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Evaluation of worksite adaptations
16.3.18 (89464)
Baggett, P. Four principles for designing instructions. IEEE Transactions on I'roJessional Communication. 1983. PC-26.3, 9 9 - 1 0 5 . This paper gives four principles for preparing multi-media instructional sequences and exoerimental methods for applying the orinciples. It, also describc, s the empirical ext)crimcllts on which the principles are based. Principle 1 is a criterion for good terminology for unfamiliar objects, actions and situations, with methods for deriving such ternlinology. Principle 2 tells how to overlap visual and spoken elements in time (as in a movie or lecture with slides) to form good associations. Principle 3 states that division of instructions into conceptual units should agree with people's natural conceptualisation. A method is presented for finding the natural conceptualisation. Principle 4 treats mixing audiovisual instruction with hands-on practice in learning a procedure.
Controls 16.3.19 (89474) Drury, C.G., and Pizatella, T. Hand placement in manual materials handling. Human Factors, 1983, 25.5, 551-562. This paper reviews the use of handles on containers and manually propelled vehicles. It is concluded that handle shape and size are relatively easy to define, but placement of handles on containers represents a more difficult problem. Laboratory and field studies of hand and handle placement are reviewed with the conclusion that handles should be placed so as to give both horizontal and vertical stability, except for heavy lifting, in which a symmetrical handle placement may be preferred, as it minimises arm forces.
Workplace layout and equipment design 16.3.20 (894?8) Domines, M., and Kjellstrom, R. Evaluation of worksite adaptations. In ternational Journal o f Rehabilitation Research, 1984, 7.1, 56 --57. ] h e team on work environment at the Swedish Institute for the Handicapped is, among other things, dealing with advice on worksite adaptations and recommendations on technical aids for persons with reduced working capacity. The research project concerns a systematic follow-up of
230
technical aids and special adaptations on worksites for disabled persons during 1978. The purpose of the research was to identify the changes existing m the work situation after lhc realisa(ion of Ihe adaptation.
gr()tlnL] workpla,cs ,..=.~ [tc.,,Hnc n,llk i lllOre supporlive, rcsp,,,nsJw ,tilL!
16,3.21 (89481)
ot lhe ~.ab ill tile Re5 engine. Part !: Ergonomic analysis ( Utvardering a~ t:orarhytten i Lok Typ Re5. l)el i. tirgonomisk Analys). Part 2: Interviews
:lcccpt:lble 10 I h c i r oc, !i;,~ll:.
10.3.23 t 89483/89484, Hedberg, G., and Wikstrom, t . I { r g o n o l n i v e v a l u , l t i o l l ol illlployClllenl,,
Wichman, H. Shifting from traditional to open offices: Problems suggest design principles. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the [:irst Symposium held m ]lonolulu, Ilawaii, 21 -. 24 August 1984, Edited by tl.W. Hendrick and O. Brown. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1q84, pp 119 124. This paper reports the lessons learned in two studies of office design and one of informal dormitory innovations made by students. One o1 the office design studies followed the move of a small ( 100 employees) hightech service company employing white-collar workers from a traditional office building to an open-plan office building nearby. The other study was an evaluation of an open-plan office that had been in operation for IV2 years. This office system, which occupied the entire top floor of a building, was compared with a traditional office system in the same organisation. Certain problems appeared to be characteristic of open plan-offices (e g, visual and auditory distractions) and were often difficult to deal with or not dealt with at all. This paper provides a set of guiding principles for dealing with such problems and gives illustrations of the application of the principles. 16.3.22 (89482)
Wise, J.A., and Wise, B.K. Humanising the underground workplace: Environmental problems and design solutions. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the First Symposium held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 21 24 August 1984, Edited by H.W. ttendrick and O. Brown. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1984, pp 125135. Underground workplaces represent a major source of unused potential for American buildings. While they provide strong economic incentives, particularly in life-cycle costs, they have proven less than acceptable with the workers who inhabit them. This paper reviews the major human factors problems with underground workplaces and assesses how they may be resolved through appropriate strategies of environmental and organisational design. With the sorts of modifications outlined here, under-
