EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use

STOTEN-17774; No of Pages 10 Science of the Total Environment xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

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EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use C. Dimitroulopoulou a,e,⁎, E. Lucica b, A. Johnson b, M.R. Ashmore c, I. Sakellaris a, M. Stranger d, E. Goelen d a

Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece IPSOS, 1410 Waterloo, Belgium Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK d Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, 2400 Mol, Belgium e Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK b c

H I G H L I G H T S • • • •

Results of a European household survey on the use of 15 domestic consumer products. Development of worst-case scenarios for domestic consumer products use in Europe. Our worst-case scenarios for amount used in cosmetics, agree with US studies. Our worst-case scenarios for amount used in cosmetics are higher than EU studies.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 31 March 2015 Received in revised form 8 May 2015 Accepted 8 May 2015 Available online xxxx Editor: D. Barcelo Keywords: Household survey Consumer products Product use Housekeepers Retired people

a b s t r a c t Consumer products are frequently and regularly used in the domestic environment. Realistic estimates for product use are required for exposure modelling and health risk assessment. This paper provides significant data that can be used as input for such modelling studies. A European survey was conducted, within the framework of the DG Sanco-funded EPHECT project, on the household use of 15 consumer products. These products are all-purpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners, floor cleaners, glass and window cleaners, bathroom cleaners, furniture and floor polish products, combustible air fresheners, spray air fresheners, electric air fresheners, passive air fresheners, coating products for leather and textiles, hair styling products, spray deodorants and perfumes. The analysis of the results from the household survey (1st phase) focused on identifying consumer behaviour patterns (selection criteria, frequency of use, quantities, period of use and ventilation conditions during product use). This can provide valuable input to modelling studies, as this information is not reported in the open literature. The above results were further analysed (2nd phase), to provide the basis for the development of ‘most representative worst-case scenarios’ regarding the use of the 15 products by home-based population groups (housekeepers and retired people), in four geographical regions in Europe. These scenarios will be used for the exposure and health risk assessment within the EPHECT project. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that daily worst-case scenarios are presented in the scientific published literature concerning the use of a wide range of 15 consumer products across Europe. Crown Copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In everyday life, several consumer products are used frequently and on a regular basis in the domestic environment. According to the definition used within the DG-Sanco funded EPHECT (Emissions, exposure Patterns and Health Effects of Consumer producTs in the EU) Project, “Consumer products are any article chemically formulated, used in a ⁎ Corresponding author at: Mechanical Engineering Dept, University of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Dimitroulopoulou).

