Experimental study on the flame stability and the Nox emission characteristics of low calorific value coal derived gas fuel using flat flame burner

15 Environment areas where peat is the dominant biomass fuel. Samples of peat were combusted at temperatures typical of smoldering combustion (500600”) and the combustion products were analysed for CO, COs, CHI, &He, CsHs, CdHrc, CsH4, HCHO, CHaCHCHO, and PAHs. The most abundant C-containing species was CO*, followed by CO, and CH+ Emission factors were quantified for the gases that were detected. No aldehydes nor PAHs were detected in the combustion products, however, these may have been present at levels below the method detection limits. Aldehydes and PAHs identified in field studies during biomass fires and haze episodes may also result from atmospheric reactions of primary emissions. 02/00675 Emissions of mercury, trace elements, and fine particles from stationary combustion sources Senior, C.L. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 65-66, 263-288. The emissions of trace elements and mercury from stationary combustion sources are determined by the occurrence of these elements in fuels, the transformation of the elements into vapour and particles in furnaces, and the ability of the vapours and particles to penetrate the air pollution control devices (APCDS). For electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), in use at greater than 90% of coal-fired utility boilers in the US, the preferential escape of particles is in the 0.1-1.0 pm size. The major source of particles in this size range is the vaporization and condensation of the inorganic constituents in the parent fuel. Potentially toxic elements, although mainly confined to the particulate phase, may therefore show enhanced release to the environment as a result of preferential condensation on the surface of submicron particulate matter. Surface reaction with larger fly ash particles can reduce these emissions by redistributing the trace elements away from the difficult-to-capture submicron particulate. In contrast, mercury is the most volatile of the trace elements in coal and its escape is near complete when the mercury is in the elemental vapour form. Mercury emissions may be mitigated, however, by transformation to mercuric chloride, more readily captured either in scrubbers or by collection in the particulate form. In this paper, we present our recent research developments contributing to an improved understanding of the relative importance of factors determining trace element emissions. Significant progress that has been made in understanding and quantifying each of the processes governing the transformation of the inorganic constituents of fuels leading to promising results on the prediction of emissions given detailed characterization of fuels, the combustion conditions to which they are exposed, and the characteristics of APCDs. 02/00676 Energy resources and air quality in Poland Plewicka, I. Ochr. Powietrza Probl. Odpadow, 1998, 32, (6), 231-235. (In Polish) The impact of fuel and electricity industrial sector on the air pollution in Poland is presented. It appears that domination of coal as energy resource in industry and housing results in significant contribution to SO* and dust emission source in Europe. It also leads to local SOs and dust concentration to exceed permissible levels, especially in urbanized areas of Poland. 02/66677 Environmental automobiles Kamo, T. Kobunshi, 2000, 49, A review with nine references cost and consumption, new automobile recycling.

issues and materials

for

(5), 298-301. (In Japanese) covers CO2 emission reduction, low fuel fuels and power sources, and waste

02/00676 Evaluation of secondary fuel use. Consideration from the environmental and health compatibility viewpoint Braungart, M., Gallenkemper, B. EnfsorgungsPraxis. 2000, 18, (l-2), 31-33. (In German) The environmental and public health impacts of solid waste-derived fuel are assessed. 02/00679 Experimental study on the flame stability and the Nox emission characteristics of low calorific value coal derived gas fuel using flat flame burner Lee, C. et al. Prepr. Symp. - Am. chemical 1999, 44, (3), 716-720.

Sot..

Div. Fuel chemical,

The flame stability and the thermal/fuel NO, formation characteristics of the low calorific value (LCV) coal derived gas fuel were studied. Synthetic LCV fuel gas is produced by mixing CO, Ha, Ns, and NHs in such a way that the thermal input of the syngas fuel into a burner is identical to that of natural gas. The syngas mixture is fed to and burnt with air on flat flame burner. With the variation of the equivalence ratio for specific syngas fuel, flame behaviours are observed to identify the flame instability due to blow-off or flashback and to define stable combustion range. Measurements of NO, content in combustion gas are made for comparing thermal and fuel NO, from the LCV syngas combustion with those of the natural gas one. In addition, the Ns

(pollution, health protection,

dilution of the LCV syngas is preliminarily attempted reduction technique, and its effects on thermal and production are discussed.

