- Email: [email protected]
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V
Procedia Manufacturing Volume 1, 2015, Pages 429–441 43rd Proceedings of the North American Manufacturing Research Institution of SME http://www.sme.org/namrc
([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRI 0LFURVWUXFWXUH(YROXWLRQGXULQJ/LQHDU)ULFWLRQ :HOGLQJRI7L$O9 *LDQOXFD%XIIDD 'DYLGH&DPSDQHOODE0DUFR&DPPDOOHULF$QWRQLQR 'XFDWRG$QWRQHOOR$VWDULWDH$QWRQLQR6TXLOODFHI6HUJLR(VSRVLWRJDQG /LYDQ)UDWLQLK
'HSWRI&KHPLFDO0DQDJHPHQW&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI 3DOHUPR,WDO\ 'HSWRI&KHPLFDO0DWHULDOVDQG,QGXVWULDO3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI1DSOHV,WDO\ 0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG$VVHPEO\5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW$OHQLD$HUPDFFKL6S$,WDO\ D JLDQOXFDEXIID#XQLSDLWEGDYLGHFDPSDQHOOD#XQLSDLWFPDUFRFDPPDOOHUL#XQLSDLW G DQWRQLQRGXFDWR#XQLSDLWHDQWRQHOORDVWDULWD#XQLQDLWIVTXLOODF#XQLQDLW J VHUJLRHVSRVLWR#DOHQLDLW
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
2351-9789 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the NAMRI Scientific Committee doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.053
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
,QWURGXFWLRQ /LQHDU)ULFWLRQ:HOGLQJ /): LVDVROLGVWDWHZHOGLQJSURFHVVDEOHWRMRLQWZRFRPSRQHQWVPDGH RXW RI VDPH RU GLIIHUHQW PDWHULDOV E\ PHDQV RI WKH KHDW FUHDWHG E\ IULFWLRQ JHQHUDWHG DW WKH FRQWDFW LQWHUIDFH /LHWDOE 'XULQJWKHSURFHVVGLIIHUHQWVWDJHVFDQEHLGHQWLILHG /LHWDOE ILUVW GXULQJWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHDUHFLSURFDWLQJPRWLRQLVJLYHQWRRQHZRUNSLHFHZKLOHDIRUJLQJSUHVVXUHLV DSSOLHGRQWKHRWKHU7KHFRPELQHGDFWLRQRISUHVVXUHDQGIULFWLRQIRUFHVZRUNJHQHUDWHVKHDWFDXVLQJ PDWHULDOVRIWHQLQJZKLFKLVUHTXLUHGWRUHDFKWKHSURSHUSODVWLFFRQGLWLRQVDWWKHFRQWDFWLQWHUIDFHDQG DFWLYDWH VROLG ERQGLQJ 'XULQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VWDJH WKH DFWXDO FRQWDFW VXUIDFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ZRUNSLHFHVEHFRPHRIWKHJHRPHWULFVXUIDFHGXHWRWKHHURVLRQRIDVSHULWLHV$VWKHSURFHVVJRHV RQSDUWRIWKHZRUNSLHFHVPDWHULDOLVH[SHOOHGIURPERWKWKHVLGHVDQGWKHIURQWRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDQG DQ HTXLOLEULXP VWDJH LV UHDFKHG )LQDOO\ WKH UHODWLYH PRYHPHQW RI WKH WZR SDUWV LV VWRSSHG DQG WKH QRUPDOSUHVVXUHLVLQFUHDVHG 9DLULVDQG)URVW $IWHUWKHODVWSKDVHWKHMRLQWLVFRROHGGRZQLQ RUGHUWRFRQVROLGDWHWKHZHOGHG]RQH7KHKHDWJHQHUDWHGGXULQJWKHSURFHVVLVFRQWUROOHGE\UHJXODWLQJ DPSOLWXGHDQGIUHTXHQF\ RIWKH UHFLSURFDWLQJPRWLRQ 9DLULVDQG)URVW 7KHSURFHVVKDVEHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG HIIHFWLYH LQ ZHOGLQJ VLPLODU DQG GLVVLPLODU MRLQWV RI DOXPLQXP DOOR\V VWHHOV QLFNHO DOOR\VDQGWLWDQLXPDOOR\V %KDPMLHWDO ,QSDUWLFXODUWKHXVHRIWLWDQLXPDOOR\VLQDHURQDXWLF LVUHPDUNDEO\LQFUHDVHGLQWKHODVWGHFDGHVERWKIRUHQJLQHDQGDHURVWUXFWXUHFRPSRQHQWVWKDQNVWR WKHLU H[FHOOHQW PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK &)53 /L HW DO E 7UDGLWLRQDOIXVLRQZHOGLQJKDUGO\UHVXOWLQVDWLVI\LQJPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHMRLQW/): DVDVROLGVWDWHZHOGLQJSURFHVVFDQUHSUHVHQWDQHIIHFWLYHVROXWLRQ 7KH DOOR\ XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK DFWLYLW\ LH 7L$O9 DV DQ DOSKD EHWD DOOR\ PD\ VKRZGLIIHUHQWYROXPHIUDFWLRQVRIDOSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHVGHSHQGLQJRQKHDWWUHDWPHQWDQGLQWHUVWLWLDO SULPDULO\R[\JHQ FRQWHQW /LXDQG:HOVFK 0RUHRYHULWFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DYDULHW\RI PLFURVWUXFWXUHVZLWKGLIIHUHQWDUUDQJHPHQWVRIWKHDOSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSDUWLFXODU WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDOWUHDWPHQWH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHPDWHULDO:KHQWKHSODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQRFFXUVEHORZ WKH EHWD WUDQVXV WHPSHUDWXUH DERXW & IRU WKH FRQVLGHUHG DOOR\ WKH ILQDO PLFURVWUXFWXUH ZLOO EH ELPRGDOZLWKDOSKDODPHOODHRIVPDOOHUGLPHQVLRQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKHQWKHPDWHULDOLVGHIRUPHG DWWHPSHUDWXUHLQH[FHVVRIWKHEHWDWUDQVXVDIXOO\ODPHOODUVWUXFWXUHLVREWDLQHG $VWDULWDHWDOF %UXVFKLHWDO 'XHWRWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHSURFHVVGHVLJQEHFDXVHRIWKHQHHGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWDWWKHVDPH WLPHWHFKQRORJLFDOJHRPHWULFDODQGPHWDOOXUJLFDOYDULDEOHVWKHXVHRIDQXPHULFDOPRGHOFDQEHYHU\ XVHIXO LQWKH HQJLQHHULQJ RI/): RI WLWDQLXP DOOR\V /LWHUDWXUH RQ /): QXPHULFDO PRGHOLQJ FRXQWV IHZ SDSHUV 9DLULV DQG PRVW RI WKHP FRQVLGHU WKH SURFHVV DV PRGHOHG E\ PHDQV RI D ' DSSURDFKLQZKLFKRQHRIWKHMRLQLQJVDPSOHVLVFRQVLGHUHGULJLGDQGWKHSURFHVVLVVSOLWLQWZRSDUWV FRQVLGHULQJWKHWKHUPDODVSHFWDQGWKHPHFKDQLFDORQHDVVHSDUDWHG.LVHO\HYDHWDO .LVHO\HYDHWDO LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUDO HYROXWLRQ RI WZR Įȕ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
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
PHFKDQLFDORXWSXWYDULDEOHVRIWKHSURFHVV0RUHRYHUWKHGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH]RQHRIFRPSOHWHFRQWDFW EHWZHHQMRLQLQJSDUWVZDVREVHUYHG
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
431
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
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
)LJXUH 7KH/):PDFKLQHSURWRW\SH
7KHVSHFLPHQVDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KHLJKWRIPPDQGFURVVVHFWLRQDOGLPHQVLRQVDWWKHFRQWDFW LQWHUIDFHHTXDOWRPP[PP(DFKWHVWZDVUHSHDWHGWKUHHWLPHVVKRZLQJH[FHOOHQWUHSHDWDELOLW\LQ WHUPVRIVRXQGRUSRRUZHOGREWDLQHG7KUHHFDVHVWXGLHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQRI RVFLOODWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ DQG SUHVVXUH LH E\ GLIIHUHQW KHDW LQSXW ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG ,Q WKLV ZD\ ORZ PHGLXPDQGKLJKKHDWLQSXWLQWRWKHZHOGVZHUHREWDLQHG 7DEOH &DVHVWXG\ )UHTXHQF\I>+]@ 3UHVVXUHS>03D@ /RZ 0HGLXP +LJK
7DEOH &RQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXGLHV
7KH WHVW FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH SUHVVXUH DQG IUHTXHQF\ YDOXHV RI 03D DQG +] UHVSHFWLYHO\ UHVXOWHGLQDVRXQGMRLQWDQGZDVFRQVLGHUHGDVUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHZHOGHGMRLQWV REWDLQHGIRUWKHWKUHHFDVHVWXGLHV
432
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH :HOGVREWDLQHGZLWK D ORZ E PHGLXPDQG F KLJKKHDWLQSXW
7KH XVHG PDWHULDO LV 7L$O9 WLWDQLXP DOOR\ )LJXUH VKRZV WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI WKH SDUHQW PDWHULDOFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DELSKDVLFVWUXFWXUH Įȕ ZLWKĮHTXLD[HGJUDLQVDQGLQWHUJUDQXODUȕSKDVH 7KH('6DQDO\VLV VHHPDJQLILHGSDUWRI)LJXUH KLJKOLJKWVWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDVZHOODVWKH EULJKWHUDUHDVQDPHO\WKHȕSKDVHULFKLQȕVWDELOL]LQJHOHPHQWV YDQDGLXPDQGLURQ DQGWKHGDUNHU DUHDVULFKLQDOXPLQXPQDPHO\WKHĮSKDVH 7KHVSHFLPHQVIRUWKHPHWDOORJUDSKLFDQDO\VLVZHUHSUHSDUHGDFFRUGLQJWR$670(VWDQGDUG SURFHGXUHVDQGHWFKHGZLWK+)VROXWLRQ2EVHUYDWLRQVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ 6(0 WKH HOHPHQWDO DQDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ ('6 9LFNHUV PLFURKDUGQHVV PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH PRGLILFDWLRQV LQGXFHG E\ WKH ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKHMRLQW
)LJXUH 0LFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHDVUHFHLYHG7LDO9