non-permanent way in indoor environments, and intended for housekeeping or personal care activities or enjoyment.” (Missia et al., 2012). To assess population exposure to consumer products, information is required not only about the chemical emissions from this product, the duration and frequency of product use, but also about the indoor location where the product is used and the ventilation conditions during its use. Therefore, one of the key steps in assessing exposure is to identify consumer behaviour patterns (i.e. how and when the products are used, how often, for how long and in which quantities). In Europe, under the REACH legislation (Regulation, Evaluation and Authorisation of CHemicals), there is an on-going effort to collect information on the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036 0048-9697/Crown Copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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use of consumer products, in order to define exposure scenarios that describe safe conditions for the use of consumer products (Van Engelen et al., 2007). A limited number of studies have been carried out to collect the above information on the individual exposure factors. These studies present variability on the methods they used as well as on the products they investigated. In the USA, some early studies were focused on cleaning products. One of the first studies was by Weegels and van Veen (2001), who investigated the frequency of use of cleaning products. The USEPA-funded study (SUPERB — Study of Use of Products and Exposure-Related Behaviour) was focused on the use of cleaning products and air fresheners in California (Hertz-Picciotto et al., 2010). Within this study, frequency of use for eight products and their performance during the cleaning tasks was collected in three annual telephone and six quarterly web-based surveys (Moran et al., 2012). More studies were focused on personal care products. These include a series of studies by Loretz et al. (2005, 2006, 2008) on the frequency and the amount used by a female population in the USA for various cosmetics. In these studies, the participants kept a diary where information on the daily use was recorded, whereas they were supplied with product, whose weight was measured at the beginning and at the end of the project. In Europe, Hall and co-workers (Hall et al., 2007, 2011) developed distributions for the frequency of use and the amount of personal care products, based on data from the European Toiletries and Cosmetics Database (ETCD) developed by TNS (Taylor Nelson Sofres). This is the largest European database, which provides data on the use of all major toiletries and cosmetics in France, Germany, UK, Spain and Italy. In total, 44,100 households and 18,057 individual consumers in five European countries provided data using their own products. ETCD recorded data on the daily frequency of use of cosmetic products and brands through a postal survey, based on the completion of a paper diary and questionnaire. Questions such as how often the participants use the cosmetics, where they apply them (parts of the body and location when used) and the reasons for use, were included. The diary and questionnaires were sent out to the same participants once every six months and the diaries were completed over a period of one week. More recently, in the Netherlands, Biesterbos et al. (2013) developed a database on the use of personal care products, based on the replies of 516 men and women who filled in a digital questionnaire. This questionnaire was person-oriented and included information on the patterns and circumstances of use for 32 personal care products. Apart from the above studies, significant survey work has been carried out by IPSOS (market research company in Belgium). Wanquet (2006) conducted a survey for the Belgian Federal Public Service on the “Purchase behavior and use patterns of air fresheners”. A total of 646 respondents living in Belgium, aged 18 and older, and in charge of household purchases were interviewed, through face-to-face methodology. The survey aimed at identifying the most popular distribution channels for air fresheners, the most frequently used type of air fresheners, as well as use patterns of air fresheners (e.g. how the different types of air fresheners are used, for how long, how often). Furthermore, IPSOS conducted a survey in collaboration with VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), for BIM (The Brussels Institute for Management of the Environment) on “The impact of using household cleaning products on indoor pollution” (Stranger et al., 2009; Vandenbroucke;, 2010). A total of 500 individuals aged 18 and older, living in Brussels and who are in charge of household chores were interviewed through online methodology. The main objectives of the study were to identify consumer behaviour with regards to ten different types of cleaning products. The study focused on collecting information on consumer behaviour patterns (i.e. how consumers select these products, how they use them, how often they use them, how much product they use each time, what the most popular brands are).

The above two studies provided findings on consumer behaviour patterns, as well as information on methodology and questionnaire design, which served as input for carrying out the present survey research. Within the framework of the EPHECT project, the focus was on consumer products, as defined within the project. Although the above US and European studies provide useful data about the frequency and quantities of product use, not all of them provide data on the location where these products are used and especially on the ventilation conditions during the product use. Therefore, as part of the EPHECT project, a multi-country survey was carried out, taking into account the above parameters, in order to produce data on consumer behaviour, regarding 15 selected household consumer products. The results served as basis for the development of scenarios for the use of consumer products, in the frame of exposure and health risk assessment, as well as for the design of representative consumer product emission tests. This paper is the first of a series of three interrelated papers to health risk assessment from exposure to air pollutants emitted from consumer products, as estimated within the DG Sanco-funded EPHECT project (Dimitroulopoulou et al., 2015; Trantallidi et al., 2015). The aim of this paper is two-fold; first, to provide important data from the results of the household survey on the use of domestic products, which will supply new information to what is currently reported in other studies, regarding the location and ventilation conditions during the use of 15 consumer products that were examined within EPHECT. This information will be useful to modellers working on the development of exposure scenarios. Secondly, to develop worst-case scenarios for the daily use of the above consumer products by home-based population groups (housekeepers and retired people), across four EU geographical regions (North, East, South, West). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such worst-case daily exposure scenarios are presented in the scientific literature. These daily scenarios will be used as input for exposure and health risk assessment within the EPHECT project.

2. Methodology 2.1. Description of IPSOS survey The IPSOS survey was focused on creating an inventory on consumption and use habits for 15 consumer product classes selected in EPHECT. These are all-purpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners, floor cleaners, glass and window cleaners, bathroom cleaners, furniture polish products, floor polish products, combustible air fresheners, spray air fresheners, electric air fresheners, passive air fresheners, coating products for waterproof of leather and textiles, hair styling products, spray deodorants and perfumes. The aim of the survey was to collect data on consumer behaviour patterns, by identifying the most frequently used products, as well as by collecting detailed information on product use (e.g. how and when people use the product, in which rooms of the house, how often, how much product is used, whether or not the product is diluted into water or mixed with other products before use, whether or not people ventilate the room while using the products).

