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Future Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance
93
105 X, amelioration de l'orthogonalitA et de la plan~it~ des pr6parations au m o y e n d'une surplatine theodolite, etc. Le charbon ~tant consid~r~ comme analogue ~ un mineral uniaxe n~gatif, la r~flectance (dans l'huile) est d6termince par les valeurs Rg et Rp correspondant aux axes principaux de l'ellipsoitle. La r~flectance statistique moyenne est alors Rmoy (2Rg + Rp)/3. La graphitation se traduit par une ~volution des valeurs de Rg, Rp et Rmoy vers celles du graphite : Rg = 15,6%; Rp = 0,84?0; Rmoy = 10,77a A cette occasion M. Ragot propose de mesurer la graphitation progressive par le rapport Rg/Rp qui tend vers la valeur 18,8 et il ~tablit en outre que, contrairement ~ ce que l'on pensait, Rp n'augmente pas r~guli~rement comme Rg mais passe par un maximum (environ 3,8%) pour les charbons 1,8% d'hydrog~ne. I1 en est de m~me pour les valeurs np et kp relatives aux indices de r~fraction et d'absorption qui font l'objet, ainsi que ng et kg, de mesures et de calculs de dispersion precis. En plus des m~thodes optiques, M. Ragot utilise, pour suivre la houillification terminale, l'indice de graphitation aux rayons X : g = (3,44 --doo~)/ (3,44 -- 3,35) formule dans laquelle 3,35 h e s t la distance interr~ticulaire d002 due graphite et 3,44 celle des couches aromatiques dans le syst~me dit turbostratique. Lorsque la graphitation est totale on passe d'une structure bip~riodique (3,44) ~ une structure trip6riodique (3,35) et g = 1. Par ailleurs, les raies 10.0 et 10.1 se s~parent et deviennent distinctes. L'application de l'ensemble de ces techniques, ainsi que celles de la microscopie 61ectronique, fi une s~rie d'~chantillons trbs ~volu~s des Alpes et des Pyrenees, conduit M. Ragot fi conclure que la graphitation n'est pas un ph~nom~ne g~n~ral et homogbne comme on le pensait, mais au contraire localis~ fi des zones particulibres off le graphite est m~lang~ ~ des reliquats turbostratiques. La transformation en graphite ne serait pas due seulement l'~l~vation des pal~otemp6ratures mais aussi & des effets de pression : hydrostatique, lithostatique ou tectonique. =
B. ALPERN (Orl6ans)
Future Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance. Third IIASA-Conference on Energy Resources, Moscow, Nov./Dec. 1977. Michel Grenon (Editor). Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, 732 pp., £45.00, U.S. $90.00. " F u t u r e Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance" comprises the 53 papers which were given at the 3rd IIASA-Conference at Moscow, 1977. This volume, which contains nine chapters, is divided into two major parts. The geological and technological aspects are reported in the first part of the book, while the economical and ecological questions are the major topic of the second part. The first chapter gives a structural description of coal deposits and a review of the USSR coal basins. Furthermore a summary of the coal resource assessment for the World Energy Conference 1977 is given.
94 The major classification systems and definitions of the technological and economical evaluation of coal deposits are reported in the second chapter of the book. The influence of geological aspects on reserve amounts is discussed briefly in the 3rd chapter. More in detail methods of surface seismic profiling under favourable geological circumstances are presented. The 4th chapter which is on mining technology shows the probable future development of underground and open-cast mining technology with examples from the USSR and the Fed. Rep. of Germany. Numerous other unconventional exploitation methods are discussed as hypothetical possibilities, while positive experiences are only reported from hydraulic mining. Some experiences are also existing from underground coal gasification, which is dealt with in the next chapter. Besides descriptions of testing results the theoretical technical possibilities are rated rather optimistic. In the sixth chapter the theoretical discussion of the possibilities of developing coal pipeline transportation is domiaant, as practical experience is rare. Computer based models to simulate cost situation and exploitation methods are demonstrated in chapter 7. Furthermore WELMM (Water, energy, land, materials, and manpower-)-studies on coal mining, processing, transporting, and conversion are presented. The coal resource situation in 10 countries, including most of the important coal-producing nations, is reported in a rather different manner in the extensive 8th chapter. The descriptions range from partly detailed, partly brief case studies to medium- to long-term scenarios. Outgoing from the recent situation the attempt was made to estimate the contribution which can be provided by coal to satisfy the future energy needs. Future aspects of coal as an energy-contributor are discussed on a worldwide scale in the last chapter. From a realistic point of view and taking into account problems of exploitation and transportation it becomes evident that coal will become an important and stabilizing factor for energy supply, but increase of coal production is limited by various factors and will not be as drastic as it was with oil and gas. A contribution to coal liquefaction and one to the problem of increasing contents of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere make up the last papers of the volume. Overall " F u t u r e Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance" is a heterogeneous but comprehensive assessment of the 1977 state of knowledge with respect to the possibilities of coal production and usage. The mentioned aspects are mostly described, generalized in relation to the problems of energy supply. Consequently this book does not provide in many articles highly topical detailed information but gives important facts and trend information on a supranational basis. These informations will retain relevance for a considerable span of time. D. JUCH and W. SCH.~FER (Krefeld)