1XPHULFDOPRGHOVHWXS 7KH VLPXODWLRQ FDPSDLJQ ZDV FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ D WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDOO\ FRXSOHG ' PRGHO ZLWK ERWKGHIRUPDEOHVDPSOHVKDYLQJWKHVDPHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHUHDOVSHFLPHQV )LJXUH
433
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH D 'YLHZRIVSHFLPHQVZLWKV\PPHWU\SODQHDQGPRYHPHQWGLUHFWLRQV E IURQWYLHZRIZRUNSLHFH ZLWKPHVKGLVWULEXWLRQZLWKHOHPHQWVL]H]RQHV \HOORZPPJUHHQPPRUDQJHPP
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|GHUHWDO RQ/):SURFHVVRI7L$O9D PHDQ YDOXH RI WKH IULFWLRQ IDFWRU HTXDO WR ZDV PHDVXUHG GXULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWV ZKLOH D SHDN YDOXH RI DERXW ZDV REVHUYHG ,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH DXWKRUV FRQVLGHUHG D IL[HG YDOXH RI 1R FRQVWUDLQHGQRGHVZHUH FRQVLGHUHGWROLPLWWKHPDWHULDOIORZRIWKHIUHHVXUIDFHVRIWKHVSHFLPHQDV ZHOODVQRULJLGERGLHVZLWK8VKDSHWRJXLGHHDFKVDPSOHZDVPRGHOHGZKLOHVWLFNLQJFRQGLWLRQZHUH XVHG DW HDFK GLHZRUNSLHFH LQWHUIDFH LQ RUGHU WR JXLGH HDFK VDPSOH E\ PHDQV RI DVVLJQHG GLH PRYHPHQWV 434
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
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
)LJXUH )LQDOVKDSHRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDWWKHHQGRIVLPXODWLRQDIWHUIODVKUHPRYDO PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\
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
435
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
TXLFNO\GHFUHDVHVDORQJWKHVSHFLPHQKHLJKWEHLQJHTXDOWRDERXWWKHKDOIRIWKHSHDNWHPSHUDWXUHDWD GLVWDQFHRIPPIURPWKHFRQWDFWLQWHUIDFH
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQIRUWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\ FRQWDFWVXUIDFHDQGODWHUDOYLHZ V\PPHWU\ SODQHVLGH
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
0HGLXP
+LJK
7HPSHUDWXUH>°&@
7LPH>VHF@
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHKLVWRULHVIRUSRLQW3IRUWKHWKUHHFRQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXGLHV
$V GHVFULEHG LQ WKH SDUDJUDSK WKH XWLOL]HG QXPHULFDO PRGHO LV DEOH WR SUHGLFW WKH SKDVH GLVWULEXWLRQGXULQJWKHSURFHVV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHDOSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHGLVWULEXWLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKH ZHOGLQJSURFHVV
436
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH $OSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRUWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\ FRQWDFWVXUIDFHDQGODWHUDOYLHZ V\PPHWU\SODQHVLGH
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°&@
7LPH>VHF@
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHYVWLPHGXULQJFRROGRZQ PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\SRLQW3
7KH HYROXWLRQ RI WKH SKDVH YROXPH IUDFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV DQG WKH VXEVHTXHQW FRRO GRZQ LV VKRZQLQ)LJXUH
437
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH 3KDVHYROXPHIUDFWLRQHYROXWLRQGXULQJ D ZHOGLQJDQG E FRROGRZQ PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\SRLQW3
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ĮSKDVH WKH GDUNHU SDUW LQ WKH ILJXUH DQG D ȕ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ĮSKDVH LV QRW HDVLO\ GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH E\ ȕSKDVH $ GLIIHUHQW PLFURVWUXFWXUH LV REVHUYHG DW WKH SHULSKHU\ RI WKH FRQWDFW VXUIDFH,QILJXUHWKHPLFURJUDSKRI SRLQW4 VHH )LJXUH LVVKRZQ$ ELPRGDOPLFURVWUXFWXUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ JOREXODU DOSKD JUDLQV DQG DOSKDEHWD ODPHOODH LV IRXQG 7KH QRQFRPSOHWH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH JOREXODU DOSKD LQWR EHWD GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH EHWD WUDQVXV WHPSHUDWXUHZDVQRWUHDFKHG,QWKLVZD\RQO\WKHIUDFWLRQRIEHWDSUHVHQWLQWKLVDUHDDWWKHHQGRIWKH SURFHVVFDQWUDQVIRUPLQWRDOSKDEHWDODPHOODHGXULQJWKHFRROGRZQ
