- Email: [email protected]
Hair product artifact in magnetic resonance imaging
Hair Product Artifact in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sneha Chenji, Alan H. Wilman, Dennell Mah, Peter Seres, Angela Genge, Sanjay Kalra PII: DOI: Reference:
S0730-725X(16)30128-X doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.023 MRI 8615
To appear in:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Received date: Accepted date:
4 August 2016 24 August 2016
Please cite this article as: Chenji Sneha, Wilman Alan H., Mah Dennell, Seres Peter, Genge Angela, Kalra Sanjay, Hair Product Artifact in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.023
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 RUNNING TITLE: Artifact in MRI Hair Product Artifact in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
T
Sneha Chenji1*, Alan H. Wilman2, Dennell Mah3, Peter Seres2, Angela Genge4 and Sanjay
RI P
Kalra1,3
Neuroscience Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
3
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
4
Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
MA
NU
SC
1
ED
*Corresponding Author. Address: 7-111 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 83 Ave, Edmonton,
AC
CE
PT
AB T6G 2G3. Email: [email protected]
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 Artifact in MRI Abstract
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The presence of metallic compounds in facial cosmetics and permanent tattoos may affect
RI P
the quality of magnetic resonance imaging. We report a case study describing a signal artifact due to the use of a leave-on powdered hair dye. On reviewing the ingredients of the product, it
SC
was found to contain several metallic compounds. In lieu of this observation, we suggest that MRI centres include the use of metal- or mineral-based facial cosmetics or hair products in their
NU
screening protocols.
MA
Keywords: artifacts, magnetic resonance imaging, cosmetic artifact, hair product artifact, resting
AC
CE
PT
ED
state fMRI
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 Artifact in MRI 1.
Introduction
T
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an invaluable diagnostic tool for examining the
RI P
brain. However, MRI has many contraindications due both to safety and effects on image quality that can give rise to artifacts. For example, metallic compounds found in tattoos or cosmetics can
SC
affect the quality of an MRI exam. Previous studies regarding MRI artifacts discuss changes in
NU
signal intensity in images or injuries caused to study participants due to the presence of metals in permanent tattoos [1]. Cosmetic tattoos such as permanent eyeliner and mascara have also been
MA
reported to affect MR images [2, 3]. Non-permanent cosmetics have also been found to influence scan quality. Previous report artifacts such as distortion [4], loss of signal or hypointensities [5]
ED
in the eye region due to the use of mascara in healthy volunteers, moderate to large signal loss due to the use of mascara, eye shadow and eye liner of various cosmetic brands on an MRI
PT
phantom [6]. Large artifacts due to the application of hair concealer on the MRI phantom were
CE
also reported [6]. The present report describes an MRI artifact observed due to the use of a leave-
2.
AC
on powdered hair dye. Case Report
After informed consent, a 55-year old healthy female volunteer received a brain MRI exam using a 3T scanner (Siemens Tim Trio) as a part of a multicentre research study for the Canadian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neuroimaging Consortium (CALSNIC). The multimodal protocol included: T1-weighted 3-dimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo ([3D-T1, MPRAGE] TR=2300ms, TE=3.4ms, voxel size=1×1×1mm3), resting-state functional MRI using single shot echo planar imaging ([rs-fMRI] 192 time-points, 3.5×3.5×3.5mm3, TR=2200ms, TE=30ms), diffusion weighted imaging ([DWI] TR=10000ms,
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4 Artifact in MRI TE=90ms, voxel size=2×2×2mm3), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery ([FLAIR] TR=9000ms, TE=80ms, 0.94×0.94×3mm3), and dual-echo turbo spin echo (with proton density and T2
RI P
T
weighting) sequences ([PD/T2], TR=2500ms, TE=10.5/94.8ms, 0.94×0.94×3mm3). Figure 1 illustrates the presence of artifacts in a number of the imaging sequences.