safety)

as a NO, fuel NO,

02/00660 Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coalfired power plants Senior, C.L. el al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2000, 63, (2-3). 197-213. Because mercury enters the food chain primarily through atmospheric deposition, exposure models require accurate information about mercury emission rates and mercury speciation from point sources. Since coal-fired power plants represent a significant fraction of the anthropogenic emissions of mercury into the atmosphere, the speciation of mercury in coal-fired power plant flue gas is currently an active topic of research. We have demonstrated that the assumption of gasphase equilibrium for mercury-containing species in coal-fired power plant exhaust is not valid at temperatures below approximately 800 K (SOPC). Chlorine-containing species have been shown to be the most important for oxidation of elemental mercury in the post-combustion gases. The conversion of HCl to Cl2 in the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant is kinetically limited. Kinetic calculations of the homogeneous oxidation of elemental mercury by chlorine-containing species were carried out using global reactions from the literature. The levels of mercury oxidation, while of comparable magnitude to field observations, are still below the 40-80% oxidation typically observed in field measurements. 02/00661 Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide: implications for the coal industry Holloway, S. ef al. Trans. Inst. Min. Mefall., Sect. B, 1999, 108, (Jan.April), B19-B22. A typical medium-size coal-fired power plant produces about 600 t CO2 per h, or more than 4 000 000 t/year. Because of its high carbon content the COs emissions of coal are almost double those of natural gas per kW of energy produced. This has clear implications for the continued use of coal as a fuel in power plants in a world increasingly conscious of greenhouse gas emissions. Underground sequestration of carbon dioxide is a viable method of storing industrial quantities of COr, .such as might be separated from the flue gases of a power plant. Indeed, Statoil is currently injecting 1000000 t/year CO* from the Sleipner West gas field into porous and permeable reservoir rocks beneath the North Sea. The main barriers to the implementation of COs sequestration from power plants are financial; approximately 85% of the cost is incurred in separation of the CO* from the flue gas. More research and development in this field are urgently required to develop the prospect of coal-fired power generation in the twenty-first century with minimum emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. 02/00662 Glyoxal in aqueous solution as additive for decreasing pollutant emission by fossil fuels during_ engine _ combustion Kief. H. Ger. Offen. DE 19843,380 (Cl. ClOL1/18). 23 Mar 2000. Aoul. L. 19,843,380, 22 Sep 1998. 6. (In German) ” An aqueous glyoxal solution is added to fuels to decrease pollutant emissions, especially contents of CO and hydrocarbons in exhaust gases. A glyoxahgasoline mixing ratio is 1 : (5000-20 000). Esterified aliphatic compounds and polyethylene glycol are added as emulsifiers for the aqueous glyoxal solution in gasoline. The additive emulsion is nontoxic and storage-stable. Optionally, glyoxal is converted to acetals by reaction with straight-chained or branched Cr-16 alcohols (e.g. MeOH) or straight-chained or branched Cl-6 diols (e.g. neopentyl glycol). The acetals can be easily mixed with fuels. 02/00663 Greenhouse gas scenario in Indian continent Singh, T.N. Proc. SPIE-Inr. Sot. Opt. Eng., 1999, 3853, 101-109. A review, with 16 references, is given. Global climate change depicts energy exchange balance between the earth and atmosphere and the space. The balance is affected by human activities, burning of fuel, fossil or biological generating CO*, NsO or trace gases. Accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere may follow intensification of greenhouse effect and cause global sea warming. Warming may affect agriculture, forestry, water resources and rising or falling of levels. The burning of fuel is for the generation of common energy, electricity, household energy, cooking, heating or burning of bushes, waste product and biomass. The world population distribution reveals heavy tilt in terms of growth rate and the cumulative figure. Nearly 80% of the world population is in the developing economy with only 20% resource available to them. The energy demand in five major Asian developing economy for the year 1990 is summarized. 02/00664 Health risk assessment for inhalation exposure to arsenic Fabianova, E. er al. Cenr. Eur. J. Public Health, 2000, 8, (I), 28-32. Health risk assessment was used as the formal process to estimate the likelihood and magnitude of the health effects occurring in humans as a result of environmental and occupational exposure to polluting agents. Fuel and Energy Abstracts

January 2002

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