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Emerging technologies for nondestructive evaluation of bridges and highways
N DT Abstracts 56156 Walther, RA.; Koob, M3. Practical applications of NDT/NDE for the assessment of steel
bridge problems Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 277-281. Edited by RJ. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Four case studies are discussed to highlight NDT and NDE techniques which are practical for use in bridge inspection programs. Techniques include: swain gage instrumentation, out-of-plane or distortion displacement measurements, weigh-in-motion technologies, portable hardness measurement, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. Successful use of these techniques In the field is largely dependent on the experience of the bridge inspector, properly functioning equipment, and attention to access and safety requirements. Procedures for the use of NDT and NDE in the field are reviewed. In addition, instrumentation used for the assessment of bridge behavior is highlighted.
Fish, P.E. NDT applications in a successful fracture critical bridge 56154
inspection program Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 219-227. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomie Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 In 1978, Wisconsin Department of Transportation discovered major cracking on a two-girder, fracture critical structure, just four years after it was constructed. In 1981, on the same structure, now seven years old, major cracking was discovered in the tie girder flange of the tied arch span. Wisconsin Department of Transportation started an in-depth inspection program in 1985 and made it a l~ll time program in 1987. This program included extensive non-destructiw~testing. Ultrasonic inspection has played an major role in this type of insp~tion. All fracture critical structures, pin and hanger systems, and pinned connections are inspectod on a five-year cycle now. The program requires an experienced inspection team and a practical inspection approach. Ex~:nsive preparation is required with review of all design, construction and maintenance documents. An inspection plan is developed from the review and downloaded to a laptop computer. Inspection emphasis are on "hands on" visual and Nondestructive evaluation.
Woodward, C.; Minor, J.; White, K.; Idriss, R. Nondestructive evaluation of a fracture critical bridge 56153
Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 215-218. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques were applied to a large twogirder fracture critical bridge. Since the bridge was being replaced it was possible to test the bridge in both undamaged and imposed damaged conditions to determine the effectiivenessof various NDT methods. Damage was induced by placing a vertical cut in one of the plate girders to simulate a fatigue crack. The NDT methods used included variations of resonant ultrasound and modal analysis. The resonant ultrasound method is a technique developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to detect defects by determining the resonant frequencies of the bridge and its components. Preliminary results indicate that the RUS system can adequately identify a major defect. Conventional modal analysis data was collected and is currently being evaluated.
Celia, F,4. Common misapplications of NDT in the field inspection of steel 56147
bridges Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 75-79. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141-7 This paper will address common misapplications of the routine types of nondestructive tests most likely to be used by bridge inspectors during bridge maintenance inspection. These routine methods include visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and ultrasonic thickness measurement. The information presented in this paper is the result of my personal experience performing NDT as well as feedback ohndned during presentation of NHI course 13023 "Nondestructive Testing Methods for Steel Bridges" to over twenty-five State Departments of'IYansportation.
55962 Sack, D.4.; Olson, L.D.; Kline, T.R.; Yates, G.4. Nondestructive testing of older concrete bridges: a case history of the SEPTA Manayunk bridge 9th Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United States), 15-17 Jun. 1992, pp. 405-413. Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania(1992) Included in this paper is an overview of the Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) program carried out on the bridge, and a summary of the resulls of this program. Also included in this presentation are detailed descriptions of the NDE methods used in the evaluation. These Include the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Impact Echo (IE) methods. The UPV method was used on the relatively thin walls interior to the arch where access was available on both sides, while the IE method was used on these as well as on decks, abutments, and other massive concrete structural members.
