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Effects of temperature and heat on engineering behavior of soils
Engineering Geology - Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands
Book Review Effects of Temperature and Heat on Engineering Behavior of Soils. Proceedings of an
International Conference held at Washington, D.C., January 16, 1969. Highway Research Board, Special Report 103. Division of Engineering National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences--National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C., 1969, 300 pp., 212 illus., 37 tables, $ 8.00. This report is the publication of papers presented at the International Conference, held in Washington, D.C., January 1969, on the influence of temperature and heat upon the engineering behavior of soils. Although the subjects considered are broad in scope, the papers have been grouped into three sections representative of the organization of the Conference sessions. Part I consists of introductory material and general summaries of thermal characteristics of soils, thermodynamics of soil systems, flow of fluids and frost action in soils, and general effects of temperature upon engineering properties of soils. Part II consists of a series of eight articles reporting detailed studies on the thermal characteristics of soils, thermodynamics of soil systems, fluid flows and frost action, i.e., material similar to Part I. Part III contains fourteen articles concerned with the effects of temperature upon the engineering properties of selected clay soils. Accordingly, Professor Winterkorn, the keynote speaker of the symposium, summarized the scope of the papers presented as follows: "(1) The physical nature of thermal energy; capacity and intensity factors; the states of matter as functions of thermal energy content; basic thermodynamic concepts, activation energy and reaction rates. (2) Thermal characteristics of the main solid components of soils. Thermal characteristics of the water substance and normal gaseous components of soils. (3) The effect of temperature on the interaction of soil components including lessons from ceramics. (4) Thermally induced moisture flow in soils and accompanying electric phenomena. (5) The influence of temperature on consistency, strength, and compressibility of soils. (6) Effect of temperature on hardening and curing rates of soil-cement, soil lime, and other stabilized soil systems. (7) Thermal stabilization of soils. (8) Other engineering applications." The spectrum of the subject matter in Parts II and III are best described by listing modified versions of the subject titles of the papers as follows (for Part II): (1) influence of heating on swelling properties of clay minerals particularly illites Eng. Geol., 4 (1970) 287-288
288
BOOKREVmW
and kaolinites from Australia; (2) thermal transfer of water and organic liquids in a porous ceramic media; (3) the daily temperature wave penetrating a drumlin and the development of the natural soil profile in glacial soils; (4) thermo-osmotic induced flow and thermoelectric coupling in saturated soils; (5) physical and chemical properties of frozen soils; (6) thermodynamics of granular systems; (7) heat conduction in water saturated and under-saturated granular systems including quartz sand; (8) temperature effects on water retention and swelling pressures in clay soils as indicated by modifications in capillary and swelling forces. Similarly, the papers assembled as Part III include a wide range of investigations, namely: (1) effect of heating on bearing capacity of highway subgrades in tropical and subtropical Brazil; (2) expansion of soils containing sodium sulphate resulting from crystallization with decrease in surrounding temperature; (3) influence of heat treatment and addition of sodium chloride on the pulverization and stabilization of lateritic and "black cotton" tropical soils; (4) influence of climatic factors on the performance of rigid and flexible soil-pavement systems in northern Illinois; (5) effects of temperature upon engineering properties, e.g., Atterberg limits and strength, of kaolinitic, illitic, montmoriUonitic, and mixed montmorillonitic-illitic soils; (6) a theoretical model of the effect of temperature on elasticity of clays and a separate study on the effect of temperature on the strength behavior of cohesive soil; (7) transient temperature influences on soil behavior; (8) temperature effects on compressibility and porewater pressure of cohesive soil as influences on overconsolidation effects; (9) soil stabilization by incipient fusion; (10) pavement temperatures in Australia and their significance with respect to pavement performance; (11) temperature effects on unconfined shear strengths of saturated cohesive soils; (12) influence of seepage streams in joining soil zones in artificial freezing; and (13) effect of preliminary heat treatment on the shear strength of kaolinitic clay. The reader of the review will recognize from the above listed subjects, discussed by the participants of the Symposium, that the primary objective is to explore fields of research which are somewhat unusual with respect to their potential application. Engineers concerned with physical behavior of soil materials will, therefore, profit considerably by the theoretical and laboratory studies which constitute the framework of each article. Doubtless, each points the direction for further research and the results likely to be achieved as similar studies progress. For these reasons the highway engineer is well advised to read this book with care. E. C. DAPPLES(Evanston, Ill.)