AppliedErgonomics September 1985
of engine drivers and measures
recommended. Del 2 Intervju reed Lokforare Saint Forslag till Atgarder). (In Swedish.} National Boardol Occupational Sateta, and llealth IArbetarskyddstyrelsen I. Solna. Sweden. Investigation Report N~, 1984: I. 46 pp; Iqg4:?.(~7 pp. l'he study in Part 1 aimed at an ergonomics analysis of the cab in the Re5 engine (ASEA, Sweden). The investigation was restricted to working posture and movements during work, boarding and alighting. Criteria for optimal design of the workstation from an ergononlics viewpoint are presented. Recommended values are compared with actual values in the Re5 cab. Finally the study pin-points details in the cab which are badly or wrongly designed. In Part 2, engine drivers" opinions concerning the cab design of a new engine (Rc5, ASEA, Sweden) are surveyed. The aim was to recommend further improvements based on the survey and an ergonomics analysis of the new cab. Fifty engine drivers from the north of Sweden (Ange, Vannas and Boden) who had been driving the new engine were randomly selected. A specially designed questionnaire was used. Most of the drivers considered the new cab better than the old one (Re4) in several respects. Especially appreciated was the adjustable footstool, on which the safety pedal is mounted. This enables the driving position to be individually adjusted. The drivers also preferred the new position of the automatic brake valve. On the other hand, approximately 50ql of lhc drivers felt that lhe state brake valve, the shunting controller and the reset for the safety indicating light were badly placed. Nearly all of them felt that the communication radio worked badly. A number of proposals for further inlprovements to the cab are presented, in order to achieve a driver's cab of optimal design. 16.3.24 (89701)
Liker, J.K., Joseph, B.S., and Armstrong, T.J. From ergonomic theory to practice: Organisational factors affecting the utilisation of ergonomic knowledge. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the First Symposium held in
Baggett, P. Four principles for designing instructions. IEEE Transactions on I'roJessional Communication. 1983. PC-26.3, 9 9 - 1 0 5 . This paper gives four principles for preparing multi-media instructional sequences and exoerimental methods for applying the orinciples. It, also describc, s the empirical ext)crimcllts on which the principles are based. Principle 1 is a criterion for good terminology for unfamiliar objects, actions and situations, with methods for deriving such ternlinology. Principle 2 tells how to overlap visual and spoken elements in time (as in a movie or lecture with slides) to form good associations. Principle 3 states that division of instructions into conceptual units should agree with people's natural conceptualisation. A method is presented for finding the natural conceptualisation. Principle 4 treats mixing audiovisual instruction with hands-on practice in learning a procedure.
Controls 16.3.19 (89474) Drury, C.G., and Pizatella, T. Hand placement in manual materials handling. Human Factors, 1983, 25.5, 551-562. This paper reviews the use of handles on containers and manually propelled vehicles. It is concluded that handle shape and size are relatively easy to define, but placement of handles on containers represents a more difficult problem. Laboratory and field studies of hand and handle placement are reviewed with the conclusion that handles should be placed so as to give both horizontal and vertical stability, except for heavy lifting, in which a symmetrical handle placement may be preferred, as it minimises arm forces.
Workplace layout and equipment design 16.3.20 (894?8) Domines, M., and Kjellstrom, R. Evaluation of worksite adaptations. In ternational Journal o f Rehabilitation Research, 1984, 7.1, 56 --57. ] h e team on work environment at the Swedish Institute for the Handicapped is, among other things, dealing with advice on worksite adaptations and recommendations on technical aids for persons with reduced working capacity. The research project concerns a systematic follow-up of
230
technical aids and special adaptations on worksites for disabled persons during 1978. The purpose of the research was to identify the changes existing m the work situation after lhc realisa(ion of Ihe adaptation.
gr()tlnL] workpla,cs ,..=.~ [tc.,,Hnc n,llk i lllOre supporlive, rcsp,,,nsJw ,tilL!
