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Evaluation of focal lesions of the central nervous system produced by extreme cold
CRYOBIOLOGY Vol. 1, No. 4, 1965
ABSTRACTS Infiuence Properties
Plasma on the Lipoproteins. AND 0. FENNEMA.
SAARI, A., W. D. POWRIE, J. Food Sci., 2:): 762-765, 1964. When yolk plasma was frozen for 24 hr between -20” and -25”C, the thawed mass had a pasty consistency. After freezing and thawing plasma, only 15% of the t,otal lipoproteins were soluble in 10% NaCl. The two lipoproteins fractions, FLPLi and FLPL2 , isolated from the salt-soluble material had chemical and physical properties similar to those for native plasma lipoproteins, LPLl and LPLz . With papain treatment, heated FLPLz was degraded to the extent that all of the nitrogenous constituents were soluble in trichloroacetic acid solution. The influence of freezing LPL, at various pH values on the physical properties of the thawed solutions was examined.
on
Analysis of the Carboxyl
Hypothermia and Infection: Three Mechanisms of Host Protection in Type HI PneuEISEMAN, B., R. S. mococcal Pneumonitis.
WOTKYNS, AND H. HIROSE. Ann. Surg., 160: 994-1006, 1964. Clinical reports of the occasional use of generalized hypothermia for resistant infections are generally enthusiastic but lack objectivity or controls. Evaluation of the influence of hypothermia on the course of experimental infection has in general confirmed its protective effect upon the host. The mechanisms of host protection by hypothermia are separable into those affecting the organism and those affecting the host response. If cooling merely delays host maturity, hypothermia only delays bacterial growth and in essence holds back the clock. In this report and other experimental studies, more than mere delay occurred, The authors conclude that other mechanisms are operative and discuss them. In the final analysis, the authors conclude that the effect of hypothermia on the course of infection differs in detail depending upon the organism and the host. Hypothermia, in general, depresses both the growth rate of most bacteria pathogenic to man and the host defense mechanisms. Ultimate host benefits or detriment depend upon which suppressive effect is the most prominent.
Low TemGroups in
GERSHSTEIN, L. M., AND I. B. KRASNOV. Tsitologiia, 6: 239-241, 1964. Cervical ganglia and parts of the cerebral cortex or cats were treated as follows: One half of the specimen was frozen in Dry Ice prior to fixation in formalin-mercuric chloride mixture while the other half (control) was fixed in the same fluid at room temperature. The tissues were processed by using standard h.istological procedures and were assayed for the presence of carboxyl groups according to a modified Barrnett and Seligman method. An increase of carboxyl groups was demonstrated in tissues frozen prior to fixation as compared with controls. Protective Whole lation.
Effect of Hypothermia Blood during Extracorporeal
on
INTEREST
at 4°C through the oxygenator protected red blood cells from injury and prevented development of toxic products in plasma. Matched human blood circulated through the oxygenator for 24 hr at 37°C produced no change in blood serum or electrolytes, and there was minimal blood destruction.
of Freezing Egg Yolk of Low-Density
The Cytophotolnetric perature Effect Nervous Tissue.
OF
Canine Circu-
WILDE:R, R. J., B. F. RUSH, AND M. M. RATVICH. Ann. Surg., 160: 1057-1061, 1964. In order to test the effect of their extracorporeal apparatus on canine whole blood and plasma and to determine the protective effect of hypothermia, the authors circulated canine whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells suspended in saline around an extracorporeal unit for 6 and 15 hr, at both 37°C and 4°C. Blood electrolyte studies and blood chemistry tests were made. Aliquots of blood and plasma were infused into normal healthy animals. Studies revealed that after 2 to 6 hr of circulation, substances were produced that were lethal for dogs both in whole canine blood and in canine plasma circulated at 37°C. Hypothermic perfusion
Evaluation Nervous
of Focal Lesions System Produced
of the Central by Extreme Cold.
