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First record of Ectomyelois muriscis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on physic nut (Jatropha curcas), a biofuel plant
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe
Short communication
First record of Ectomyelois muriscis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on physic nut ( Jatropha curcas), a biofuel plant mez-Ruiz a, Guillermo Lo pez-Guillen b, Juan F. Barrera a,*, Jaime Go Alma M. Solis c, Alfredo Zamarripa-Colmenero b a
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, CP 30700, Mexico Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrı´colas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, CP 30780, Mexico c Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA b
article info
abstract
Article history:
The natural infestation of fruits and stems of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) by larvae of
Received 9 September 2014
the pyralid moth Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is reported for the first
Received in revised form
time. Populations of E. muriscis on J. curcas were observed in various parts of the state of
13 February 2015
Chiapas, southern Mexico. Feeding damage by larvae resulted in the destruction of J. curcas
Accepted 14 February 2015
seeds. We conclude that this insect is a potential pest of J. curcas cultivation in this region. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Available online Keywords: Jatropha curcas Ectomyelois muriscis Host plant Biodiesel Chiapas
1.
Introduction
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a tropical and perennial multipurpose plant, native to America, that is cultivated in many countries of the world to produce biodiesel from oil extracted from its seeds. This plant is commonly known as
~ o-manso (Portuguese) and “physic nut” (English), pinha ~o n” or “tempate” (Spanish). Its cultivation has been pro“pin moted in areas where food production is not possible because soils are poor and water is scarce [1,2]. Jatropha curcas is widely distributed in Mexico where toxic and non-toxic genotypes of this plant occur naturally [3]. Due
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ52 9626289800x5410; fax: þ52 9626289806. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.F. Barrera). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.02.018 0961-9534/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
to the high genetic diversity of J. curcas in Mexico, especially in the state of Chiapas located in the southeast of the country, Mexico has been considered the likely center of origin for this species [4,5]. In Chiapas, J. curcas is commonly used as a living fence to control grazing and to mark field boundaries. This plant is also known for its medicinal properties [6]. In 2007e2008, J. curcas was introduced as a smallholder crop in various states of Mexico to provide biodiesel as an alternative and renewable source of energy [3,7e9]. Because J. curcas is not a domesticated plant in Mexico, for planting purposes several tonnes of seed were imported from India by the government of Chiapas. Almost all areas planted with J. curcas were established in central Chiapas and two processing plants were constructed for biodiesel production close to Tuxtla Gutierrez and Tapachula [9], the largest cities in this state. Recently, the Mexican government started a national research project to develop novel varieties, management practices and production systems for J. curcas in different regions of the country [7]. As part of the national project, we conducted a survey to determine arthropods associated with J. curcas in several states of Mexico in order to identify potential pests, natural enemies and pollinators of this plant [10]. Despite its alleged resistance to herbivores, several phytophagous arthropods were identified as potential pests of this plant in Mexico. According to a review of literature, 78 arthropod herbivores were identified that feed on J. curcas across the globe, most of them (34 species) within the native range of the plant in Central and South America [11]. One of the identified hervibore arthropods in Mexico was the pyralid Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). This is the first time that E. muriscis has been reported feeding on J. curcas. In the present study we report aspects of the feeding behavior, biology and geographical distribution of E. muriscis populations feeding on J. curcas in Chiapas State, Mexico.
2.
Materials and methods
In July 2011 green fruits of J. curcas were observed to have been perforated with 1e3 holes (2 mm diameter) in their pulp (Fig. 1). In order to determine the cause of such damage, 50
151
Fig. 2 e Larva stage of E. muriscis inside a seed of J. curcas.
perforated and 50 non-perforated green fruits of J. curcas were collected in field in several locations of Frailesca, IsthmusCoast and Soconusco regions of Chiapas, Mexico. The fruits were placed separately in containers in the laboratory and samples of perforated and non-perforated fruits were dissected. Several white or yellowish lepidopteran larvae (Fig. 2) were observed inside non-perforated fruits. Because the perforated fruits did not contained larvae, it was assumed that the observed holes in field were exit holes of the larvae. Field observations revealed that emerged larvae perforate the stems of J. curcas after they abandon the fruits. Thus, a sample of 15 perforate stems was collected from field sites and each was placed individually in containers to await the emergence of the adult stage of the insect. In June 2012 a group of infested fruits and stems was marked in 56 plants of J. curcas used as a living fence in Soconusco region, and a sample was taken at weekly intervals and dissected in the laboratory to determine the development of the insect under field conditions.