2.1.1. Study population The survey was conducted in 2011, in ten countries across Western, Southern, Eastern and Northern Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, the UK and Sweden), through an online survey methodology. A total of 4335 people were interviewed across the ten countries (between 350 and 500 in each country) (Fig. 1). The target population in each country consisted of people aged 18 and older, who take part in household cleaning tasks and who used at least one of the 15 domestic product classes in the last 6 months prior to the survey. The demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

C. Dimitroulopoulou et al. / Science of the Total Environment xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Table 1 Demographic characteristics of surveyed population.

Gender Age

Occupational status Marital status Children living in the household Total (across 10 countries)

Socio-demographic information

Number of interviews

%

Male Female 18–34 35–54 55+ Active Non-active Married/living as a couple Single/divorced/widow Yes No

1711 2624 1459 1958 918 2618 1717 2493 1842 2179 2138 4335

39% 61% 34% 45% 21% 60% 40% 58% 43% 51% 49% 100%

2.1.2. Data collection Prior to designing the survey, desk-based research was carried out in each of the ten countries, in order to identify the different products available on the market. Literature on related topics was also reviewed, aiming to collect information from previous studies, which would serve as input for the questionnaire design. The survey questionnaire consisted of 16 sections. The first section included screening questions, as well as socio-demographic questions. The aim was to collect personal information regarding the respondent, such as age, gender, region, number of people living in the household, number of children living in the household, occupation, education level, type of dwelling, and number of rooms in the house. Each of the other 15 sections corresponded to the 15 selected products, and included, for each of these, questions on product use (e.g. frequency of use, room where the product is used, format – whether gel, liquid, spray – brand, quantities used each time). In terms of survey administration, each respondent was able to answer questions for up to five sections at the most (and therefore to evaluate a maximum of five product classes), in order to ensure that questionnaire length was kept manageable and that the interview did not exceed 25 min for each respondent. 2.1.3. Data analysis Once fieldwork was finalised, frequency tables were constructed to present the prevalence of consumer product use. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics software, at two stages: At the 1st Stage, the overall results were provided for the total number of respondents, as well as by country. This enables to identify the consumer behaviour for each of the 15 product classes across the ten

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countries, as well as for each individual country, and therefore to detect regional differences that were implemented in designing the consumer product emission test protocols. At the 2nd Stage, further analysis was carried out and the data were re-analysed by European region (North, West, South, East), in order to provide information for exposure modelling. For this purpose, data were analysed focusing on the two population groups used in exposure and health risk assessment in the framework of the project, namely Housekeepers (HK) and retired people (RET). These population groups use personally and on a regular basis the consumer products in the home environment, may spend most of their time there and consequently they experience the maximum exposure. The aim was to provide information for the above population groups, across the four European regions (N, W, S, E), with the purpose of identifying specific aspects related to their use habits as well as to the characteristics of their households. 2.2. Development of worst-case scenarios for domestic use of consumer products The results from the 2nd Stage of the survey data analysis per geographical region were employed to provide the basis for the development of worst-case scenarios for modelling purposes (see Section 3.2). The questions considered for the development of scenarios were related to the use of the consumer product in the domestic environment: • • • •

how often; when; which room; how much.

The only data from Stage 1 that were not used are those for the ventilation conditions during the product use. The reason is that it was decided to focus on the worst-case scenarios, which imply low ventilation rates resulting from closed windows during and after the use of the consumer product. The development of scenarios about the product use, which can be used for modelling purposes, was then carried out in the following steps: Step 1: The emissions of the pollutants from the 15 consumer products were previously analysed by four research labs in environmental chambers (Stranger et al., 2012, 2013; Bartzis et al., 2015). For the products tested in chambers, we identified which consumer product is used in which European

Fig. 1. Household survey — regions, countries and number of interviews.

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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geographical region (N, W, S, E) and by which population group (HK, RET). Step 2: For each product class (A1–A15), spreadsheets were set up, containing up to 8 sheets, one for each population group. Based on the re-analysis of household survey data (see Section 3.2), we inserted in these sheets the percentages of people in a population group that uses a consumer product in a specific: – time period (midnight — 6 am, 6 am — midday, midday — 6 pm, 6 pm — midnight); – room (living room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom); – Format (liquid, spray, unit); – Quantity, depending on the format (number of caps, number of sprayings, time in s/min/h). Step 3: The above percentages (%) were multiplied, to give the fraction of people who use the consumer product, under the specific conditions (Fig. 2). This means that the % of people using the product in each time period was multiplied by the % of people using the product in each room, which was then multiplied by the % of people using the product in a specific format, which was finally multiplied by the % of people using the product in specific quantities/time, depending on the format. Thus, for instance, for a consumer product in liquid format, the maximum number of scenarios, meaning that the product is used in all the periods of the day (4), all the rooms (4), and available quantities (4), is equal to 4 × 4 × 4 = 64. The criteria for the selection of the final scenarios for modelling purposes are discussed in Section 3.2.