SC
Localized signal drop-out in rs-fMRI was identified in the left dorsolateral frontal lobe, and was consistent across all time-points. Images from DWI showed mild signal drop-out in the same
NU
region. A slight loss of signal in the skull was observed for the 3D-T1 and PD/T2 images, while
MA
hyperintense signals were observed on the left dorsolateral frontal portion of the skull in the FLAIR images (image not shown). The subject underwent a repeat scan three weeks later due to
ED
poor data quality. The rs-fMRI, DWI and structural scans revealed no abnormal signal loss or
PT
hyperintensity.
The participant revealed to the MR technologist (A.C.) that she used a powder-dye hair
CE
product (Color Wow Root Cover Up) during her initial scan and had not used it at re-scan. The
AC
product is applied on the scalp to temporarily colour hair roots and is made of several metallic compounds including oxides of iron and titanium. The main ingredients are synthetic fluorphlogopite, talc, mica, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, ethylhexyl palmitate, zinc stearate, silica, zea mays starch, pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, phenoxyethanol, dimethicone, triethoxycaprylylsilane, CI 77499 (iron oxides), CI 77491 (iron oxides), CI 77891 (titanium dioxide) (http://www.colorwowhair.com/us/products/root-cover-up543.html). We attempted to replicate the artifact on a similar 3T (Siemens Prisma) at a different site (Peter S Allen MR Research Centre). The same hair product was applied twice to a 2 x 4 inch
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5 Artifact in MRI adhesive gauze pad that was mounted with clear tape onto a phantom filled with nickel-sulfatehexahydrate solution (3.75g NiSO4 + 6H2O + 5NaCl [Figure 2]), approximately replicating the
RI P
T
spatial distribution of typical “in-vivo” product use (Figure 2). The following sequences were acquired to replicate the artifact: rs-fMRI (3 time-points), DTI, T1, and PD/T2. A baseline
SC
phantom scan without the hair product was also acquired. We noted that the rs-fMRI and DTI sequences showed substantial loss of signal (Figure 1) while the T1 and PD sequences showed
Discussion
MA
3.
NU
negligible distortion, thereby replicating powder hair dye artifacts on the phantom scan.
To our best knowledge, this is the first report on MRI artifacts caused by a powdered hair
ED
product in a human subject. The hair concealer product in a previous phantom study [6] had a
PT
liquid base. We believe that the hair product in our study, containing ferromagnetic compounds caused distorted local magnetic fields resulting in substantial signal loss rs-fMRI scan. This scan
CE
uses gradient echo EPI with strong T2* weighting, leading to a lack of refocusing of static field
AC
inhomogeneity caused by the product. The T1-weighted sequence also used gradient echo, but has a very short TE which limits these effects. The spin-echo based sequences (diffusion, PD, T2, FLAIR) recovered much of the lost signal but still suffered mild artifacts. Most of the participants undergoing MRI scans are screened for metal implants, surgical clips and permanent tattoos that are documented to cause artifacts or bodily harm. However to improve image quality and reduce the possibility of re-scans, participants should be advised to be free of facial cosmetics or hair products when undergoing an MRI scan. This would include products such as make-up containing minerals or glitter and avoiding leave-on powder hair dye and hair concealers.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6 Artifact in MRI 4. Conclusions
T
In conclusion, this case report demonstrates that use of leave-on hair dye containing
RI P
metallic compounds affect MRI scan quality. The extent of the artifact will depend on the type of scan, with gradient echo imaging most affected. Image quality could be improved if participants
SC
are ensured to be free of facial cosmetics or hair products when undergoing MRI.
NU
Acknowledgement
MA
We acknowledge Andre Cormier, MRI Research Chief Technician, at the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University who helped identify the source of the artifact. We
ED
thank Kristiana Salmon, Group Leader – ALS Division at McGill University, and the participant for their time and cooperation in providing details of the hair product. We acknowledge funding
CE
Conflicts of Interest
PT
received by SK from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
AC
There are no conflicts of interest.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 7 Artifact in MRI Figure Legends
T
Figure 1. Imaging artifacts observed on different MRI scans of the participant and on phantom
RI P
scan (radiological convention, left is right). (i) gradient echo EPI used for rs-fMRI has the greatest signal loss(ii) DWI b0 scans appear to have a mild signal loss closer to the skull; (iii)
SC
DWI b1000 scans show hyperintensities in the left dorsolateral skull and brain regions; (iv) T1 and (v) PD scans show very minimal loss of signal in the corresponding region of the skull. Mild
NU
distorted signals were observed in dorsal (higher) brain slices for the T1, PD and T2 scans (not
MA
shown in image). Note that the signals obtained from the brain do not appear to be affected in sequences (iv-v).