Eng. GeoL,4 (1970) 287-288
Book Review Effects of Temperature and Heat on Engineering Behavior of Soils. Proceedings of an
International Conference held at Washington, D.C., January 16, 1969. Highway Research Board, Special Report 103. Division of Engineering National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences--National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C., 1969, 300 pp., 212 illus., 37 tables, $ 8.00. This report is the publication of papers presented at the International Conference, held in Washington, D.C., January 1969, on the influence of temperature and heat upon the engineering behavior of soils. Although the subjects considered are broad in scope, the papers have been grouped into three sections representative of the organization of the Conference sessions. Part I consists of introductory material and general summaries of thermal characteristics of soils, thermodynamics of soil systems, flow of fluids and frost action in soils, and general effects of temperature upon engineering properties of soils. Part II consists of a series of eight articles reporting detailed studies on the thermal characteristics of soils, thermodynamics of soil systems, fluid flows and frost action, i.e., material similar to Part I. Part III contains fourteen articles concerned with the effects of temperature upon the engineering properties of selected clay soils. Accordingly, Professor Winterkorn, the keynote speaker of the symposium, summarized the scope of the papers presented as follows: "(1) The physical nature of thermal energy; capacity and intensity factors; the states of matter as functions of thermal energy content; basic thermodynamic concepts, activation energy and reaction rates. (2) Thermal characteristics of the main solid components of soils. Thermal characteristics of the water substance and normal gaseous components of soils. (3) The effect of temperature on the interaction of soil components including lessons from ceramics. (4) Thermally induced moisture flow in soils and accompanying electric phenomena. (5) The influence of temperature on consistency, strength, and compressibility of soils. (6) Effect of temperature on hardening and curing rates of soil-cement, soil lime, and other stabilized soil systems. (7) Thermal stabilization of soils. (8) Other engineering applications." The spectrum of the subject matter in Parts II and III are best described by listing modified versions of the subject titles of the papers as follows (for Part II): (1) influence of heating on swelling properties of clay minerals particularly illites Eng. Geol., 4 (1970) 287-288
288
BOOKREVmW
and kaolinites from Australia; (2) thermal transfer of water and organic liquids in a porous ceramic media; (3) the daily temperature wave penetrating a drumlin and the development of the natural soil profile in glacial soils; (4) thermo-osmotic induced flow and thermoelectric coupling in saturated soils; (5) physical and chemical properties of frozen soils; (6) thermodynamics of granular systems; (7) heat conduction in water saturated and under-saturated granular systems including quartz sand; (8) temperature effects on water retention and swelling pressures in clay soils as indicated by modifications in capillary and swelling forces. Similarly, the papers assembled as Part III include a wide range of investigations, namely: (1) effect of heating on bearing capacity of highway subgrades in tropical and subtropical Brazil; (2) expansion of soils containing sodium sulphate resulting from crystallization with decrease in surrounding temperature; (3) influence of heat treatment and addition of sodium chloride on the pulverization and stabilization of lateritic and "black cotton" tropical soils; (4) influence of climatic factors on the performance of rigid and flexible soil-pavement systems in northern Illinois; (5) effects of temperature upon engineering properties, e.g., Atterberg limits and strength, of kaolinitic, illitic, montmoriUonitic, and mixed montmorillonitic-illitic soils; (6) a theoretical model of the effect of temperature on elasticity of clays and a separate study on the effect of temperature on the strength behavior of cohesive soil; (7) transient temperature influences on soil behavior; (8) temperature effects on compressibility and porewater pressure of cohesive soil as influences on overconsolidation effects; (9) soil stabilization by incipient fusion; (10) pavement temperatures in Australia and their significance with respect to pavement performance; (11) temperature effects on unconfined shear strengths of saturated cohesive soils; (12) influence of seepage streams in joining soil zones in artificial freezing; and (13) effect of preliminary heat treatment on the shear strength of kaolinitic clay. The reader of the review will recognize from the above listed subjects, discussed by the participants of the Symposium, that the primary objective is to explore fields of research which are somewhat unusual with respect to their potential application. Engineers concerned with physical behavior of soil materials will, therefore, profit considerably by the theoretical and laboratory studies which constitute the framework of each article. Doubtless, each points the direction for further research and the results likely to be achieved as similar studies progress. For these reasons the highway engineer is well advised to read this book with care. E. C. DAPPLES(Evanston, Ill.)
Eng. GeoL,4 (1970) 287-288