McGogney, C J-L; Nickerson, RZ. Nondestructive evaluation - the seat belt for highway safety 55904
9th Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United States), 15-17 Jun. 1992. pp. 96-98. Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania(1992) Use of sophisticated nondestructive evaluation (bIDE) equipment can reduce the likelihood of catastrophic collapse of a structure. Use of NDE by bridge owners has generally been limited to two forms: 1) for quality assurance measurements during construction, and 2) "local" inspection of bridge details where flaws are suspect. These techniques have provided significant improvement in quality conlrol, or early detection of serious bridge flaws. 55900 Thomas, G.H.; Benson, S.E.; Del Grande, NX.; Haskins, J.l.; Schneberk, D.J. Emerging technologies for nondestructive evaluation of bridges and highways Lawrence Livermore National Lab., California (United States), DE94004861/GAR, 14pp. (Dec. 1993) We have developed ultrasonic methods for inspecting bridge pins, limited view computed tomography for inspecting bridge cables and cable anchors, and we are developing infrared imaging methods for inspecting bridge decks. We have proposed NDE solutions to a number of inspection problems that including: (1) evaluating concrete damage with ultrasonic, radiographic, and electromagnetic techniques; (2) assessing bridge scour with acoustic imaging technology; (3) monitoring crack growth with acoustic emission; and (4) determining moisture and salt accretion, internal strain, and state of cure in concrete with embedded sensors. 55862 Nabil Bassim, M. Detection of fatigue cracking in metallic structures with acoustic emission Progress in Acoustic Emission VI Proceedings of the l l t h International Acoustic Emission Symposium, Fukuoka (Japan), 26-29 Oct. 1992. pp. 347- 352. Edited by T. Kishi, K. Takahashi and M. Ohtsu. The Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (1993) Acoustic emission equations, similar to Paris law, were derived which allow determination of the stress intensity factor and the crack growth rate. These principles were embodied in a second generation system which automatically and continuously determine these parameters. The approach has been applied in the laboratory as well as to structures including, bridges, air frames and transmission towers for electrical power. 55861 Shibasaki,M.; Nakayama, M.; Hojyo, T.; Sakamoto, Y.; Murakoshi, J.; Yamamoto, S. Monitoring of fatigue crack growth on steel bridges with AlE technology Progress in Acoustic Emission VI Proceedings of the l l t h International Acoustic Emission Symposium, Fukuoka (Japan), 26-29 Oct. 1992. pp. 341- 346. Edited by T. Kishi, K. Takahashi and M, Ohtsu. The Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (1993) We have used acoustic emission (AE) for monitoring fatigue crack growth on steel bridges. Fatigue tests were performed with small scale part and with a full scale bridge model. At first, a computerized source location system was utilized in this test. But it was difficult to judge easily whether the fatigue cracks grow or not because of not indicating quantitatively and in addition this system cannot reject noises effectively. Secondly, we have adopted a Crack AE Monitor System for control using the signal arrival time
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bridge problems Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 277-281. Edited by RJ. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Four case studies are discussed to highlight NDT and NDE techniques which are practical for use in bridge inspection programs. Techniques include: swain gage instrumentation, out-of-plane or distortion displacement measurements, weigh-in-motion technologies, portable hardness measurement, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. Successful use of these techniques In the field is largely dependent on the experience of the bridge inspector, properly functioning equipment, and attention to access and safety requirements. Procedures for the use of NDT and NDE in the field are reviewed. In addition, instrumentation used for the assessment of bridge behavior is highlighted.
Fish, P.E. NDT applications in a successful fracture critical bridge 56154
inspection program Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 219-227. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomie Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 In 1978, Wisconsin Department of Transportation discovered major cracking on a two-girder, fracture critical structure, just four years after it was constructed. In 1981, on the same structure, now seven years old, major cracking was discovered in the tie girder flange of the tied arch span. Wisconsin Department of Transportation started an in-depth inspection program in 1985 and made it a l~ll time program in 1987. This program included extensive non-destructiw~testing. Ultrasonic inspection has played an major role in this type of insp~tion. All fracture critical structures, pin and hanger systems, and pinned connections are inspectod on a five-year cycle now. The program requires an experienced inspection team and a practical inspection approach. Ex~:nsive preparation is required with review of all design, construction and maintenance documents. An inspection plan is developed from the review and downloaded to a laptop computer. Inspection emphasis are on "hands on" visual and Nondestructive evaluation.
Woodward, C.; Minor, J.; White, K.; Idriss, R. Nondestructive evaluation of a fracture critical bridge 56153
Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 215-218. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141- 7 Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques were applied to a large twogirder fracture critical bridge. Since the bridge was being replaced it was possible to test the bridge in both undamaged and imposed damaged conditions to determine the effectiivenessof various NDT methods. Damage was induced by placing a vertical cut in one of the plate girders to simulate a fatigue crack. The NDT methods used included variations of resonant ultrasound and modal analysis. The resonant ultrasound method is a technique developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to detect defects by determining the resonant frequencies of the bridge and its components. Preliminary results indicate that the RUS system can adequately identify a major defect. Conventional modal analysis data was collected and is currently being evaluated.