3. Results and discussion 3.1. 1st Stage: overview of general results The survey enabled identifying consumer behaviour patterns regarding the use of the 15 selected consumer product classes. This section presents a brief overview of the survey results, focusing on several key aspects, such as product market penetration, product selection criteria, as well as use patterns of the selected products (use frequency, time of day when a product is used, most commonly used formats and quantities).

When

Room

(% of people using the (% of people using the product at these periods) product in these MEs)

The analysis based on the results of the demographic data shows that women are more likely than men to be product users (20% versus 39%). In terms of age, there are more people aged 35–54 who use the products (45%) than the other age groups. People who are active (doing any type of paid work) are more likely to use the products than those inactive (unemployed, retired, unable to work, etc.). People who are either married or living as a couple are more inclined to use the products than those who are single, divorced or widow(er)s. Having children living in the household does not make a difference in terms of product use, as there is an almost equal balance between the proportion of product users who have children living in their household (51%) and those who don't (49%). The overall results (across the ten countries) (Fig. S1, supplementary data) demonstrate that among all products included in the survey, cleaning products (all-purpose cleaners, bathroom cleaners, glass and window cleaners, kitchen cleaners), along with perfumes, have the highest market penetration rates. On the other hand, certain types of air fresheners (combustible air fresheners, electric air fresheners, passive air fresheners), along with coating products for leather and textiles and floor polish are the least used across the ten countries. Selecting a product, price is the most important criterion, followed by efficiency (Fig. S2, supplementary data). In contrast, aspects such as product safety, advertising or product label matter less. The most frequently used products are certain categories of cosmetics, air fresheners, and cleaning products (Fig. 3). Cosmetics (spray deodorants, perfumes), along with air fresheners (electric air fresheners and spray air fresheners) are more likely to be used daily, while cleaning products such as all-purpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners, bathroom cleaners and floor cleaners are generally used on a weekly basis. Products such as glass and window cleaners, coating products or furniture polish are less frequently used. The time of day when a product is used varies by the type of product (Fig. 4). For cleaning products such as all-purpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners, floor cleaners and glass and window cleaners, most people declare using these either at any time (no specific moment), or during the afternoon. Cosmetic products such as spray deodorants, hairspray and perfumes are mainly used in the morning, while combustible air fresheners (candles, incense) are mainly used during the evening. In terms of format, most cleaning products (all-purpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners, floor cleaners, bathroom cleaners), as well as floor polish are mainly used as a liquid in a bottle, while glass and window cleaners are generally used as sprays. Furniture polish and coating

Format

How much

(% of people using the (% of people using the product in this format) product in these units, depending on the format)

midnight - 6am

Living Room

Liquid

6am- midday

Kitchen

Spray

midday– 6pm

Bedroom

6 pm - midnight

Bathroom

Cream Unit

Liquid: no of caps (4 options) Spray: no of sprayings (4 options)

Cream: no of tablespoons (4 options) Unit: time (s /min /h)

Fig. 2. Method to develop the scenarios for household use of selected consumer products.

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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Fig. 3. Frequency of use (replies to question: “How often do you use [the product] in your home? (only one answer possible)”).

products for leather and textiles are also used in spray format. For combustible air fresheners, candles are the preferred format, while for passive air fresheners, the most common format is a gel. In terms of measure units (Fig. 5), for cleaning products such as allpurpose cleaners, kitchen cleaners and bathroom cleaners, most people use less than one cap on each occasion. For products such as floor cleaners and floor polish, people tend to use slightly more (one cap to less than two caps). For glass and window cleaners and furniture polish, most people apply 2–3 sprayings on each occasion. Regarding cosmetics, for hairsprays, most people spray between 3 and 6 s each time, while for spray deodorants, similar proportions (49%/49%) spray between 1 and 2 s, and between 3 and 6 s. When using perfumes, the majority apply between 2 and 3 sprayings each time. Regarding the location where the products are used (Fig. 6), the results indicate that as expected all-purpose cleaning products (such