COE, J., AND A. K. OMMAYA. J. Neurosurg., 21: 433-444, 1964. Cortical and subcortical lesions were made with a cooling probe at varying levels of freezing (-45°C to -100°C) in the central nervous system of a number of cats and one human. Gradients of the temperature of the tissues adjacent to the foci of cooling were recorded. Edema, tendency and thrombosis were studied to hemorrhage, grossly and microscopically. The effect of nonfreezing cold on conduction in the cervical cord was also recorded. The authors conclude that lesions produced 301
302
ABSTRACTS
by extreme cold with the technique described have definite hemorrhagic characteristics with little evidence of thrombosis or predictable hemostasis, but definite signs of edema. The size and shape of the lesion are seldom predictable and do not correlate well with temperatures at the tip of one probe, being strongly influenced by the angioarchitecture of the surrounding brain. Temporary or reversible inhibition of respiratory function by temperature between -5°C and -10°C at the tip of the probe placed in the cervical cord is felt to be possible with rapidly decreasing efficiency beyond 3 mm from the center of the probe. Permanent lesions occur rapidly with temperatures below this range. Further development and evaluation of methods for applying extreme cold as a neurosurgical tool are recommended, and it is suggested that the use of freezing to produce lesions in the central nervous system offers no advantages and many disadvantages as compared to other methods in clinical use. Cooling Gradients and Brain Damage with Deep Hypothermia. ALMAND, C. H., J. C. JONES, H. M. SNYDER, S. M. GRANT, AND B. W. MEYER. J. Thor. Cardiov. Surg., 48: 890-897,
1964. Mental changes have been reported by several investigators following operations with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Brain damage has been reported as the cause of death in children undergoing cardiac operations in which deep hypothermia was used with various types of perfusion. The experiment reported was devised to determine whether the width of the cooling gradient (difference between the temperature of venous blood removed and arterial blood returned) had an effect upon brain damage in the dog. Mongrel dogs were operated on and placed on cardiopulmonary bypass. Four animals were cooled rapidly with a temperature gradient of 20°C or greater. Three animals were cooled with a gradient between 13°C and 15°C. Six animals were cooled slowly with a gradient between 4°C and 6°C. Microscopic and clinical evidence is presented indicating that rapid cooling with wide cooling gradients affords inadequate protection to the brain and subjects the animal to brain damage. This problem can be largely circumvented by cooling slowly with maintenance of a narrow gradient. Heart Preservation in Vitro with Hyperbaric Hypothermia. BLOCH, Oxygenation and J. H., W. G. MANAX, 2. EYAL, AND R. C. LILLEHEI. J. Thor. Cardiov. Surg., 48: 969-979, 1964.
This report
describes
a series of heart homotrans-
OF INTEREST plantations between adult mongrel dogs in which the heart is maintained at hyperbaric, hypothermic conditions for periods of 24,48,72,96, and 120 hr (3.3 atm with a gas mixture of 990/, oxygen and lo/o carbon dioxide, at a temperature of 0” to 4°C). Thirty hearts preserved in this fashion resumed a coordinated ventricular beat after revascularixation following storage periods up to 48 hr. Control hearts stored at 1 atm at 37”C, 1 atm at +4”C, and 3.3 atm at 37°C showed no evidence of viability when transplanted after 24 hr of storage. The reasons for successful storage of the heart under these conditions is discussed. Survival of Newborn Ground Squirrels after Supercooling or Freezing. POPOVIC, P., AND V. POPOVIC. Amer. J. Physiol., 2OQ: 949-952,
1963. Six of seven a-day-old ground squirrels survived without any harmful consequences 11 hr of supercooling to body temperatures of -3” to -4°C. Longer exposure at the same body temperature was not followed by survival. Of 12 ground squirrels which were kept at stabilized body temperatures of -6°C and -8°C for 5 hr, 10 animals survived. Electrical activity of the heart was not detectable when the body temperature of ground squirrels was below -2°C. Immersion of newborn ground squirrels in a -35°C alcohol-Dry-Ice mixture caused their bodies to freeze after 15 to 20 set, suddenly turning white and rigid. Ground squirrels survived freezing which lasted less than 2 min. At the end of a 2-min immersion, the esophageal temperature of cooled animals was -10” to -15°C. Effeet of High Oxygen Pressure on Ground Squirrels in Hypothermia and Hibernation. POPOVIC, V., R. GERSCHMAN, AND D. L. GILBERT. Amer. J. Physiol., 206: 4950, 1964.
The protective role of hypothermia has been demonstrated in barometric depression or hypoxia, in X-irradiation, after intoxication with carbon monoxide or other substances, after severe hemorrhage, or after insulin shock. In the present work ground squirrels (hibernators) in three different metabolic states (euthermia, hypothermia, and hibernation) were exposed to 6 atm of pure oxygen and their survival was measured. The hibernating ground squirrels exposed to 6 atm of pure oxygen lived for over 18 hr, the hypothermic ground squirrels for over 6 hr, and euthermic ground squirrels lived for !s hr only. The values for oxygen consumption of ground squirrels in three different physiological states-hibernation, hypothermia, and euthermia-were in the proportion of 1:12:40, while the survival times
ABSTRACTS Infiuence Properties
Plasma on the Lipoproteins. AND 0. FENNEMA.