ED
Figure 2. Replication experiment: phantom mounted with powder hair-dye gauze, positioned in
PT
the head RF coil. The gauze adhered to the phantom was placed on the left side of the phantom
AC
CE
to replicate the spatial location of artifact detected previously in-vivo.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 8 Artifact in MRI References Weiss RA, Saint-Louis LA, Haik BG, McCord CD, Taveras JL. Mascara and eyelining
T
1.
2.
RI P
tattoos: MRI artifacts. Annals of ophthalmology. 1989;21(4):129-31.
Tope WD, Shellock FG. Magnetic resonance imaging and permanent cosmetics (tattoos):
SC
survey of complications and adverse events. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.
Offret H, Offret M, Labetoulle M, Offret O. [Permanent cosmetics and magnetic
MA
3.
NU
2002;15(2):180-4.
resonance imaging]. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie. 2009;32(2):131 e1-3. Smith FW, Crosher GA. Mascara--an unsuspected cause of magnetic resonance imaging
ED
4.
5.
PT
artifact. Magnetic resonance imaging. 1985;3(3):287-9. Sacco DC, Steiger DA, Bellon EM, Coleman PE, Haacke EM. Artifacts caused by
6.
AC
1987;148(5):1001-4.
CE
cosmetics in MR imaging of the head. AJR American journal of roentgenology.
Escher K, Shellock FG. Evaluation of MRI artifacts at 3 Tesla for 38 commonly used
cosmetics. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2013;31(5):778-82.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9
Fig. 1
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CE
PT
ED
MA
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SC
RI P
T
Artifact in MRI
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 10
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Artifact in MRI
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Fig. 2
S0730-725X(16)30128-X doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.023 MRI 8615
To appear in:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Received date: Accepted date:
4 August 2016 24 August 2016
Please cite this article as: Chenji Sneha, Wilman Alan H., Mah Dennell, Seres Peter, Genge Angela, Kalra Sanjay, Hair Product Artifact in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.08.023
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 RUNNING TITLE: Artifact in MRI Hair Product Artifact in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
T
Sneha Chenji1*, Alan H. Wilman2, Dennell Mah3, Peter Seres2, Angela Genge4 and Sanjay
RI P
Kalra1,3
Neuroscience Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
3
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
4
Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
MA
NU
SC
1
ED
*Corresponding Author. Address: 7-111 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 83 Ave, Edmonton,
AC
CE
PT
AB T6G 2G3. Email: [email protected]
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 Artifact in MRI Abstract
T
The presence of metallic compounds in facial cosmetics and permanent tattoos may affect
RI P
the quality of magnetic resonance imaging. We report a case study describing a signal artifact due to the use of a leave-on powdered hair dye. On reviewing the ingredients of the product, it
SC
was found to contain several metallic compounds. In lieu of this observation, we suggest that MRI centres include the use of metal- or mineral-based facial cosmetics or hair products in their
NU
screening protocols.
MA
Keywords: artifacts, magnetic resonance imaging, cosmetic artifact, hair product artifact, resting
AC
CE
PT
ED
state fMRI
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 Artifact in MRI 1.
