ and girls’ risk taking, and the implications this presents in the initiation of substance use in youth. Financial support: R01 DA018647-01 A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.324 Effects of exercise on craving and smoking in the human laboratory Allison N. Kurti, J. Dallery University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States Aims: Exercise decreases craving and withdrawal, enhances mood, and increases the delay to ad lib smoking relative to nonphysical activities. Our aim was to expand previous work to assess the relation between differing components of craving and smoking in the human laboratory. Methods: Experiment 1: 21 smokers engaged in three sessions: control, low-intensity exercise, and moderate-intensity exercise. For each session, participants smoked half a cigarette followed by a 1-h no smoking period, and then they completed the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU)-Brief before and after 20-min of exercise or control activities. The QSU assesses anticipation of the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal. Experiment 2: 15 smokers were exposed to an ABAB within-subjects design (A = control, B = moderate-intensity exercise). Sessions began as in Experiment 1, but after the 20-min exercise/control period, participants underwent a 2-hr ad lib smoking period. Results: Experiment 1: Participants displayed significant decreases in craving based on the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal immediately after moderate-intensity exercise, t(20) = 3.98, p < .01 and t(20) = 2.19, p < .05, respectively. Control and low-intensity exercise did not affect craving. Experiment 2: Exercise effects on the positive consequences of smoking were replicated, t(20) = 2.05, p = .05, and participants waited longer to smoke after exercise sessions (M = 24.33 min, SD = 37.36) than control sessions (M = 3.93 min, SD = 9.80), F = 8.37, p < .01. Delays to ad lib smoking after exercise were significantly correlated with participants’ post-exercise craving based on the positive consequences of smoking and relief from withdrawal, r = −.65, p < .001 and r = −.46, p < .05, respectively. Conclusions: Moderate-intensity exercise decreased selfreported craving, and lower levels of post-exercise craving were associated with longer delays to ad lib smoking. This relation was stronger for craving based on the positive consequences of smoking relative to relief from withdrawal, which supports a multidimensional conceptualization of craving as it relates to smoking in the human laboratory. Financial support: UF Dept. of Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.325