Celia, F,4. Common misapplications of NDT in the field inspection of steel 56147
bridges Structural Materials Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey (United States), 23-25 Feb. 1994. pp. 75-79. Edited by R.J. Scancella and M.E. Callahan. Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1994) ISBN 1-56676-141-7 This paper will address common misapplications of the routine types of nondestructive tests most likely to be used by bridge inspectors during bridge maintenance inspection. These routine methods include visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and ultrasonic thickness measurement. The information presented in this paper is the result of my personal experience performing NDT as well as feedback ohndned during presentation of NHI course 13023 "Nondestructive Testing Methods for Steel Bridges" to over twenty-five State Departments of'IYansportation.
55962 Sack, D.4.; Olson, L.D.; Kline, T.R.; Yates, G.4. Nondestructive testing of older concrete bridges: a case history of the SEPTA Manayunk bridge 9th Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United States), 15-17 Jun. 1992, pp. 405-413. Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania(1992) Included in this paper is an overview of the Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) program carried out on the bridge, and a summary of the resulls of this program. Also included in this presentation are detailed descriptions of the NDE methods used in the evaluation. These Include the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Impact Echo (IE) methods. The UPV method was used on the relatively thin walls interior to the arch where access was available on both sides, while the IE method was used on these as well as on decks, abutments, and other massive concrete structural members.
McGogney, C J-L; Nickerson, RZ. Nondestructive evaluation - the seat belt for highway safety 55904
9th Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United States), 15-17 Jun. 1992. pp. 96-98. Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania(1992) Use of sophisticated nondestructive evaluation (bIDE) equipment can reduce the likelihood of catastrophic collapse of a structure. Use of NDE by bridge owners has generally been limited to two forms: 1) for quality assurance measurements during construction, and 2) "local" inspection of bridge details where flaws are suspect. These techniques have provided significant improvement in quality conlrol, or early detection of serious bridge flaws. 55900 Thomas, G.H.; Benson, S.E.; Del Grande, NX.; Haskins, J.l.; Schneberk, D.J. Emerging technologies for nondestructive evaluation of bridges and highways Lawrence Livermore National Lab., California (United States), DE94004861/GAR, 14pp. (Dec. 1993) We have developed ultrasonic methods for inspecting bridge pins, limited view computed tomography for inspecting bridge cables and cable anchors, and we are developing infrared imaging methods for inspecting bridge decks. We have proposed NDE solutions to a number of inspection problems that including: (1) evaluating concrete damage with ultrasonic, radiographic, and electromagnetic techniques; (2) assessing bridge scour with acoustic imaging technology; (3) monitoring crack growth with acoustic emission; and (4) determining moisture and salt accretion, internal strain, and state of cure in concrete with embedded sensors. 55862 Nabil Bassim, M. Detection of fatigue cracking in metallic structures with acoustic emission Progress in Acoustic Emission VI Proceedings of the l l t h International Acoustic Emission Symposium, Fukuoka (Japan), 26-29 Oct. 1992. pp. 347- 352. Edited by T. Kishi, K. Takahashi and M. Ohtsu. The Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (1993) Acoustic emission equations, similar to Paris law, were derived which allow determination of the stress intensity factor and the crack growth rate. These principles were embodied in a second generation system which automatically and continuously determine these parameters. The approach has been applied in the laboratory as well as to structures including, bridges, air frames and transmission towers for electrical power. 55861 Shibasaki,M.; Nakayama, M.; Hojyo, T.; Sakamoto, Y.; Murakoshi, J.; Yamamoto, S. Monitoring of fatigue crack growth on steel bridges with AlE technology Progress in Acoustic Emission VI Proceedings of the l l t h International Acoustic Emission Symposium, Fukuoka (Japan), 26-29 Oct. 1992. pp. 341- 346. Edited by T. Kishi, K. Takahashi and M, Ohtsu. The Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection (1993) We have used acoustic emission (AE) for monitoring fatigue crack growth on steel bridges. Fatigue tests were performed with small scale part and with a full scale bridge model. At first, a computerized source location system was utilized in this test. But it was difficult to judge easily whether the fatigue cracks grow or not because of not indicating quantitatively and in addition this system cannot reject noises effectively. Secondly, we have adopted a Crack AE Monitor System for control using the signal arrival time
389