438
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH 0LFURJUDSKVRIWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\DORQJWKH[D[LV D WUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQSDUHQWPDWHULDODQG 70$= E WUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQ70$=DQGZHOG]RQH F PDJQLILFDWLRQRIWKHZHOG]RQHPLFURVWUXFWXUH
)LJXUH 0LFURJUDSKVRISRLQW4 VHH)LJXUH RIWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\
)LQDOO\9LFNHUVPLFURKDUGQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHWKUHHGLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKH VSHFLPHQ 7DEOH 7KHLQGHQWDWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGZLWKDQDSSOLHGORDGRIJ DWOHDVWVL[YDOLG PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWKLQ HDFK VLQJOH ]RQH 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH DSSOLHG ORDGV ZDV PDGH DFFRUGLQJWRWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHGLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKHMRLQWLQRUGHUWRKDYHDOOWKHLQGHQWDWLRQV ODUJH HQRXJK WR DYRLG WKDW VRPH LQKRPRJHQHLWLHV W\SLFDO RI WKH Į ȕ DOOR\V FRXOG DIIHFW WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH UHVXOWV RI PLFURKDUGQHVV FRQILUP WKH 6(0 DQDO\VLV WKH PDUWHQVLWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRFFXUUHGLQWKHZHOGEHDGUHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGRIKDUGQHVV7KHPLFURKDUGQHVVYDOXHV VOLJKWO\UHWXUQWRWKRVHW\SLFDORIWKHSDUHQWDOOR\DVWKHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHZHOGEHDGLQFUHDVHV7KHVH YDOXHVDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH+9PHDVXUHPHQWVFDUULHGRXWRQ)ULFWLRQ6WLU:HOGHGVSHFLPHQVRIWKH VDPH PDWHULDO %XIID HW DO LQ ZKLFK WKH PDWHULDO XQGHUJRHV DQDORJRXV WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDO VROLFLWDWLRQ ,QGHQWDWLRQ1U := 70$= 30 0HDQYDOXHV
439
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al. 7DEOH +9PHDVXUHPHQWVIRUWKHPHGLXPKHDWLQSXWFDVHVWXG\
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
5HIHUHQFHV $VWDULWD$'XFDWR$)UDWLQL/3DUDGLVR96FKHULOOR)6TXLOODFH$7HVWDQL& 9HORWWL& D%HWDIRUJLQJRI7L$O9 0LFURVWUXFWXUHHYROXWLRQDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV.H\ (QJLQHHULQJ0DWHULDOV $VWDULWD$'XFDWR$)UDWLQL/3DUDGLVR96FKHULOOR)6TXLOODFH$7HVWDQL& 9HORWWL& E %HWD )RUJLQJ RI 7L$O9 PLFURVWUXFWXUH HYROXWLRQ DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV &XUUHQW 6WDWHRIWKH$UW RQ 0DWHULDO )RUPLQJ 1XPHULFDO DQG ([SHULPHQWDO $SSURDFKHV DW 'LIIHUHQW/HQJWK6FDOHV3WV $VWDULWD$'XUDQWH0/DQJHOOD$ 6TXLOODFH$F(OHYDWLRQRIWULERORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI DOOR\7L$OYXSRQIRUPDWLRQRIDUXWLOHOD\HURQWKHVXUIDFH0HWDO6FLHQFHDQG+HDW 7UHDWPHQW %KDPML,3UHXVV07KUHDGJLOO3/ $GGLVRQ$&6ROLGVWDWHMRLQLQJRIPHWDOVE\OLQHDU IULFWLRQZHOGLQJ $OLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ %UXVFKL 6 3RJJLR 6 4XDGULQL ) 7DWD 0 ( :RUNDELOLW\ RI 7L$O9 DOOR\ DW KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHVDQGVWUDLQUDWHV0DWHULDOV/HWWHUV %XIID * 'XFDWR $ )UDWLQL / )(0 EDVHG SUHGLFWLRQ RI SKDVH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV GXULQJ )ULFWLRQ6WLU:HOGLQJRI7L$O9WLWDQLXPDOOR\0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$ 'XFDWR $ )UDWLQL / 0LFDUL )D &RXSOHG WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDOPHWDOOXUJLFDODQDO\VLV RI DQ KRW IRUJLQJ SURFHVV RI WLWDQLXP DOOR\ &XUUHQW 6WDWHRIWKH$UW RQ 0DWHULDO )RUPLQJ 1XPHULFDODQG([SHULPHQWDO$SSURDFKHVDW'LIIHUHQW/HQJWK6FDOHV3WV 'XFDWR $ )UDWLQL / 0LFDUL ) E &RXSOHGWKHUPRPHFKDQLFDOPHWDOOXUJLFDODQDO\VLV RI DQ KRWIRUJLQJSURFHVVRIWLWDQLXPDOOR\.H\(QJLQHHULQJ0DWHULDOV 'XFDWR$ )UDWLQL/ 0LFDUL) 3UHGLFWLRQRISKDVHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI7L$O9WLWDQLXP DOOR\GXULQJKRWIRUJLQJSURFHVVHVXVLQJDQXPHULFDOPRGHO3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QVWLWXWLRQRI 0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHUV3DUW/-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV'HVLJQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 440