3.
Results and discussion
The moths that emerged from infested stems of J. curcas (three females, one male) were identified as E. muriscis (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 e Green fruits of J. curcas perforated by larvae of E. muriscis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 e Adult stage of E. muriscis.
152
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
Voucher specimens were deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. This is the first time that J. curcas has been reported as a host plant of E. muriscis. This insect is a tropical and subtropical species widely distributed in Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama), South America (Colombia, Bolivia, British and French Guiana, Brazil) and the Caribbean (Haiti, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Clair, Grenada, Dominican Republic, Cuba) [12,18e22]. This pyralid has been reported feeding on fruits of several plants including mammee-apple (Mammea americana L., Guttiferae), cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L., Malvaceae) [12], cacao de mico (Theobroma simiarum Donn. Sm., Malvaceae) [23], Brazillian cherry (Hymenaea courbaril L., Fabaceae) [24] and Oiticica (Licania rigida Prance, Chrysobalanaceae). In Mexico, Janzen [24] reported E. muriscis on H. courbaril.
The synonyms of E. muriscis are Myelois palpalis Dyar, M. transitella Dyar and Hypsipyla muriscis Dyar [12]. E. muriscis belongs to subfamily Phycitinae [13,14], the most important group of stored grain pests of Lepidoptera [15]. In addition to E. muriscis, the Ectomyelois genus has another four described species: Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), Ectomyelois decolor (Zeller), Ectomyelois furvidorsella (Ragonot) and Ectomyelois zeteki (Heinrich) [12]. One of them, E. ceratoniae, it is a fruit and nut pest on a wide range of plant families throughout the world [15,16]. E. muriscis has a wide distribution in central and southern Chiapas, as it was showed by the field survey. In total, it was found fruits of J. curcas perforated by E. muriscis in nine sites of Chiapas: Two of them in Frailesca region (N 16 150 54900 , W 93 150 76500 , 596 m asl; N 16 220 93700 , W 93 140 54800 , 707 m asl); two more in Isthmus-Coast region (N 16 010 60700 , W 93 410 05600 ,
Fig. 4 e Map of sites and municipalities where green fruits of J. curcas perforated by E. muriscis were found in Chiapas, Mexico.
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
72 m asl; N 16 340 75900 , W 93 500 02000 , 608 m asl); and five sites in Soconusco region, near to Guatemala border (N 14 570 84400 , W 92 090 40400 , 408 m asl; N 14 540 45400 , W 92 130 71500 , 161 m asl; N 14 500 82300 , W 92 150 80800 , 93 m asl; N 14 450 44700 , W 92 180 06700 , 38 m asl; N 14 540 94200 , W 92 200 68400 , 64 m asl) (Fig. 4). The sites located in Frailesca region were the nearest sites to crops of J. curcas in central Chiapas. Prior to our findings, Quiroga-Madrigal et al. [17] found a similar type of perforated fruits of J. curcas by larvae which were not identified in the municipalities of Ocozocoautla (1000 m asl), Villaflores (600 m asl), Jiquipilas (500 m asl) and Arriaga (30 m asl), Chiapas. The field development study of E. muriscis conducted on a cohort of marked fruits and stems of J. curcas plants in the Soconusco region revealed that first instar larvae penetrated the fruit near the fruit's petiole in June, developed in one seed, and abandoned the infested fruit after 18e20 days. In all cases, the seed was completely destroyed as a consequence of larval development. We estimated 10% of seed damage in a germoplasm bank of J. curcas located in Rosario Izapa, municipality of Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas. In July, the emerged larva perforated a stem of the same plant and created a gallery of approximately 2.0 cm in length inside the stem where it remained for approximately 10 months before pupation. The larva spends up to six hours searching for an appropriate stem before perforating it and remains continuously active in the gallery. Apparently the period spent inside the stem is a mechanism by which the larva avoids unfavorable dry conditions and a period of low availability of J. curcas fruits. After 15 days in the pupal stage, the adult e a tiny grayish moth, some 8 mm in length (head to abdomen tip) e emerged from the stem in June or July, when the rainy season starts in the Soconusco region. The total life cycle, from oviposition to adult emergence was 11 months. Overlapping generations were not observed.