as for floor and window) are used throughout the home, whereas specific purpose cleaners (such as for kitchen and bathroom) are mainly used in the indicated room, without however excluding their use in other rooms. Personal care products are mainly used in the bathroom, followed by bedrooms. Finally, air fresheners are mainly used in bathrooms as well as in the living rooms. In terms of ventilation (Fig. S3, supplementary data), the results indicate that 50–60% of people who use cleaners ventilate the room where the product is used and about 90–93% hereof do this while the product is used (data not shown). In the case of air fresheners, the percentages of people who either “ventilate” or “do not ventilate” the room or do it “sometimes” are similar (around 33%). For those who ventilate, 63–71% do it while the product is used. For the personal care products, 25–33% ventilate the room where the product is used, but in the case of perfumes, 53% never ventilate. For those who ventilate, 75–80% do it

Fig. 4. Time of daily use (replies to question: “When do you normally use [the product]? (several answers possible)”).

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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Fig. 5. Average quantities (replies to question: “How much [product] do you use on one occasion? (only one answer possible)”).

while the product is used. The most popular way to ventilate a room is by opening the window, followed by the internal door (Fig. S4, supplementary data).

3.2. 2nd Stage: results from the re-analysis of household survey data The 2nd Stage of the analysis of the household survey data was performed in terms of product use per EU geographical region and per population group. This provided information about the use of the consumer product classes by the home-based population groups of Housekeepers (HK) and retired people (RET, +65 years old), using domestic consumer product, in the North (N), West (W), South (S) and East (E) of Europe. The data for office workers are not currently considered, since it is not a

home-based population group. However, they may be used as a future reference for further work. An example of the results from the 2nd Stage data analysis is given in Table 2.1, for ‘A1: all-purpose cleaners’. This table presents the percentages of the population groups across geographical regions in Europe, which use all-purpose cleaners, in the preferable format and quantity, during the four 6-h periods of the day (morning, afternoon, evening and night). The average number of rooms in which all-purpose cleaners are used is also indicated. The data for the other 14 consumer products are similarly presented in the tables, as Supplementary data (Tables 2.2– 2.15). It should be noted that the above percentages derive from multiple-choice questions, where several answers were acceptable; as a result, the ‘multiple choice’ base is different for each item, and the total is not 100%.

Fig. 6. Room use (replies to question “In which room(s) do you normally use [the product]? (several answers possible)”).

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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Table 2.1 Example of household survey data used in the development of scenarios for the use of ‘A1 all-purpose cleaners’, across Europe. Total

Northern Europe

Western Europe

Southern Europe

Eastern Europe

Office Retired Housekeepers Office Retired Housekeepers Office Retired Housekeepers Office Retired Housekeepers worker worker worker worker Which format Liquid Spray When⁎ Mostly in the afternoon (12 am–6 pm) Mostly in the morning (6 am–12 am) Mostly in the evening (6 pm–12 pm) Mostly at night (12 pm–6 am) How many rooms Average number of rooms Quantities Liquid Less than 1 cap 1 cap to less than 2 caps 2 caps to less than 3 caps 3 caps and more Base Spray 1 spraying 2 to 3 sprayings 4 to 5 sprayings More than 5 sprayings Base

80% 47%

92% 42%

87% 37%

66% 66%

83% 42%

86% 31%

78% 55%

60% 67%

70% 70%

55% 79%

84% 40%

93% 39%

100% 35%

28%

23%

18%

68%

27%

17%

24%

29%

10%

23%

29%

11%

29%

27%

15%

36%

–

28%

53%

31%

42%

80%

60%

15%

21%

13%

16%

25%

10%

32%

21%

4%

8%

20%

–

4%

24%

5%

–

%

2%

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

1%

–

–

4.3

5.0

4.0

3.3

4.4

3.9

6.2

4.7

5.8

4.7

3.9

3.9

4.3

49% 40%

59% 32%

54% 35%

100% –

50% 41%

46% 44%

35% 50%

56% 39%

71% 29%

33% 59%

42% 42%

40% 46%

29% 62%

8%

9%

11%

–

8%

7%

11%

1%

–

7%

8%

10%

10%

3% – – N = 612 N = 112

–

1% 2% N = 188

4%

4% – N = 89

–

8% 4% N = 223

–

16% 58% 12% 14% N = 338

– 51% – 49%

16% 69% 7% 8% N = 93

– 57% 27% 16%

29% 59% 5% 7% N = 97

18% 54% 18% 10%

12% 49% 16% 23% N = 97

– 34% 33% 34%

8% 61% 12% 19% N = 51

13% 65% 9% 13%

13% 58% 21% 8%

9% 82% 9% –

13% 56% 6% 25%

⁎ ‘12 am’ refers to midday and ‘12 pm’ to midnight.

