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Greater curiosity about smoking cigarettes among 6th and 12th grade students using alternative tobacco-smoking products
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Greater curiosity about smoking cigarettes among 6th and 12th grade students using alternative tobacco-smoking products Luis Esteban Segura 1,∗ , Adriana Maldonado 1 , Julian Santaella 1 , Carla Storr 2 , Silvia S. Martins 1 1
Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States 2 University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: We estimated the likelihood of endorsing a higher curiosity about trying cigarette smoking by adolescents, who were past-month ATP users and cigarette-naïve. Methods: We used data from the 2014 U.S. National Youth Tobacco Survey. Our analyses were limited to students’ aged 9–19 that never used or experimented with cigarettes but that could have used ATP (n = 15,543). We used weighted ordinal logistic regression to estimate the likelihood of: (1) endorsing great curiosity to smoke cigarettes among past month users of ATP (e-cigarette, hookah, pipe, smokeless tobacco products, and cigars), and (2) endorsing great curiosity to smoke cigarettes among current users of ATP that require or do not require burning tobacco. All analyses were adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and exposure to cigarette advertisement. Results: The prevalence of past-month use of any tobacco product by youth was 10.65%. Among naïve cigarette youth, those using e-cigarettes (3%) endorsed greater curiosity about trying cigarettes in the future compared to non-users (97%) (aOR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.96–3.31). Users of other ATP had similar curiosity levels compared to non-users. Users of nontobacco-burning products (i.e., smokeless tobacco) reported greater curiosity about trying regular cigarettes (aOR: 1.94, 95%CI: 1.54–2.44). Hispanic and Asian students (vs. Whites), those exposed to cigarette advertisement in television and store/supermarkets/gas stations (aOR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.24–1.49; aOR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.17–1.73; aOR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.12; aOR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.04–1.16; aOR; respectively) were more likely to show greater curiosity about trying cigarettes. Conclusions: Our findings show that use of ATP products (particularly nontobacco burning products) may increase youth’s curiosity about trying cigarettesand could be a gateway to future cigarette smoking. Smoking prevention resources provided to youth already experimenting with ATP could reduce their risk of future smoking habits. Financial support: CONACYT and Colciencias doctoral scholarships, and R01DA037866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.509 Greater psychiatric morbidity among youth with synthetic cannabinoid use in residential treatment Victoria L. Selby 2,1,∗ , Carla Storr 2 , Marc Fishman 3,1 1 Maryland Treatment Centers, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States 3 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Aims: Considering that synthetic cannabis (SC) is a full cannabinoid receptor agonist and that there have been various accounts of adverse psychiatric effects such as intense anxiety and psychosis, there may be more psychiatric comorbidity among SC users than
nonusers, requiring more psychiatric service utilization in the substance treatment setting. The purpose of this study was to explore whether drug abusing youth who use SC as compared to those who do not have more psychiatric morbidity. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients, ages 12-25 (M = 18.57, SD 2.7), with SC use (n = 217) and a randomized sample of non-SC users (n = 202) seen at a single residential treatment center during 2014 was performed. The sample was mostly white (61.3%), male (66.2%), and with public funded treatment (63.4%). Psychiatric indicators included mental health history, current diagnoses, and psychotropic prescriptions. Logistic regression models estimated the magnitude of the associations while holding age, gender, race, and treatment funding source constant. Results: Self-reported past psychiatric diagnoses (78.1%) and psychotropic treatment (71.5%) was very common, as was diagnosis of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder during treatment (87.2%). SC use was associated with a history of psychiatric morbidity (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.46) and male gender (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.39). Among SC users, 9.4% were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder versus 2.7% among non-users (X2 = 6.23, p < 0.01). The number of psychotropic medications prescribed upon discharge (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.47) and male gender (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.41) were also associated with SC use. Conclusions: Youth who have used SC have more psychiatric morbidity, including psychosis. This will impact the need for psychiatric treatment resources. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.510 Sex differences in high fat diet-induced enhancement of sensitivity to the behavioral effects of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole in adolescent rats Katherine Marie Serafine ∗ , Caroline Hernandez-Casner, Jeremiah Ramos Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El paso, TX, United States Aims: Eating a diet high in fat increases sensitivity of rats to drugs acting indirectly on dopamine receptors (e.g., cocaine). This effect is greater among adolescent females as compared to adolescent males, and adults of both sexes. It is not known if sensitivity to the behavioral effects of direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists (e.g., the dopamine D2/D3 receptor selective agonist quinpirole) is also different between male and female adolescent rats. Methods: To test the hypothesis that females are more sensitive than males to diet-induced enhancement of sensitivity to the behavioral effects of quinpirole, the present experiment examined once weekly tests with cumulative doses of quinpirole (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg) in adolescent (postnatal day 25) SpragueDawley rats eating standard laboratory chow (17% kcal from fat; n = 4 females; n = 4 males) or high fat chow (60% kcal from fat; n = 4 females; n = 4 males) over the course of 8 weeks. Results: Eating high fat chow enhanced sensitivity of male rats to the behavioral effects (e.g., yawning) of quinpirole. That is, the ED50 values for yawning dose–response curves from rats eating high fat chow were significantly smaller than standard chow fed controls. Female rats yawned significantly less than male rats, and eating high fat chow did not increase frequency (e.g., maximal effect) of yawning. Conclusions: These results suggest that the directly observable behavior previously used to examine dopamine D2/D3 receptor sensitivity in male rats is not an ideal assay for studying female rats.