105 X, amelioration de l'orthogonalitA et de la plan~it~ des pr6parations au m o y e n d'une surplatine theodolite, etc. Le charbon ~tant consid~r~ comme analogue ~ un mineral uniaxe n~gatif, la r~flectance (dans l'huile) est d6termince par les valeurs Rg et Rp correspondant aux axes principaux de l'ellipsoitle. La r~flectance statistique moyenne est alors Rmoy (2Rg + Rp)/3. La graphitation se traduit par une ~volution des valeurs de Rg, Rp et Rmoy vers celles du graphite : Rg = 15,6%; Rp = 0,84?0; Rmoy = 10,77a A cette occasion M. Ragot propose de mesurer la graphitation progressive par le rapport Rg/Rp qui tend vers la valeur 18,8 et il ~tablit en outre que, contrairement ~ ce que l'on pensait, Rp n'augmente pas r~guli~rement comme Rg mais passe par un maximum (environ 3,8%) pour les charbons 1,8% d'hydrog~ne. I1 en est de m~me pour les valeurs np et kp relatives aux indices de r~fraction et d'absorption qui font l'objet, ainsi que ng et kg, de mesures et de calculs de dispersion precis. En plus des m~thodes optiques, M. Ragot utilise, pour suivre la houillification terminale, l'indice de graphitation aux rayons X : g = (3,44 --doo~)/ (3,44 -- 3,35) formule dans laquelle 3,35 h e s t la distance interr~ticulaire d002 due graphite et 3,44 celle des couches aromatiques dans le syst~me dit turbostratique. Lorsque la graphitation est totale on passe d'une structure bip~riodique (3,44) ~ une structure trip6riodique (3,35) et g = 1. Par ailleurs, les raies 10.0 et 10.1 se s~parent et deviennent distinctes. L'application de l'ensemble de ces techniques, ainsi que celles de la microscopie 61ectronique, fi une s~rie d'~chantillons trbs ~volu~s des Alpes et des Pyrenees, conduit M. Ragot fi conclure que la graphitation n'est pas un ph~nom~ne g~n~ral et homogbne comme on le pensait, mais au contraire localis~ fi des zones particulibres off le graphite est m~lang~ ~ des reliquats turbostratiques. La transformation en graphite ne serait pas due seulement l'~l~vation des pal~otemp6ratures mais aussi & des effets de pression : hydrostatique, lithostatique ou tectonique. =
B. ALPERN (Orl6ans)
Future Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance. Third IIASA-Conference on Energy Resources, Moscow, Nov./Dec. 1977. Michel Grenon (Editor). Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, 732 pp., £45.00, U.S. $90.00. " F u t u r e Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance" comprises the 53 papers which were given at the 3rd IIASA-Conference at Moscow, 1977. This volume, which contains nine chapters, is divided into two major parts. The geological and technological aspects are reported in the first part of the book, while the economical and ecological questions are the major topic of the second part. The first chapter gives a structural description of coal deposits and a review of the USSR coal basins. Furthermore a summary of the coal resource assessment for the World Energy Conference 1977 is given.
94 The major classification systems and definitions of the technological and economical evaluation of coal deposits are reported in the second chapter of the book. The influence of geological aspects on reserve amounts is discussed briefly in the 3rd chapter. More in detail methods of surface seismic profiling under favourable geological circumstances are presented. The 4th chapter which is on mining technology shows the probable future development of underground and open-cast mining technology with examples from the USSR and the Fed. Rep. of Germany. Numerous other unconventional exploitation methods are discussed as hypothetical possibilities, while positive experiences are only reported from hydraulic mining. Some experiences are also existing from underground coal gasification, which is dealt with in the next chapter. Besides descriptions of testing results the theoretical technical possibilities are rated rather optimistic. In the sixth chapter the theoretical discussion of the possibilities of developing coal pipeline transportation is domiaant, as practical experience is rare. Computer based models to simulate cost situation and exploitation methods are demonstrated in chapter 7. Furthermore WELMM (Water, energy, land, materials, and manpower-)-studies on coal mining, processing, transporting, and conversion are presented. The coal resource situation in 10 countries, including most of the important coal-producing nations, is reported in a rather different manner in the extensive 8th chapter. The descriptions range from partly detailed, partly brief case studies to medium- to long-term scenarios. Outgoing from the recent situation the attempt was made to estimate the contribution which can be provided by coal to satisfy the future energy needs. Future aspects of coal as an energy-contributor are discussed on a worldwide scale in the last chapter. From a realistic point of view and taking into account problems of exploitation and transportation it becomes evident that coal will become an important and stabilizing factor for energy supply, but increase of coal production is limited by various factors and will not be as drastic as it was with oil and gas. A contribution to coal liquefaction and one to the problem of increasing contents of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere make up the last papers of the volume. Overall " F u t u r e Coal Supply for the World Energy Balance" is a heterogeneous but comprehensive assessment of the 1977 state of knowledge with respect to the possibilities of coal production and usage. The mentioned aspects are mostly described, generalized in relation to the problems of energy supply. Consequently this book does not provide in many articles highly topical detailed information but gives important facts and trend information on a supranational basis. These informations will retain relevance for a considerable span of time. D. JUCH and W. SCH.~FER (Krefeld)