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)UDWLQL/%XIID*&DPPDOOHUL0&DPSDQHOOD'2QWKHOLQHDUIULFWLRQZHOGLQJSURFHVVRI DOXPLQXP DOOR\V ([SHULPHQWDO LQVLJKWV WKURXJK SURFHVV PRQLWRULQJ &,53 $QQDOV 0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\ .DUDGJH03UHXVV0/RYHOO&:LWKHUV3- %UD\67H[WXUHGHYHORSPHQWLQ7L$O 9OLQHDUIULFWLRQZHOGV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$ .LVHO\HYD 6
441
([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRI 0LFURVWUXFWXUH(YROXWLRQGXULQJ/LQHDU)ULFWLRQ :HOGLQJRI7L$O9 *LDQOXFD%XIIDD 'DYLGH&DPSDQHOODE0DUFR&DPPDOOHULF$QWRQLQR 'XFDWRG$QWRQHOOR$VWDULWDH$QWRQLQR6TXLOODFHI6HUJLR(VSRVLWRJDQG /LYDQ)UDWLQLK
'HSWRI&KHPLFDO0DQDJHPHQW&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI 3DOHUPR,WDO\ 'HSWRI&KHPLFDO0DWHULDOVDQG,QGXVWULDO3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI1DSOHV,WDO\ 0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG$VVHPEO\5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW$OHQLD$HUPDFFKL6S$,WDO\ D JLDQOXFDEXIID#XQLSDLWEGDYLGHFDPSDQHOOD#XQLSDLWFPDUFRFDPPDOOHUL#XQLSDLW G DQWRQLQRGXFDWR#XQLSDLWHDQWRQHOORDVWDULWD#XQLQDLWIVTXLOODF#XQLQDLW J VHUJLRHVSRVLWR#DOHQLDLW
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
2351-9789 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the NAMRI Scientific Committee doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.053
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
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Įȕ WLWDQLXP DOOR\V 97 DQG 970 XQGHUJRQHWR D /): SURFHVV DQG XVHG D ' QXPHULFDO DQDO\VLV E\ PHDQVRI $16<6 0HFKDQLFDO FRGHLQZKLFKWKHORZHUVDPSOHLVFRQVWUDLQHGYHUWLFDOO\DQGDSUHVVXUHLVDVVLJQHGWRWKHXSSHUIDFH RI WKH WRS ZRUNSLHFH %RWK VDPSOHV ZHUH VHW DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH DQG WKH V\VWHP ZDV FRQVLGHUHG DGLDEDWLF GXH WR VKRUW SURFHVV WLPH 7KH IULFWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW ZDV FRQVLGHUHG LQFUHDVLQJ OLQHDUO\ ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUH XS WR . 5HVXOWV VKRZHG D JRRG DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ QXPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ DQG H[SHULPHQWDOZHOGLQJLQWKHVKDSHRIWKHKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH7XUQHUDWDO 7XUQHUHWDO FDUULHG RXWD')(DQDO\VLVZLWKSODQHVWUDLQPRGHRIWKH/):SURFHVVRI7L$O9WLWDQLXPDOOR\XVLQJD VLQJOH GHIRUPDEOH ZRUNSLHFH PRGHOHG DV WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VDPSOH SDUW DQG WZR ULJLG WRROLQJ GLHV KDYLQJD8VKDSHLQRUGHUWRFRQVWUDLQWKHZRUNSLHFHV$IRUJLQJORDGLVDSSOLHGDORQJWKHWRSVXUIDFH RIWKHZRUNSLHFHZKLOHORZHUZRUNSLHFHLVIRUFHGWRRVFLOODWHLQWLPHZLWKWKHORZHUGLHE\WKHORFNLQJ PHFKDQLVP RI WKH WRROLQJ VXUURXQGLQJ WKH ORZHU SRUWLRQ RI WKH ZRUNSLHFH 7KH PDWHULDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ LV PDGH RI D VHW RI IORZ VWUHVV FXUYH GHILQHG ZLWKLQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VWUDLQ UDWH UDQJH LQYROYHG ZLWKLQ WKH SURFHVV 7KLV PRGHO LV DEOH WR SUHGLFW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WKHUPDO DQG 430
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
PHFKDQLFDORXWSXWYDULDEOHVRIWKHSURFHVV0RUHRYHUWKHGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH]RQHRIFRPSOHWHFRQWDFW EHWZHHQMRLQLQJSDUWVZDVREVHUYHG