Introduction
T
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an invaluable diagnostic tool for examining the
RI P
brain. However, MRI has many contraindications due both to safety and effects on image quality that can give rise to artifacts. For example, metallic compounds found in tattoos or cosmetics can
SC
affect the quality of an MRI exam. Previous studies regarding MRI artifacts discuss changes in
NU
signal intensity in images or injuries caused to study participants due to the presence of metals in permanent tattoos [1]. Cosmetic tattoos such as permanent eyeliner and mascara have also been
MA
reported to affect MR images [2, 3]. Non-permanent cosmetics have also been found to influence scan quality. Previous report artifacts such as distortion [4], loss of signal or hypointensities [5]
ED
in the eye region due to the use of mascara in healthy volunteers, moderate to large signal loss due to the use of mascara, eye shadow and eye liner of various cosmetic brands on an MRI
PT
phantom [6]. Large artifacts due to the application of hair concealer on the MRI phantom were
CE
also reported [6]. The present report describes an MRI artifact observed due to the use of a leave-
2.
AC
on powdered hair dye. Case Report
After informed consent, a 55-year old healthy female volunteer received a brain MRI exam using a 3T scanner (Siemens Tim Trio) as a part of a multicentre research study for the Canadian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neuroimaging Consortium (CALSNIC). The multimodal protocol included: T1-weighted 3-dimensional magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo ([3D-T1, MPRAGE] TR=2300ms, TE=3.4ms, voxel size=1×1×1mm3), resting-state functional MRI using single shot echo planar imaging ([rs-fMRI] 192 time-points, 3.5×3.5×3.5mm3, TR=2200ms, TE=30ms), diffusion weighted imaging ([DWI] TR=10000ms,
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4 Artifact in MRI TE=90ms, voxel size=2×2×2mm3), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery ([FLAIR] TR=9000ms, TE=80ms, 0.94×0.94×3mm3), and dual-echo turbo spin echo (with proton density and T2
RI P
T
weighting) sequences ([PD/T2], TR=2500ms, TE=10.5/94.8ms, 0.94×0.94×3mm3). Figure 1 illustrates the presence of artifacts in a number of the imaging sequences.
SC
Localized signal drop-out in rs-fMRI was identified in the left dorsolateral frontal lobe, and was consistent across all time-points. Images from DWI showed mild signal drop-out in the same
NU
region. A slight loss of signal in the skull was observed for the 3D-T1 and PD/T2 images, while
MA
hyperintense signals were observed on the left dorsolateral frontal portion of the skull in the FLAIR images (image not shown). The subject underwent a repeat scan three weeks later due to
ED
poor data quality. The rs-fMRI, DWI and structural scans revealed no abnormal signal loss or
PT
hyperintensity.
The participant revealed to the MR technologist (A.C.) that she used a powder-dye hair
CE
product (Color Wow Root Cover Up) during her initial scan and had not used it at re-scan. The
AC
product is applied on the scalp to temporarily colour hair roots and is made of several metallic compounds including oxides of iron and titanium. The main ingredients are synthetic fluorphlogopite, talc, mica, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, ethylhexyl palmitate, zinc stearate, silica, zea mays starch, pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, phenoxyethanol, dimethicone, triethoxycaprylylsilane, CI 77499 (iron oxides), CI 77491 (iron oxides), CI 77891 (titanium dioxide) (http://www.colorwowhair.com/us/products/root-cover-up543.html). We attempted to replicate the artifact on a similar 3T (Siemens Prisma) at a different site (Peter S Allen MR Research Centre). The same hair product was applied twice to a 2 x 4 inch
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5 Artifact in MRI adhesive gauze pad that was mounted with clear tape onto a phantom filled with nickel-sulfatehexahydrate solution (3.75g NiSO4 + 6H2O + 5NaCl [Figure 2]), approximately replicating the
RI P
T
spatial distribution of typical “in-vivo” product use (Figure 2). The following sequences were acquired to replicate the artifact: rs-fMRI (3 time-points), DTI, T1, and PD/T2. A baseline
SC
phantom scan without the hair product was also acquired. We noted that the rs-fMRI and DTI sequences showed substantial loss of signal (Figure 1) while the T1 and PD sequences showed
Discussion
MA
3.
NU
negligible distortion, thereby replicating powder hair dye artifacts on the phantom scan.