SAARI, A., W. D. POWRIE, J. Food Sci., 2:): 762-765, 1964. When yolk plasma was frozen for 24 hr between -20” and -25”C, the thawed mass had a pasty consistency. After freezing and thawing plasma, only 15% of the t,otal lipoproteins were soluble in 10% NaCl. The two lipoproteins fractions, FLPLi and FLPL2 , isolated from the salt-soluble material had chemical and physical properties similar to those for native plasma lipoproteins, LPLl and LPLz . With papain treatment, heated FLPLz was degraded to the extent that all of the nitrogenous constituents were soluble in trichloroacetic acid solution. The influence of freezing LPL, at various pH values on the physical properties of the thawed solutions was examined.
on
Analysis of the Carboxyl
Hypothermia and Infection: Three Mechanisms of Host Protection in Type HI PneuEISEMAN, B., R. S. mococcal Pneumonitis.
WOTKYNS, AND H. HIROSE. Ann. Surg., 160: 994-1006, 1964. Clinical reports of the occasional use of generalized hypothermia for resistant infections are generally enthusiastic but lack objectivity or controls. Evaluation of the influence of hypothermia on the course of experimental infection has in general confirmed its protective effect upon the host. The mechanisms of host protection by hypothermia are separable into those affecting the organism and those affecting the host response. If cooling merely delays host maturity, hypothermia only delays bacterial growth and in essence holds back the clock. In this report and other experimental studies, more than mere delay occurred, The authors conclude that other mechanisms are operative and discuss them. In the final analysis, the authors conclude that the effect of hypothermia on the course of infection differs in detail depending upon the organism and the host. Hypothermia, in general, depresses both the growth rate of most bacteria pathogenic to man and the host defense mechanisms. Ultimate host benefits or detriment depend upon which suppressive effect is the most prominent.
Low TemGroups in
GERSHSTEIN, L. M., AND I. B. KRASNOV. Tsitologiia, 6: 239-241, 1964. Cervical ganglia and parts of the cerebral cortex or cats were treated as follows: One half of the specimen was frozen in Dry Ice prior to fixation in formalin-mercuric chloride mixture while the other half (control) was fixed in the same fluid at room temperature. The tissues were processed by using standard h.istological procedures and were assayed for the presence of carboxyl groups according to a modified Barrnett and Seligman method. An increase of carboxyl groups was demonstrated in tissues frozen prior to fixation as compared with controls. Protective Whole lation.
Effect of Hypothermia Blood during Extracorporeal
on
INTEREST
at 4°C through the oxygenator protected red blood cells from injury and prevented development of toxic products in plasma. Matched human blood circulated through the oxygenator for 24 hr at 37°C produced no change in blood serum or electrolytes, and there was minimal blood destruction.
of Freezing Egg Yolk of Low-Density
The Cytophotolnetric perature Effect Nervous Tissue.
OF
Canine Circu-
WILDE:R, R. J., B. F. RUSH, AND M. M. RATVICH. Ann. Surg., 160: 1057-1061, 1964. In order to test the effect of their extracorporeal apparatus on canine whole blood and plasma and to determine the protective effect of hypothermia, the authors circulated canine whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells suspended in saline around an extracorporeal unit for 6 and 15 hr, at both 37°C and 4°C. Blood electrolyte studies and blood chemistry tests were made. Aliquots of blood and plasma were infused into normal healthy animals. Studies revealed that after 2 to 6 hr of circulation, substances were produced that were lethal for dogs both in whole canine blood and in canine plasma circulated at 37°C. Hypothermic perfusion
Evaluation Nervous
of Focal Lesions System Produced
of the Central by Extreme Cold.