0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV ([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH $ODERUDWRU\PDFKLQHIRUVPDOOVFDOH/):HGSDUWVZDVGHVLJQHGDQGGHYHORSHGVWDUWLQJIURPWKH H[SHULHQFHJDLQHGGXULQJH[SHULPHQWDODFWLYLWLHVSUHYLRXVO\FDUULHGRXWE\VRPHRIWKHDXWKRUV )UDWLQL 7KLVPDFKLQHH[SORLWVDGHVPRGURPLFNLQHPDWLFFKDLQLQRUGHUWRREWDLQWKHRVFLOODWLRQRIWKH ERWWRP VSHFLPHQ 7ZR LQWHUFKDQJHDEOH FDPV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW QXPEHU RI OREHV LQ RUGHU WR ZLGHQ WKH DYDLODEOHUDQJHRIRVFLOODWLRQIUHTXHQF\ZHUHSODFHGRQWKHWZRSDUDOOHOVKDIWVFRQQHFWHGE\FRXSOLQJ EHOWDQGSXOOH\V$QK\GUDXOLFDFWXDWRUIL[HGRQDVWHHOUDFNDQGFRQWUROOHGE\DQHOHFWURYDOYHDOORZV DORDGXSWRN1$K\GUDXOLFHOHFWURYDOYHFRQWUROOHGE\DYLUWXDOLQVWUXPHQWGHWHUPLQHVWKH EHJLQQLQJDQGWKHHQGRIWKHWHVWWULDO7KHYLUWXDOLQVWUXPHQWVHWVWKHSUHVVXUHRQWKH DFWXDWRU LQDQ DVVLJQHG SURFHVV WLPH $ QXPEHU RI GHYLFHV DQG VHQVRUV FRQWUROOHG E\ D XQLTXH LQWHUIDFH ZHUH LQWURGXFHG WR LQSURFHVV PRQLWRU WRUTXH DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH WKXV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH PDFKLQH FDSDELOLWLHV $ VNHWFK RI WKH PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH PDFKLQH LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH $ SQHXPDWLF FOXWFK ZDV SRVLWLRQHG RQ D VHFRQGDU\ VKDIW DQG FRQQHFWHG WR RQH RI WKH FDPV LQ RUGHU WR VWRS WKH UHFLSURFDWLQJPRWLRQDWWKHSUHGHWHUPLQHGSURFHVVWLPH2QWKHVDPHVHFRQGDU\VKDIWOLQHDIO\ZKHHO
431
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
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
)LJXUH 7KH/):PDFKLQHSURWRW\SH
7KHVSHFLPHQVDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KHLJKWRIPPDQGFURVVVHFWLRQDOGLPHQVLRQVDWWKHFRQWDFW LQWHUIDFHHTXDOWRPP[PP(DFKWHVWZDVUHSHDWHGWKUHHWLPHVVKRZLQJH[FHOOHQWUHSHDWDELOLW\LQ WHUPVRIVRXQGRUSRRUZHOGREWDLQHG7KUHHFDVHVWXGLHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQRI RVFLOODWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ DQG SUHVVXUH LH E\ GLIIHUHQW KHDW LQSXW ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG ,Q WKLV ZD\ ORZ PHGLXPDQGKLJKKHDWLQSXWLQWRWKHZHOGVZHUHREWDLQHG 7DEOH &DVHVWXG\ )UHTXHQF\I>+]@ 3UHVVXUHS>03D@ /RZ 0HGLXP +LJK
7DEOH &RQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXGLHV
7KH WHVW FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH SUHVVXUH DQG IUHTXHQF\ YDOXHV RI 03D DQG +] UHVSHFWLYHO\ UHVXOWHGLQDVRXQGMRLQWDQGZDVFRQVLGHUHGDVUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHZHOGHGMRLQWV REWDLQHGIRUWKHWKUHHFDVHVWXGLHV
432
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH :HOGVREWDLQHGZLWK D ORZ E PHGLXPDQG F KLJKKHDWLQSXW
7KH XVHG PDWHULDO LV 7L$O9 WLWDQLXP DOOR\ )LJXUH VKRZV WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI WKH SDUHQW PDWHULDOFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DELSKDVLFVWUXFWXUH Įȕ ZLWKĮHTXLD[HGJUDLQVDQGLQWHUJUDQXODUȕSKDVH 7KH('6DQDO\VLV VHHPDJQLILHGSDUWRI)LJXUH KLJKOLJKWVWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDVZHOODVWKH EULJKWHUDUHDVQDPHO\WKHȕSKDVHULFKLQȕVWDELOL]LQJHOHPHQWV YDQDGLXPDQGLURQ DQGWKHGDUNHU DUHDVULFKLQDOXPLQXPQDPHO\WKHĮSKDVH 7KHVSHFLPHQVIRUWKHPHWDOORJUDSKLFDQDO\VLVZHUHSUHSDUHGDFFRUGLQJWR$670(VWDQGDUG SURFHGXUHVDQGHWFKHGZLWK+)VROXWLRQ2EVHUYDWLRQVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ 6(0 WKH HOHPHQWDO DQDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ ('6 9LFNHUV PLFURKDUGQHVV PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH PRGLILFDWLRQV LQGXFHG E\ WKH ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKHMRLQW
)LJXUH 0LFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHDVUHFHLYHG7LDO9