revealed here, only the format is indicated. The emissions from these brands were analysed during the experimental EPHECT work and were used as input in ME/exposure modelling. The scenarios for the use of the domestic products were developed according to the methodology described above (see Section 2.2). Given the large number of scenarios generated and following the

Furthermore, the current desk research survey indicated the percentages of the population groups which use the most popular brands, within the specific product class (data not shown). Based on the above re-analysis (2nd Stage), Table 3 was constructed. This indicates the use of the most popular brands within the 15 product classes by two population group (PG) across Europe. Brand names are not Table 3 Use of most popular brands per product class, by housekeepers and retired people in EU. Product class

A1: all-purpose cleaners A2: kitchen cleaning agents A3: floor cleaning agents A4: glass and window cleaning agents A5: bathroom cleaning agents A6: furniture polish A7: floor polish A8: combustible air fresheners A9: air fresheners (pressurised can) A10: passive air fresheners A11: electric air fresheners A12: textile coating products A13: hair styling products A14: deodorants (spray) A15: perfumes

Most popular products (format)

Product 1 (spray) Product 2 (liquid) Product 1 (cream) Product 1 (liquid) Product 2 (cream) Product (spray) Product (spray) Product 1 (spray) Product 2 (cream) Product 1 (liquid) Product 1 (unit) Product 2 (unit) Product 1 (spray) Product 2 (spray) Product 2 (unit) Product 1 (unit) Product 2 (unit) Product (spray) Product (spray) Product 1 (spray) Product 1 (spray) Product 2 (spray)

North

West

South

East

HK⁎

RET⁎⁎

HK

RET

HK

RET

HK

RET

– X – – – X X – X – – – X X – X X X X – X X

– X – – X X X – X – – – X X X X X X X – X X

– X X X – X X X – X X X X X X X X – X X X X

– X X X – X X X – – – – X X X X X – X X X X

X X X X – X – X – – X X X X X X X X X – X X

X X X X – X X X – – X X X X – X X – – – – –

– X X X – X X X – – X X X X X X X – – X X X

– X X X – X X X – – X X X X X X X X X X X X

⁎ HK: housekeepers. ⁎⁎ RET: retired people (+65 years old).

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

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EPHECT strategy, it was decided to select the most representative of the worst-case scenarios, among the microenvironments (MEs) where the consumer product is used. In this way, the scenarios indicating the realistic use of the largest quantities of a product, by most people, were eventually selected. These quantities are usually at the upper end of the “average quantities” indicated by the general survey (Fig. 5). In the cases of equal probability of a scenario to happen (e.g. all-purpose cleaner, floor cleaning, etc.), all the MEs were considered. Table 4 presents all the ‘most representative worst-case scenarios’, resulting from the above development. In order to be coherent with the indications of time used in the household survey, ‘12 am’ refers to midday and ‘12 pm’ to midnight. For a better understanding of the above process, a case study is presented in Supplementary data. We would like to point out that there are cases in which the product is not used in all the MEs (e.g. HK-N, A1: All-purpose cleaner (liquid)). The use of a product was indicated in the replies of the specific population group in a geographical region. Furthermore, there are other cases in which the product is not used by all the population groups across Europe (e.g. A3: floor cleaning agent (cream); see Table 3). The reason is that, although we considered the most popular brands, the market penetration of this brand is not the same everywhere, and consequently the specific brand is not equally used either by all the population groups or across Europe. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that worst-case scenarios for the daily product use have been reported in the scientific published literature, in order to be used for exposure modelling studies. These scenarios are used in the EPHECT modelling work to evaluate exposure and health risk assessment (Dimitroulopoulou et al., 2015; Trantallidi et al., 2015). For the various products, wherever the quantity of the various measure units (caps/tablespoons/sprayings) could be measured in grams it is provided in Table 5. These quantities were measured during the emission experiments in environmental chambers (Stranger et al., 2013). The worst-case scenarios for cosmetics (hairsprays, perfumes and deodorants) and consequently the amount of the product that is used per application can be compared with the results from previous studies. Our worst-case assumptions are in good agreement with the results of the US study by Loretz et al. (2005, 2006, 2008). According to these studies, the amount of hairspray is 3.6 g per application and for perfume spray is 0.5 g per application. In our worst-case simulations, we assume 2.73 g of hairspray per application and 0.24–0.3 g of perfume spray per application. These amounts are much higher than the mean amount per application reported in the Dutch study by Biesterbos et al. (2013) (0.9 g for hairspray and 0.1 g for perfume). Furthermore, in our assessment, it is assumed that for spray deodorants, the amount used per application (5 s) is 2.98 g. This is also much higher than the quantity reported by Biesterbos et al. (2013), which was 0.4 g. However, the parameter of period during which the product is used has not been indicated in the current literature, to allow for a better comparison with our assumptions. 4. Conclusions This paper provides data that can be used as input for exposure and health risk assessment to chemicals emitted from domestic consumer products. This paper presents firstly the results of a European household survey on the use of 15 domestic consumer products. These data indicate consumer behaviour patterns across Europe (selection criteria, frequency of use, quantities, period of use and ventilation conditions during product use). This information is rare in the scientific published literature and will be useful to other modellers working on the same field, for the development of exposure scenarios. Based on the re-analysis of the above data, the current paper was also focused on the development of the ‘most representative worst-case scenarios’ for the use of domestic consumer products