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Greater curiosity about smoking cigarettes among 6th and 12th grade students using alternative tobacco-smoking products Luis Esteban Segura 1,∗ , Adriana Maldonado 1 , Julian Santaella 1 , Carla Storr 2 , Silvia S. Martins 1 1
Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States 2 University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: We estimated the likelihood of endorsing a higher curiosity about trying cigarette smoking by adolescents, who were past-month ATP users and cigarette-naïve. Methods: We used data from the 2014 U.S. National Youth Tobacco Survey. Our analyses were limited to students’ aged 9–19 that never used or experimented with cigarettes but that could have used ATP (n = 15,543). We used weighted ordinal logistic regression to estimate the likelihood of: (1) endorsing great curiosity to smoke cigarettes among past month users of ATP (e-cigarette, hookah, pipe, smokeless tobacco products, and cigars), and (2) endorsing great curiosity to smoke cigarettes among current users of ATP that require or do not require burning tobacco. All analyses were adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and exposure to cigarette advertisement. Results: The prevalence of past-month use of any tobacco product by youth was 10.65%. Among naïve cigarette youth, those using e-cigarettes (3%) endorsed greater curiosity about trying cigarettes in the future compared to non-users (97%) (aOR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.96–3.31). Users of other ATP had similar curiosity levels compared to non-users. Users of nontobacco-burning products (i.e., smokeless tobacco) reported greater curiosity about trying regular cigarettes (aOR: 1.94, 95%CI: 1.54–2.44). Hispanic and Asian students (vs. Whites), those exposed to cigarette advertisement in television and store/supermarkets/gas stations (aOR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.24–1.49; aOR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.17–1.73; aOR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.12; aOR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.04–1.16; aOR; respectively) were more likely to show greater curiosity about trying cigarettes. Conclusions: Our findings show that use of ATP products (particularly nontobacco burning products) may increase youth’s curiosity about trying cigarettesand could be a gateway to future cigarette smoking. Smoking prevention resources provided to youth already experimenting with ATP could reduce their risk of future smoking habits. Financial support: CONACYT and Colciencias doctoral scholarships, and R01DA037866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.509 Greater psychiatric morbidity among youth with synthetic cannabinoid use in residential treatment Victoria L. Selby 2,1,∗ , Carla Storr 2 , Marc Fishman 3,1 1 Maryland Treatment Centers, Baltimore, MD, United States 2 University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States 3 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Aims: Considering that synthetic cannabis (SC) is a full cannabinoid receptor agonist and that there have been various accounts of adverse psychiatric effects such as intense anxiety and psychosis, there may be more psychiatric comorbidity among SC users than
nonusers, requiring more psychiatric service utilization in the substance treatment setting. The purpose of this study was to explore whether drug abusing youth who use SC as compared to those who do not have more psychiatric morbidity. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients, ages 12-25 (M = 18.57, SD 2.7), with SC use (n = 217) and a randomized sample of non-SC users (n = 202) seen at a single residential treatment center during 2014 was performed. The sample was mostly white (61.3%), male (66.2%), and with public funded treatment (63.4%). Psychiatric indicators included mental health history, current diagnoses, and psychotropic prescriptions. Logistic regression models estimated the magnitude of the associations while holding age, gender, race, and treatment funding source constant. Results: Self-reported past psychiatric diagnoses (78.1%) and psychotropic treatment (71.5%) was very common, as was diagnosis of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder during treatment (87.2%). SC use was associated with a history of psychiatric morbidity (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.46) and male gender (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.39). Among SC users, 9.4% were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder versus 2.7% among non-users (X2 = 6.23, p < 0.01). The number of psychotropic medications prescribed upon discharge (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.47) and male gender (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.41) were also associated with SC use. Conclusions: Youth who have used SC have more psychiatric morbidity, including psychosis. This will impact the need for psychiatric treatment resources. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.510 Sex differences in high fat diet-induced enhancement of sensitivity to the behavioral effects of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole in adolescent rats Katherine Marie Serafine ∗ , Caroline Hernandez-Casner, Jeremiah Ramos Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El paso, TX, United States Aims: Eating a diet high in fat increases sensitivity of rats to drugs acting indirectly on dopamine receptors (e.g., cocaine). This effect is greater among adolescent females as compared to adolescent males, and adults of both sexes. It is not known if sensitivity to the behavioral effects of direct-acting dopamine receptor agonists (e.g., the dopamine D2/D3 receptor selective agonist quinpirole) is also different between male and female adolescent rats. Methods: To test the hypothesis that females are more sensitive than males to diet-induced enhancement of sensitivity to the behavioral effects of quinpirole, the present experiment examined once weekly tests with cumulative doses of quinpirole (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg) in adolescent (postnatal day 25) SpragueDawley rats eating standard laboratory chow (17% kcal from fat; n = 4 females; n = 4 males) or high fat chow (60% kcal from fat; n = 4 females; n = 4 males) over the course of 8 weeks. Results: Eating high fat chow enhanced sensitivity of male rats to the behavioral effects (e.g., yawning) of quinpirole. That is, the ED50 values for yawning dose–response curves from rats eating high fat chow were significantly smaller than standard chow fed controls. Female rats yawned significantly less than male rats, and eating high fat chow did not increase frequency (e.g., maximal effect) of yawning. Conclusions: These results suggest that the directly observable behavior previously used to examine dopamine D2/D3 receptor sensitivity in male rats is not an ideal assay for studying female rats.