4.
Conclusion
J. curcas is a new host plant record for the pyralid moth E. muriscis. Due to its wide distribution in Chiapas and the damage that larval feeding causes to seeds, this insect is a potential pest of J. curcas cultivation.
Acknowledgments and Higinio Lo pez (El We thank Eladio Garcı´a, Eduardo Chame Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR) for technical assistance and Trevor Williams (Instituto de Ecologı´a, INECOL) for suggestions to improve the manuscript. This study was part of the project “Estudio de nuevas especies con potencial agrotico en Me xico” coordinated by Alfredo Zamarripaenerge Colmenero (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrı´colas y Pecuarias, INIFAP) and supported by Secretarı´a de Agricultura, Ganaderı´a, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y n (SAGARPA). Alimentacio
153
references
[1] Openshaw K. A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise. Biomass Bioenerg 2000;19(1):1e15. [2] Kumar A, Sharma S. An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.): a review. Ind Crop Prod 2008;28(1):1e10. [3] Martinez J, Martinez AL, Makkar H, Francis G, Becker K. Agroclimatic conditions, chemical and nutritional characterization of different provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Eur J Sci Res 2010;39(3):396e407. [4] Heller J. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. institute of plant genetics and crop plant research. Rome: Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute; 1996. pez JL, Zamarripa Colmenero A, [5] Pecina-Quintero V, Anaya-Lo ~ ez Colı´n CA, Solı´s Bonilla JL, et al. Montes Garcı´a N, Nu´n Molecular characterization of Jatropha curcas L. genetic resources from Chiapas, Mexico through AFLP markers. Biomass Bioenerg 2011;35(5):1897e905. ndez-Rodrı´guez P. Importancia [6] Pablon Baquero LC, Herna gicas, quı´mica de Jatropha curcas y sus aplicaciones biolo gicas e industriales. Rev Cuba Plant Med farmacolo 2012;17(2):194e209. [7] Zamarripa-Colmenero A, Ruiz Cruz PA, Solı´s Bonilla JL, Martı´nez Herrera J, Olivera de los Santos A, Martı´nez n de Valencia B. Biocombustibles: perspectivas de produccio pico de Me xico. biodiesel a partir de Jatropha curcas L., en el tro xico. instituto nacional de Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, Me investigaciones forestales. Agrı´colas Pecu Campo Exp cnico No. 12. Rosario Izapa 2009:46. Folleto Te [8] Skutsch M, de los Rios E, Solis S, Riegelhaupt E, Hinojosa D, Gerfert S, et al. Jatropha in Mexico: environmental and social impacts of an incipient biofuel program. Ecol Soc 2011;16(4):11. [9] Ando T, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M, Kobayashi H. Identification of factors impeding the spread of Jatropha cultivation in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Sustain Agr Res 2013;2(2):54e9. pez-Guille n G, Go mez Ruiz J, Barrera-Gayta n JF, [10] Lo podos asociados a Jatropha Zamarripa-Colmenero A. Artro curcas L. y Ricinus communis L. en Chiapas. Entomol Mex 2012;11(1):375e80. € P. Global patterns of [11] Lama AD, Vuorisalo T, Niemela arthropod herbivory on an invasive plant, the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). J Appl Entomol 2015;139(1e2):1e10. [12] Heinrich C. American moths of the subfamily phycitinae. United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution; 1956. p. 581. Bulletin 207. [13] Solis MA. Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Rev Colomb Entomol 2007;33(1):1e9. [14] Solis MA. Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U.S. ports of entry: revision of pyraloidea. in: “Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae” by Weisman, 1986. P Entomol Soc Wash 2009;101(3):645e86. [15] Aitken AD. A key to the larvae of some species of Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with stored products, and of some related species. Bull Entomol Res 1963;54(2):175e88. [16] Nay JE, Perring TM. Effect of center cut strand thinning on fruit abscission and Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestation in California date gardens. J Econ Entomol 2009;102(3):948e53. [17] Quiroga-Madrigal RR, Aguilar-Astudillo E, MoralesMorales CJ, Rosales-Esquinca MA, Gil-Martı´nez G. Guı´a ~ as asociados al pin ~o n (Jatropha ilustrada de insectos y aran
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b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
xico, con e nfasis en la Depresio n curcas L.) en Chiapas, Me xico: Universidad Auto noma de Chiapas; 2010. Central. Me Shaffer JC. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian survey of Dominica: Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). P Biol Soc Wash 1978;91(1):5e26. Neunzig HH. New Phycitine records for the Dominican Republic and description of a new species of Nefundella (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae). Trop Lepid Res 2003;11(1):7e12. ~ ez R. (Insecta) de Topes de Collantes, Sancti Lepidoptera Nun Spiritus, Cuba. Boln SEA 2004;34(1):151e9. Perez-Gelabert DE. Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): a checklist and bibliography. Zootaxa 1831;2008. 1e530.
[22] [NHM] Natural History Museum. Hosts- a database of the world’s lepidopteran host plants. URL: http://www.nhm.ac. uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/ [accessed 17.09.13]. [23] Young AM. Emergence of adult Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar) (Pyralidae) from a pod of Theobroma simiarum Donn. Smith (Steruliacea) in Costa Rica. J Lepid Soc 1986;40(1):64e5. [24] Janzen DH. Larval biology of Ectomyelois muriscis, (Pyralidae: Phycitinae), a Costa Rican fruit parasite of Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). Brenesia 1983;21:387e93.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe
Short communication
First record of Ectomyelois muriscis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on physic nut ( Jatropha curcas), a biofuel plant mez-Ruiz a, Guillermo Lo pez-Guillen b, Juan F. Barrera a,*, Jaime Go Alma M. Solis c, Alfredo Zamarripa-Colmenero b a
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, CP 30700, Mexico Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrı´colas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, CP 30780, Mexico c Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA b
article info
abstract
Article history:
The natural infestation of fruits and stems of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) by larvae of
Received 9 September 2014
the pyralid moth Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is reported for the first
Received in revised form
time. Populations of E. muriscis on J. curcas were observed in various parts of the state of
13 February 2015
Chiapas, southern Mexico. Feeding damage by larvae resulted in the destruction of J. curcas
Accepted 14 February 2015
seeds. We conclude that this insect is a potential pest of J. curcas cultivation in this region. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Available online Keywords: Jatropha curcas Ectomyelois muriscis Host plant Biodiesel Chiapas
1.