Table 4 The ‘most representative worst-case scenarios’ developed for the household use of 15 consumer product classes (most-popular brands) by housekeepers and retired people in EU. Housekeepers A1. All-purpose cleaner — product 1 — spray HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings

Retired people RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings

A1. All-purpose cleaner — product 2 — liquid HK-N: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/1 cap RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/1 cap HK-N: (12 am–6 pm)/kitchen/1 cap RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/1 cap RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/1 cap RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/1 cap HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/1 cap HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/1 cap HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/1 cap HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/1 cap HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/LR/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/kitchen/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/bedroom/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps A2. Kitchen cleaning agent — product 1 — cream HK-W: (12 am–6 pm)/kitchen/2 tbsp RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/1 tbsp HK-W: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/2 tbsp RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/1 HK-S: (12 am–6 pm)/kitchen/1 tbsp HK-S: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/1 tbsp HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 tbsp HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 tbsp

tbsp RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 tbsp RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 tbsp RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 tbsp

A3. Floor cleaning agent — product 1 — liquid HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/LR/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/kitchen/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/2 caps HK-E: (12 am–6 pm)/bedroom/2 caps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 caps A3. Floor cleaning agent — product 2 — cream RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/1 tbsp RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/1 tbsp. RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/1 tbsp RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/1 tbsp A4. Glass and window cleaner — spray HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/5 sprayings

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/5 sprayings

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

C. Dimitroulopoulou et al. / Science of the Total Environment xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Table 4 (continued) Housekeepers

Table 4 (continued) Retired people

A4. Glass and window cleaner — spray HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/5 sprayings HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/5 sprayings HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/5 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/5 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/5 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/5 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/5 sprayings A5. Bathroom cleaning agent — spray HK-N: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/3 + 3 sprayings HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom 3 + 3 sprayings

HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/5 + 5 sprayings

RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/5 sprayings RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/5 sprayings RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/5 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/kitchen/3 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 + 3 sprayings RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 + 3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/5 + 5 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 + 3 sprayings

RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/5 sprayings RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/5 sprayings

A6. Furniture polish — product 2 — cream HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/1 tbsp HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/1 tbsp

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/2 tbsp RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/2 tbsp

A7. Floor polish — product 1 — liquid HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/4 caps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/4 caps

HK-E: (6 pm–12 pm)/LR/2 candles/3 h

RET-S: (6 pm–12 pm)/kitchen/1 candle/2 h RET-E: (6 pm–12 pm)/bedroom/1 candle/2 h

A9. Spray air freshener — products 1 and 2 — spray (pressurised can) HK-N: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/spray 2 s RET-N: (6 am–12 pm)/bathroom/spray 5s HK-W: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/spray 5 s RET-W: (6 am–12 pm)/kitchen/spray 5s HK-S: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/spray 5 s RET-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/spray 5 s HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray 2 s RET-E: (12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/spray 2s A10. Passive air freshener — product 2 — unit HK-W: (6 am–12 pm)/LR/18 h HK-S: (6 am–12 pm)/LR/18 h HK-E: (6 am–12 am + 6 pm–12 am)/bathroom/12 h