16,3.21 (89481)
ot lhe ~.ab ill tile Re5 engine. Part !: Ergonomic analysis ( Utvardering a~ t:orarhytten i Lok Typ Re5. l)el i. tirgonomisk Analys). Part 2: Interviews
:lcccpt:lble 10 I h c i r oc, !i;,~ll:.
10.3.23 t 89483/89484, Hedberg, G., and Wikstrom, t . I { r g o n o l n i v e v a l u , l t i o l l ol illlployClllenl,,
Wichman, H. Shifting from traditional to open offices: Problems suggest design principles. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the [:irst Symposium held m ]lonolulu, Ilawaii, 21 -. 24 August 1984, Edited by tl.W. Hendrick and O. Brown. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1q84, pp 119 124. This paper reports the lessons learned in two studies of office design and one of informal dormitory innovations made by students. One o1 the office design studies followed the move of a small ( 100 employees) hightech service company employing white-collar workers from a traditional office building to an open-plan office building nearby. The other study was an evaluation of an open-plan office that had been in operation for IV2 years. This office system, which occupied the entire top floor of a building, was compared with a traditional office system in the same organisation. Certain problems appeared to be characteristic of open plan-offices (e g, visual and auditory distractions) and were often difficult to deal with or not dealt with at all. This paper provides a set of guiding principles for dealing with such problems and gives illustrations of the application of the principles. 16.3.22 (89482)
Wise, J.A., and Wise, B.K. Humanising the underground workplace: Environmental problems and design solutions. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the First Symposium held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 21 24 August 1984, Edited by H.W. ttendrick and O. Brown. NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1984, pp 125135. Underground workplaces represent a major source of unused potential for American buildings. While they provide strong economic incentives, particularly in life-cycle costs, they have proven less than acceptable with the workers who inhabit them. This paper reviews the major human factors problems with underground workplaces and assesses how they may be resolved through appropriate strategies of environmental and organisational design. With the sorts of modifications outlined here, under-
AppliedErgonomics September 1985
of engine drivers and measures
recommended. Del 2 Intervju reed Lokforare Saint Forslag till Atgarder). (In Swedish.} National Boardol Occupational Sateta, and llealth IArbetarskyddstyrelsen I. Solna. Sweden. Investigation Report N~, 1984: I. 46 pp; Iqg4:?.(~7 pp. l'he study in Part 1 aimed at an ergonomics analysis of the cab in the Re5 engine (ASEA, Sweden). The investigation was restricted to working posture and movements during work, boarding and alighting. Criteria for optimal design of the workstation from an ergononlics viewpoint are presented. Recommended values are compared with actual values in the Re5 cab. Finally the study pin-points details in the cab which are badly or wrongly designed. In Part 2, engine drivers" opinions concerning the cab design of a new engine (Rc5, ASEA, Sweden) are surveyed. The aim was to recommend further improvements based on the survey and an ergonomics analysis of the new cab. Fifty engine drivers from the north of Sweden (Ange, Vannas and Boden) who had been driving the new engine were randomly selected. A specially designed questionnaire was used. Most of the drivers considered the new cab better than the old one (Re4) in several respects. Especially appreciated was the adjustable footstool, on which the safety pedal is mounted. This enables the driving position to be individually adjusted. The drivers also preferred the new position of the automatic brake valve. On the other hand, approximately 50ql of lhc drivers felt that lhe state brake valve, the shunting controller and the reset for the safety indicating light were badly placed. Nearly all of them felt that the communication radio worked badly. A number of proposals for further inlprovements to the cab are presented, in order to achieve a driver's cab of optimal design. 16.3.24 (89701)
Liker, J.K., Joseph, B.S., and Armstrong, T.J. From ergonomic theory to practice: Organisational factors affecting the utilisation of ergonomic knowledge. In: Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management, Proceedings of the First Symposium held in