To our best knowledge, this is the first report on MRI artifacts caused by a powdered hair
ED
product in a human subject. The hair concealer product in a previous phantom study [6] had a
PT
liquid base. We believe that the hair product in our study, containing ferromagnetic compounds caused distorted local magnetic fields resulting in substantial signal loss rs-fMRI scan. This scan
CE
uses gradient echo EPI with strong T2* weighting, leading to a lack of refocusing of static field
AC
inhomogeneity caused by the product. The T1-weighted sequence also used gradient echo, but has a very short TE which limits these effects. The spin-echo based sequences (diffusion, PD, T2, FLAIR) recovered much of the lost signal but still suffered mild artifacts. Most of the participants undergoing MRI scans are screened for metal implants, surgical clips and permanent tattoos that are documented to cause artifacts or bodily harm. However to improve image quality and reduce the possibility of re-scans, participants should be advised to be free of facial cosmetics or hair products when undergoing an MRI scan. This would include products such as make-up containing minerals or glitter and avoiding leave-on powder hair dye and hair concealers.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6 Artifact in MRI 4. Conclusions
T
In conclusion, this case report demonstrates that use of leave-on hair dye containing
RI P
metallic compounds affect MRI scan quality. The extent of the artifact will depend on the type of scan, with gradient echo imaging most affected. Image quality could be improved if participants
SC
are ensured to be free of facial cosmetics or hair products when undergoing MRI.
NU
Acknowledgement
MA
We acknowledge Andre Cormier, MRI Research Chief Technician, at the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University who helped identify the source of the artifact. We
ED
thank Kristiana Salmon, Group Leader – ALS Division at McGill University, and the participant for their time and cooperation in providing details of the hair product. We acknowledge funding
CE
Conflicts of Interest
PT
received by SK from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
AC
There are no conflicts of interest.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 7 Artifact in MRI Figure Legends
T
Figure 1. Imaging artifacts observed on different MRI scans of the participant and on phantom
RI P
scan (radiological convention, left is right). (i) gradient echo EPI used for rs-fMRI has the greatest signal loss(ii) DWI b0 scans appear to have a mild signal loss closer to the skull; (iii)
SC
DWI b1000 scans show hyperintensities in the left dorsolateral skull and brain regions; (iv) T1 and (v) PD scans show very minimal loss of signal in the corresponding region of the skull. Mild
NU
distorted signals were observed in dorsal (higher) brain slices for the T1, PD and T2 scans (not
MA
shown in image). Note that the signals obtained from the brain do not appear to be affected in sequences (iv-v).
ED
Figure 2. Replication experiment: phantom mounted with powder hair-dye gauze, positioned in
PT
the head RF coil. The gauze adhered to the phantom was placed on the left side of the phantom
AC
CE
to replicate the spatial location of artifact detected previously in-vivo.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 8 Artifact in MRI References Weiss RA, Saint-Louis LA, Haik BG, McCord CD, Taveras JL. Mascara and eyelining
T
1.
2.
RI P
tattoos: MRI artifacts. Annals of ophthalmology. 1989;21(4):129-31.
Tope WD, Shellock FG. Magnetic resonance imaging and permanent cosmetics (tattoos):
SC
survey of complications and adverse events. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.
Offret H, Offret M, Labetoulle M, Offret O. [Permanent cosmetics and magnetic
MA
3.
NU
2002;15(2):180-4.
resonance imaging]. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie. 2009;32(2):131 e1-3. Smith FW, Crosher GA. Mascara--an unsuspected cause of magnetic resonance imaging
ED
4.
5.
PT
artifact. Magnetic resonance imaging. 1985;3(3):287-9. Sacco DC, Steiger DA, Bellon EM, Coleman PE, Haacke EM. Artifacts caused by
6.
AC
1987;148(5):1001-4.
CE
cosmetics in MR imaging of the head. AJR American journal of roentgenology.
Escher K, Shellock FG. Evaluation of MRI artifacts at 3 Tesla for 38 commonly used
cosmetics. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2013;31(5):778-82.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9
Fig. 1
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Artifact in MRI
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 10
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Artifact in MRI
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Fig. 2