Introduction
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a tropical and perennial multipurpose plant, native to America, that is cultivated in many countries of the world to produce biodiesel from oil extracted from its seeds. This plant is commonly known as
~ o-manso (Portuguese) and “physic nut” (English), pinha ~o n” or “tempate” (Spanish). Its cultivation has been pro“pin moted in areas where food production is not possible because soils are poor and water is scarce [1,2]. Jatropha curcas is widely distributed in Mexico where toxic and non-toxic genotypes of this plant occur naturally [3]. Due
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ52 9626289800x5410; fax: þ52 9626289806. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.F. Barrera). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.02.018 0961-9534/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
to the high genetic diversity of J. curcas in Mexico, especially in the state of Chiapas located in the southeast of the country, Mexico has been considered the likely center of origin for this species [4,5]. In Chiapas, J. curcas is commonly used as a living fence to control grazing and to mark field boundaries. This plant is also known for its medicinal properties [6]. In 2007e2008, J. curcas was introduced as a smallholder crop in various states of Mexico to provide biodiesel as an alternative and renewable source of energy [3,7e9]. Because J. curcas is not a domesticated plant in Mexico, for planting purposes several tonnes of seed were imported from India by the government of Chiapas. Almost all areas planted with J. curcas were established in central Chiapas and two processing plants were constructed for biodiesel production close to Tuxtla Gutierrez and Tapachula [9], the largest cities in this state. Recently, the Mexican government started a national research project to develop novel varieties, management practices and production systems for J. curcas in different regions of the country [7]. As part of the national project, we conducted a survey to determine arthropods associated with J. curcas in several states of Mexico in order to identify potential pests, natural enemies and pollinators of this plant [10]. Despite its alleged resistance to herbivores, several phytophagous arthropods were identified as potential pests of this plant in Mexico. According to a review of literature, 78 arthropod herbivores were identified that feed on J. curcas across the globe, most of them (34 species) within the native range of the plant in Central and South America [11]. One of the identified hervibore arthropods in Mexico was the pyralid Ectomyelois muriscis (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). This is the first time that E. muriscis has been reported feeding on J. curcas. In the present study we report aspects of the feeding behavior, biology and geographical distribution of E. muriscis populations feeding on J. curcas in Chiapas State, Mexico.
2.
Materials and methods
In July 2011 green fruits of J. curcas were observed to have been perforated with 1e3 holes (2 mm diameter) in their pulp (Fig. 1). In order to determine the cause of such damage, 50
151
Fig. 2 e Larva stage of E. muriscis inside a seed of J. curcas.
perforated and 50 non-perforated green fruits of J. curcas were collected in field in several locations of Frailesca, IsthmusCoast and Soconusco regions of Chiapas, Mexico. The fruits were placed separately in containers in the laboratory and samples of perforated and non-perforated fruits were dissected. Several white or yellowish lepidopteran larvae (Fig. 2) were observed inside non-perforated fruits. Because the perforated fruits did not contained larvae, it was assumed that the observed holes in field were exit holes of the larvae. Field observations revealed that emerged larvae perforate the stems of J. curcas after they abandon the fruits. Thus, a sample of 15 perforate stems was collected from field sites and each was placed individually in containers to await the emergence of the adult stage of the insect. In June 2012 a group of infested fruits and stems was marked in 56 plants of J. curcas used as a living fence in Soconusco region, and a sample was taken at weekly intervals and dissected in the laboratory to determine the development of the insect under field conditions.
3.
Results and discussion
The moths that emerged from infested stems of J. curcas (three females, one male) were identified as E. muriscis (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 e Green fruits of J. curcas perforated by larvae of E. muriscis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 e Adult stage of E. muriscis.
152
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
Voucher specimens were deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. This is the first time that J. curcas has been reported as a host plant of E. muriscis. This insect is a tropical and subtropical species widely distributed in Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama), South America (Colombia, Bolivia, British and French Guiana, Brazil) and the Caribbean (Haiti, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Clair, Grenada, Dominican Republic, Cuba) [12,18e22]. This pyralid has been reported feeding on fruits of several plants including mammee-apple (Mammea americana L., Guttiferae), cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L., Malvaceae) [12], cacao de mico (Theobroma simiarum Donn. Sm., Malvaceae) [23], Brazillian cherry (Hymenaea courbaril L., Fabaceae) [24] and Oiticica (Licania rigida Prance, Chrysobalanaceae). In Mexico, Janzen [24] reported E. muriscis on H. courbaril.