Housekeepers A11. Electric air freshener — products 1 and 2 — unit HK-N: (6 am–12 am + 6 pm–12 am)/bathroom/12 h

Retired people

RET-N: (12 am–6 am)/LR/1 h

HK-W: (6 am–6 pm)/bathroom/12 h

RET-W: (12 am–12 pm)/bathroom/12

HK-S: (6 am–6 pm)/bathroom/12 h

h RET-S: (12 am–6 am)/bathroom/6 h

HK-E: (12 am–6 am + 12 am–6 pm)/bathroom/1 h A12. Textile coating — spray HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/spray for 5 s HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/spray for 5 s

+ (12 am–6 pm)/LR/6 h RET-E: (6 pm–12 pm)/bathroom/1 h

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/LR/spray for 5 s RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/spray for 5 s

A13. Hair styling product — spray HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s

A6. Furniture polish — product 1 — spray HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/LR/3 sprayings HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/LR/5 sprayings HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/5 sprayings

A8. Combustible air freshener — products 1 and 2 — unit HK-W: (6 pm–12 pm)/LR/2 candles/3 h HK-S: (6 pm–12 pm)/LR/1 candle/1 h

9

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s

HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s A14. Deodorant — product 1 — spray HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s A15. Perfume — products 1 and 2 — spray HK-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps HK-W: (6 am–12 am)/bedroom/3 pumps HK-S: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps HK-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps

RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/spray for 5 s

RET-N: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps RET-W: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps RET-E: (6 am–12 am)/bathroom/3 pumps

HK: housekeepers; RET: retired people; N: North; W: West; S: South; E: East; LR: Living room; tbsp: tablespoon.

by home-based population groups (housekeepers and retired people), in four geographical regions in Europe. The worst-case scenarios will be used for exposure and health risk assessment within the EPHECT project. These scenarios can partially be compared with the results from other studies and only in terms of quantities used for some consumer products, due to the lack of published data. Our worst-case scenarios, regarding the amount used during the application of cosmetics, show a good agreement with similar US studies and are higher than the reported EU ones. Furthermore, although in the scientific published literature, only frequency of use and quantities of products are usually reported, there is not any additional information that allows for the development of daily product use profiles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that daily worst-case scenarios are presented in the scientific literature concerning the use of a wide range of consumer products across Europe by home-based population groups.

Acknowledgements RET-N: (6 am–6 pm)/bathroom/12 h RET-W: (6 am–12 pm)/bathroom/18 h RET-E: (6 am–12 pm)/bathroom/18 h

This work was carried out as part of the EPHECT project. EPHECT is a European collaborative action, which has received funding from the European Union, in the framework of the Health Programme 2006–2013.

Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036

10

C. Dimitroulopoulou et al. / Science of the Total Environment xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Table 5 Mass of measure units used in simulations, as provided by experimental studies. Stranger et al. (2013). Product

Measure unit

Mass (g or g/s)

A1 — all-purpose cleaners (liquid) A1 — all-purpose cleaners (spray) A2 — kitchen cleaners (cream) A3 — floor cleaners (liquid) A3 — floor cleaners (cream) A4 — glass and window cleaners (spray) A5 — bathroom cleaners (spray–pump) A6 — furniture polish (spray) A6 — furniture polish (cream) A7 — floor polish (liquid) A12 — coating products (pressurised spray can) A13 — hairspray (pressurised spray can) A14 — spray deodorants (pressurised spray can) A15 — perfumes (pumps)

1 cap 1 spraying 1 tbsp 1 cap 1 tbsp 1 spraying 1 spraying 1 spraying 1 tbsp 1 cap 1 spraying 1 spraying 1 spraying 1 pump

30.54 g 0.342–0.566 g 14.3–19.4 g 37 g 16 g 0.58 g 1g 1.84–2.51 g 12.9 g 0.71–0.73 g 0.64 g/s 2.73 g/s 0.597 g/s 0.08–0.1 g

Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036.

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Please cite this article as: Dimitroulopoulou, C., et al., EPHECT I: European household survey on domestic use of consumer products and development of worst-case scenarios for daily use, Sci Total Environ (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.036