1XPHULFDOPRGHOVHWXS 7KH VLPXODWLRQ FDPSDLJQ ZDV FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ D WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDOO\ FRXSOHG ' PRGHO ZLWK ERWKGHIRUPDEOHVDPSOHVKDYLQJWKHVDPHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHUHDOVSHFLPHQV )LJXUH
433
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH D 'YLHZRIVSHFLPHQVZLWKV\PPHWU\SODQHDQGPRYHPHQWGLUHFWLRQV E IURQWYLHZRIZRUNSLHFH ZLWKPHVKGLVWULEXWLRQZLWKHOHPHQWVL]H]RQHV \HOORZPPJUHHQPPRUDQJHPP
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|GHUHWDO RQ/):SURFHVVRI7L$O9D PHDQ YDOXH RI WKH IULFWLRQ IDFWRU HTXDO WR ZDV PHDVXUHG GXULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWV ZKLOH D SHDN YDOXH RI DERXW ZDV REVHUYHG ,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH DXWKRUV FRQVLGHUHG D IL[HG YDOXH RI 1R FRQVWUDLQHGQRGHVZHUH FRQVLGHUHGWROLPLWWKHPDWHULDOIORZRIWKHIUHHVXUIDFHVRIWKHVSHFLPHQDV ZHOODVQRULJLGERGLHVZLWK8VKDSHWRJXLGHHDFKVDPSOHZDVPRGHOHGZKLOHVWLFNLQJFRQGLWLRQZHUH XVHG DW HDFK GLHZRUNSLHFH LQWHUIDFH LQ RUGHU WR JXLGH HDFK VDPSOH E\ PHDQV RI DVVLJQHG GLH PRYHPHQWV 434
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
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
5HVXOWV )LUVW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH QXPHULFDO PRGHO DUH SUHVHQWHG )LJXUH VKRZV WKH ILQDO VKDSH RI WKH VSHFLPHQVDWWKHHQGRIWKHVLPXODWLRQLHDIWHUVIRUWKHUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQV,WVKRXOGEHQRWLFHG WKDWLQ/):RIWLWDQLXPDOOR\VDYHU\WKLQIODVKLVH[WUXGHGIRUPWKHODWHUDOVXUIDFHRIWKHVSHFLPHQV VHHDJDLQ)LJXUHEDQGF ,QRUGHUWRSURSHUO\PRGHOWKHIODVKDQH[WUHPHO\ILQHPHVKKDVWREH XVHGUHVXOWLQJLQDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHRIWKHHOHPHQWVXVHGIRUHDFKVSHFLPHQDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\LQ XQDIIRUGDEOH &38WLPHV)RUWKLV UHDVRQWKHIODVKKDVEHHQPDQXDOO\UHPRYHG HYHU\V IURPWKH GHIRUPDEOHREMHFWV
)LJXUH )LQDOVKDSHRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDWWKHHQGRIVLPXODWLRQDIWHUIODVKUHPRYDO PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\VSHFLPHQIRUERWWRPYLHZ DQG ODWHUDO YLHZ V\PPHWU\ SODQH VLGH ,W LV VHHQ WKDW SHDN WHPSHUDWXUH HTXDO WR DERXW & LV UHDFKHGDWWKHFHQWHURIWKHVSHFLPHQ,WLVLPSRUWDQWQRWLFLQJWKDWWKLVWHPSHUDWXUHYDOXHLVFORVHWRWKH EHWDWUDQVXVWHPSHUDWXUHRI7L$O9DWWKHFRQWDFWVXUIDFHSHULSKHU\ORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHLVFDOFXODWHG ZLWKDGURSRIDERXW&7KLVUHVXOWFRQVLVWHQWZLWKZKDWIRXQGLQ 6RULQD0XOOHUHWDO LV GXH WR WKH YHU\ VKRUW WLPH RI RYHUODS DQG WR WKH ORVVHV YLD FRQYHFWLRQ %DVHG RQ WKH REWDLQHG WHPSHUDWXUHYDOXHVDWOHDVWSDUWLDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHDOSKDSKDVHLQEHWDSKDVHLVH[SHFWHGGXULQJ WKHSURFHVV$GGLWLRQDOO\GXHWRWKHORZWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RIWKHXVHGWLWDQLXPDOOR\WHPSHUDWXUH
435
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
TXLFNO\GHFUHDVHVDORQJWKHVSHFLPHQKHLJKWEHLQJHTXDOWRDERXWWKHKDOIRIWKHSHDNWHPSHUDWXUHDWD GLVWDQFHRIPPIURPWKHFRQWDFWLQWHUIDFH
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQIRUWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\ FRQWDFWVXUIDFHDQGODWHUDOYLHZ V\PPHWU\ SODQHVLGH
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
0HGLXP
+LJK
7HPSHUDWXUH>°&@
7LPH>VHF@
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHKLVWRULHVIRUSRLQW3IRUWKHWKUHHFRQVLGHUHGFDVHVWXGLHV
$V GHVFULEHG LQ WKH SDUDJUDSK WKH XWLOL]HG QXPHULFDO PRGHO LV DEOH WR SUHGLFW WKH SKDVH GLVWULEXWLRQGXULQJWKHSURFHVV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHDOSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHGLVWULEXWLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKH ZHOGLQJSURFHVV
436