COE, J., AND A. K. OMMAYA. J. Neurosurg., 21: 433-444, 1964. Cortical and subcortical lesions were made with a cooling probe at varying levels of freezing (-45°C to -100°C) in the central nervous system of a number of cats and one human. Gradients of the temperature of the tissues adjacent to the foci of cooling were recorded. Edema, tendency and thrombosis were studied to hemorrhage, grossly and microscopically. The effect of nonfreezing cold on conduction in the cervical cord was also recorded. The authors conclude that lesions produced 301
302
ABSTRACTS
by extreme cold with the technique described have definite hemorrhagic characteristics with little evidence of thrombosis or predictable hemostasis, but definite signs of edema. The size and shape of the lesion are seldom predictable and do not correlate well with temperatures at the tip of one probe, being strongly influenced by the angioarchitecture of the surrounding brain. Temporary or reversible inhibition of respiratory function by temperature between -5°C and -10°C at the tip of the probe placed in the cervical cord is felt to be possible with rapidly decreasing efficiency beyond 3 mm from the center of the probe. Permanent lesions occur rapidly with temperatures below this range. Further development and evaluation of methods for applying extreme cold as a neurosurgical tool are recommended, and it is suggested that the use of freezing to produce lesions in the central nervous system offers no advantages and many disadvantages as compared to other methods in clinical use. Cooling Gradients and Brain Damage with Deep Hypothermia. ALMAND, C. H., J. C. JONES, H. M. SNYDER, S. M. GRANT, AND B. W. MEYER. J. Thor. Cardiov. Surg., 48: 890-897,
1964. Mental changes have been reported by several investigators following operations with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Brain damage has been reported as the cause of death in children undergoing cardiac operations in which deep hypothermia was used with various types of perfusion. The experiment reported was devised to determine whether the width of the cooling gradient (difference between the temperature of venous blood removed and arterial blood returned) had an effect upon brain damage in the dog. Mongrel dogs were operated on and placed on cardiopulmonary bypass. Four animals were cooled rapidly with a temperature gradient of 20°C or greater. Three animals were cooled with a gradient between 13°C and 15°C. Six animals were cooled slowly with a gradient between 4°C and 6°C. Microscopic and clinical evidence is presented indicating that rapid cooling with wide cooling gradients affords inadequate protection to the brain and subjects the animal to brain damage. This problem can be largely circumvented by cooling slowly with maintenance of a narrow gradient. Heart Preservation in Vitro with Hyperbaric Hypothermia. BLOCH, Oxygenation and J. H., W. G. MANAX, 2. EYAL, AND R. C. LILLEHEI. J. Thor. Cardiov. Surg., 48: 969-979, 1964.
This report
describes
a series of heart homotrans-
OF INTEREST plantations between adult mongrel dogs in which the heart is maintained at hyperbaric, hypothermic conditions for periods of 24,48,72,96, and 120 hr (3.3 atm with a gas mixture of 990/, oxygen and lo/o carbon dioxide, at a temperature of 0” to 4°C). Thirty hearts preserved in this fashion resumed a coordinated ventricular beat after revascularixation following storage periods up to 48 hr. Control hearts stored at 1 atm at 37”C, 1 atm at +4”C, and 3.3 atm at 37°C showed no evidence of viability when transplanted after 24 hr of storage. The reasons for successful storage of the heart under these conditions is discussed. Survival of Newborn Ground Squirrels after Supercooling or Freezing. POPOVIC, P., AND V. POPOVIC. Amer. J. Physiol., 2OQ: 949-952,
1963. Six of seven a-day-old ground squirrels survived without any harmful consequences 11 hr of supercooling to body temperatures of -3” to -4°C. Longer exposure at the same body temperature was not followed by survival. Of 12 ground squirrels which were kept at stabilized body temperatures of -6°C and -8°C for 5 hr, 10 animals survived. Electrical activity of the heart was not detectable when the body temperature of ground squirrels was below -2°C. Immersion of newborn ground squirrels in a -35°C alcohol-Dry-Ice mixture caused their bodies to freeze after 15 to 20 set, suddenly turning white and rigid. Ground squirrels survived freezing which lasted less than 2 min. At the end of a 2-min immersion, the esophageal temperature of cooled animals was -10” to -15°C. Effeet of High Oxygen Pressure on Ground Squirrels in Hypothermia and Hibernation. POPOVIC, V., R. GERSCHMAN, AND D. L. GILBERT. Amer. J. Physiol., 206: 4950, 1964.
The protective role of hypothermia has been demonstrated in barometric depression or hypoxia, in X-irradiation, after intoxication with carbon monoxide or other substances, after severe hemorrhage, or after insulin shock. In the present work ground squirrels (hibernators) in three different metabolic states (euthermia, hypothermia, and hibernation) were exposed to 6 atm of pure oxygen and their survival was measured. The hibernating ground squirrels exposed to 6 atm of pure oxygen lived for over 18 hr, the hypothermic ground squirrels for over 6 hr, and euthermic ground squirrels lived for !s hr only. The values for oxygen consumption of ground squirrels in three different physiological states-hibernation, hypothermia, and euthermia-were in the proportion of 1:12:40, while the survival times