The synonyms of E. muriscis are Myelois palpalis Dyar, M. transitella Dyar and Hypsipyla muriscis Dyar [12]. E. muriscis belongs to subfamily Phycitinae [13,14], the most important group of stored grain pests of Lepidoptera [15]. In addition to E. muriscis, the Ectomyelois genus has another four described species: Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), Ectomyelois decolor (Zeller), Ectomyelois furvidorsella (Ragonot) and Ectomyelois zeteki (Heinrich) [12]. One of them, E. ceratoniae, it is a fruit and nut pest on a wide range of plant families throughout the world [15,16]. E. muriscis has a wide distribution in central and southern Chiapas, as it was showed by the field survey. In total, it was found fruits of J. curcas perforated by E. muriscis in nine sites of Chiapas: Two of them in Frailesca region (N 16 150 54900 , W 93 150 76500 , 596 m asl; N 16 220 93700 , W 93 140 54800 , 707 m asl); two more in Isthmus-Coast region (N 16 010 60700 , W 93 410 05600 ,
Fig. 4 e Map of sites and municipalities where green fruits of J. curcas perforated by E. muriscis were found in Chiapas, Mexico.
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 1 5 0 e1 5 4
72 m asl; N 16 340 75900 , W 93 500 02000 , 608 m asl); and five sites in Soconusco region, near to Guatemala border (N 14 570 84400 , W 92 090 40400 , 408 m asl; N 14 540 45400 , W 92 130 71500 , 161 m asl; N 14 500 82300 , W 92 150 80800 , 93 m asl; N 14 450 44700 , W 92 180 06700 , 38 m asl; N 14 540 94200 , W 92 200 68400 , 64 m asl) (Fig. 4). The sites located in Frailesca region were the nearest sites to crops of J. curcas in central Chiapas. Prior to our findings, Quiroga-Madrigal et al. [17] found a similar type of perforated fruits of J. curcas by larvae which were not identified in the municipalities of Ocozocoautla (1000 m asl), Villaflores (600 m asl), Jiquipilas (500 m asl) and Arriaga (30 m asl), Chiapas. The field development study of E. muriscis conducted on a cohort of marked fruits and stems of J. curcas plants in the Soconusco region revealed that first instar larvae penetrated the fruit near the fruit's petiole in June, developed in one seed, and abandoned the infested fruit after 18e20 days. In all cases, the seed was completely destroyed as a consequence of larval development. We estimated 10% of seed damage in a germoplasm bank of J. curcas located in Rosario Izapa, municipality of Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas. In July, the emerged larva perforated a stem of the same plant and created a gallery of approximately 2.0 cm in length inside the stem where it remained for approximately 10 months before pupation. The larva spends up to six hours searching for an appropriate stem before perforating it and remains continuously active in the gallery. Apparently the period spent inside the stem is a mechanism by which the larva avoids unfavorable dry conditions and a period of low availability of J. curcas fruits. After 15 days in the pupal stage, the adult e a tiny grayish moth, some 8 mm in length (head to abdomen tip) e emerged from the stem in June or July, when the rainy season starts in the Soconusco region. The total life cycle, from oviposition to adult emergence was 11 months. Overlapping generations were not observed.
4.
Conclusion
J. curcas is a new host plant record for the pyralid moth E. muriscis. Due to its wide distribution in Chiapas and the damage that larval feeding causes to seeds, this insect is a potential pest of J. curcas cultivation.
Acknowledgments and Higinio Lo pez (El We thank Eladio Garcı´a, Eduardo Chame Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR) for technical assistance and Trevor Williams (Instituto de Ecologı´a, INECOL) for suggestions to improve the manuscript. This study was part of the project “Estudio de nuevas especies con potencial agrotico en Me xico” coordinated by Alfredo Zamarripaenerge Colmenero (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrı´colas y Pecuarias, INIFAP) and supported by Secretarı´a de Agricultura, Ganaderı´a, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y n (SAGARPA). Alimentacio
153
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