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH $OSKDDQGEHWDSKDVHGLVWULEXWLRQIRUWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\ FRQWDFWVXUIDFHDQGODWHUDOYLHZ V\PPHWU\SODQHVLGH
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°&@
7LPH>VHF@
)LJXUH 7HPSHUDWXUHYVWLPHGXULQJFRROGRZQ PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\SRLQW3
7KH HYROXWLRQ RI WKH SKDVH YROXPH IUDFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV DQG WKH VXEVHTXHQW FRRO GRZQ LV VKRZQLQ)LJXUH
437
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH 3KDVHYROXPHIUDFWLRQHYROXWLRQGXULQJ D ZHOGLQJDQG E FRROGRZQ PHGLXPFDVHVWXG\SRLQW3
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ĮSKDVH WKH GDUNHU SDUW LQ WKH ILJXUH DQG D ȕ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ĮSKDVH LV QRW HDVLO\ GLVWLQJXLVKDEOH E\ ȕSKDVH $ GLIIHUHQW PLFURVWUXFWXUH LV REVHUYHG DW WKH SHULSKHU\ RI WKH FRQWDFW VXUIDFH,QILJXUHWKHPLFURJUDSKRI SRLQW4 VHH )LJXUH LVVKRZQ$ ELPRGDOPLFURVWUXFWXUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ JOREXODU DOSKD JUDLQV DQG DOSKDEHWD ODPHOODH LV IRXQG 7KH QRQFRPSOHWH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH JOREXODU DOSKD LQWR EHWD GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH EHWD WUDQVXV WHPSHUDWXUHZDVQRWUHDFKHG,QWKLVZD\RQO\WKHIUDFWLRQRIEHWDSUHVHQWLQWKLVDUHDDWWKHHQGRIWKH SURFHVVFDQWUDQVIRUPLQWRDOSKDEHWDODPHOODHGXULQJWKHFRROGRZQ
438
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)LJXUH 0LFURJUDSKVRIWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\DORQJWKH[D[LV D WUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQSDUHQWPDWHULDODQG 70$= E WUDQVLWLRQEHWZHHQ70$=DQGZHOG]RQH F PDJQLILFDWLRQRIWKHZHOG]RQHPLFURVWUXFWXUH
)LJXUH 0LFURJUDSKVRISRLQW4 VHH)LJXUH RIWKHPHGLXPFDVHVWXG\
)LQDOO\9LFNHUVPLFURKDUGQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHWKUHHGLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKH VSHFLPHQ 7DEOH 7KHLQGHQWDWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGZLWKDQDSSOLHGORDGRIJ DWOHDVWVL[YDOLG PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWKLQ HDFK VLQJOH ]RQH 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH DSSOLHG ORDGV ZDV PDGH DFFRUGLQJWRWKHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHGLIIHUHQW]RQHVRIWKHMRLQWLQRUGHUWRKDYHDOOWKHLQGHQWDWLRQV ODUJH HQRXJK WR DYRLG WKDW VRPH LQKRPRJHQHLWLHV W\SLFDO RI WKH Į ȕ DOOR\V FRXOG DIIHFW WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH UHVXOWV RI PLFURKDUGQHVV FRQILUP WKH 6(0 DQDO\VLV WKH PDUWHQVLWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQRFFXUUHGLQWKHZHOGEHDGUHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGRIKDUGQHVV7KHPLFURKDUGQHVVYDOXHV VOLJKWO\UHWXUQWRWKRVHW\SLFDORIWKHSDUHQWDOOR\DVWKHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHZHOGEHDGLQFUHDVHV7KHVH YDOXHVDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH+9PHDVXUHPHQWVFDUULHGRXWRQ)ULFWLRQ6WLU:HOGHGVSHFLPHQVRIWKH VDPH PDWHULDO %XIID HW DO LQ ZKLFK WKH PDWHULDO XQGHUJRHV DQDORJRXV WKHUPRPHFKDQLFDO VROLFLWDWLRQ ,QGHQWDWLRQ1U := 70$= 30 0HDQYDOXHV
439
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al. 7DEOH +9PHDVXUHPHQWVIRUWKHPHGLXPKHDWLQSXWFDVHVWXG\
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
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Linear Friction Welding of Ti6Al4V Buffa et al.
)UDWLQL/%XIID*&DPPDOOHUL0&DPSDQHOOD'2QWKHOLQHDUIULFWLRQZHOGLQJSURFHVVRI DOXPLQXP DOOR\V ([SHULPHQWDO LQVLJKWV WKURXJK SURFHVV PRQLWRULQJ &,53 $QQDOV 0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\ .DUDGJH03UHXVV0/RYHOO&:LWKHUV3- %UD\67H[WXUHGHYHORSPHQWLQ7L$O 9OLQHDUIULFWLRQZHOGV0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ$ .LVHO\HYD 6
441