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Health Care Resource Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Copd: Comparison Of High And Low Utilizers
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VA L U E I N H E A LT H 1 8 ( 2 0 1 5 ) A 1 – A 3 0 7
patient costing), more details on the various cost components and sources of data, and considerations for costing based on economic evaluation considerations (e.g. setting, perspective). Conclusions: The 2nd edition of the Guidance Document aims to better assist Canadian researchers in appropriately identifying, measuring, and sourcing the types of costs and resources relevant for economic evaluations.
HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE STUDIES HE1 Health Care Resource Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Copd: Comparison Of High And Low Utilizers Xu X , Rao Y , Miyasato G Trinity Partners, LLC, Waltham, MA, USA .
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Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the costs attributable to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are projected to be $49.0 billion by 2020. This retrospective claims analysis characterized and compared Medicare beneficiaries with high and low healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) as a means to inform the drivers of this large economic burden. Methods: Medicare beneficiaries with a COPD diagnosis in 2012 were identified in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) claims databases. HCRU groups were defined based on the total payment amount across the inpatient, outpatient and physician office settings; high and low utilizers represented the top and bottom quartiles, respectively. The utilization groups were compared across patient demographics, comorbidities and HCRU using t-tests. A classification tree was fitted to identify the patient risk factors that were the biggest drivers of differences in HCRU. Results: Overall, 257,752 COPD patients were identified, with 64,438 patients in each of the high and low utilization groups. The mean (95% confidence interval) payment amounts for high and low utilizers were $54,176 ($53,847, $54,506) and $1,131 ($1,126, $1,136), respectively. On average, high utilizers had a significantly (p< 0.001) higher number of claims, longer length of stay, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score and more complicated comorbid respiratory conditions and medical procedures (102, 19, 6, 60%, 21%) relative to low utilizers (16, 0, 2, 23%, 4%). The classification tree identified the most important risk factors in differentiating high and low utilizers as CCI score, comorbid anemia, COPD complexity, comorbid pneumonia and heart failure. Conclusions: HCRU among COPD Medicare patients varied greatly, with high utilizers tending to be sicker across all comorbidity measures. The classification tree analysis indicated that comorbidities such as anemia, pneumonia and heart failure are more highly associated with HCRU than demographic factors, such as age, gender and race. HE2 Explaining The Excess Home Health Care Use And Expenditures Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries With Parkinson’s Disease Bhattacharjee S 1, Metzger A 2, Tworek C 1, Wei W 3, Pan X 4, Sambamoorthi U 2 1The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 2West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, 3Sanofi US LLC, Bridgewaters, NJ, USA, 4Evidera LLC, Lexington, MA, USA .
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Objectives: This study compared home healthcare use and expenditures among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson’s disease (PD) and analyzed the extent to which individual-level factors contribute to the excess home healthcare use and expenditures among individuals with PD. Methods: A retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted using Medicare 5% sample claims database with baseline (year 2006) and follow-up (year 2007) period. The study sample included elderly (age > 65 years) fee-forservice Medicare beneficiaries continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B for 2006 and 2007. Elderly Medicare beneficiaries with PD were identified based on the ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes of 332.xx during baseline. All the independent variables were measured during baseline. The dependent variables (home healthcare use and expenditures) were measured in 2007. Logistic regressions and Ordinary Least Square regressions were used to assess the association of PD with home health use and expenditures respectively. Post regression non-linear and linear decomposition techniques were used to understand the extent to which differences in home healthcare use and expenditures among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with and without PD can be explained by individual-level factors. Results: Elderly Medicare beneficiaries with PD had 13.3 percentage point higher home healthcare use, of which 27.5% were explained by differences in characteristics between the two groups. Among home healthcare users, those with PD had greater expenditures ($6,792) compared to those without PD ($4,965). Only 18% of the difference in home healthcare expenditures were explained by differences in characteristics between the two groups. Baseline resource use and comorbidities explained majority of the differences in home healthcare use and expenditures. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of developing interventions such as using appropriate evidence based co-management of multiple chronic conditions and need of interdisciplinary team collaboration to provide better care. HE3 Long-Term Health Care Costs Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Initiating Dpp-4 Inhibitors Farr A M 1, Sheehan J 2, Brouillette M 1, Smith D M 1, Johnston S 1, Kalsekar I 3 1Truven Health Analytics, Bethesda, MD, USA, 2AstraZeneca, Fort Washington, PA, USA, 3AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA .
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Objectives: To compare all-cause and diabetes-related utilization and costs following initiation of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors saxagliptin or sitagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Patients aged 18+ with ≥ 1 prescription claim for saxagliptin or sitagliptin between 1/1/2009 and 1/31/2012 in the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases
were identified. Patients were required to have ≥ 365 day of continuous enrollment prior to and ≥ 730 days after the index date (date of the first claim), a claim with a T2DM diagnosis (ICD-9-CM 250.x0, 250.x2) and no claims for a DPP-4i medication prior to the index date. All-cause and diabetes-related total costs were captured over one-year and two-year follow-up periods. Generalized linear models with log link and gamma distribution were fit to compare costs between the two cohorts, controlling for patient baseline characteristics. Results: The final sample comprised 3,354 saxagliptin initiators and 26,895 sitagliptin initiators. The average age of saxagliptin and sitagliptin initiators was 57 years old and just over 50% were males. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, saxagliptin patients had significantly lower average all-cause medical costs over the one-year ($8,406 vs. $9,368, p< 0.0001) and two-year follow-up ($17,367 vs. $19,410, p< 0.0001) compared with sitagliptin patients. Total costs were lower for saxagliptin initiators over the one-year ($13,644 vs. $14,388, p= 0.0015) and two-year follow-up ($27,491 vs. $29,198, p= 0.0002). Findings were consistent for diabetes-related medical costs (one-year: $2,097 vs. $2,370, p< 0.0001; two-year: $4,312 vs. $4,753, p= 0.0003) and total diabetes-related costs (one-year: $4,210 vs. $4,417, p= 0.0048; two-year: $8,391 vs. $8,701, p= 0.0326). Conclusions: Initiation of treatment with saxagliptin was associated with lower medical costs over one and two years compared with sitagliptin. HE4 Optimizing Cancer Clinical Trials Research Investment Decisions In The United States: A Proof Of Concept Portfolio Management Evaluation Bennette C S 1, Roth J A 2, Basu A 1, Carlson J J 1, Ramsey S 2, Veenstra D L 1 of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA .
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1University
Objectives: Portfolio management is commonly used to prioritize investments within the private sector, but is not used widely to manage public research investments due to the difficulty of defining and quantifying appropriate measures of risk and return. We recently developed a novel tools to estimate the risk and return of publicly funded cancer clinical trials. Our objective was to use these metrics and apply a proof of concept portfolio management approach within SWOG, a large cancer clinical trials cooperative group. Methods: The sample portfolio included 9 randomized Phase II/III clinical trial concepts reviewed by SWOG between 2008-2013, of which 5 were approved and 4 were not. Risk was defined as the probability of insufficient accrual (< 50% of target) and measured using a previously validated prediction model. Value of Information methods were used to estimate societal return, defined both as the population-level expected health benefits (clinical return) or clinical and economic benefits (net return) of acquiring additional information to inform a decision and measured. We compared the risk-adjusted expected returns of the observed portfolio of approved trials to hypothetical alternative portfolios in which different trials might have been funded. Results: The clinical return of SWOG’s sample portfolio was valued at $11.3 billion. A hypothetical alternative portfolio of trials requiring 200 fewer patients than the observed portfolio was expected to have a clinical return of $26.3 billion. The net return of SWOG’s observed sample portfolio was $2.7 billion. An alternative hypothetical portfolio that includes four trials and requires 400 fewer patients than the observed portfolio was expected to have a net return of approximately $9.6 billion. Conclusions: A portfolio management approach appears to be a feasible and potentially useful response to the Institute of Medicine’s call for more systematic approaches to prioritize trials concepts within the cancer clinical trials cooperative groups.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT STUDIES HT1 Systematic Review Of Cost Effectiveness Of Ultra-Orphan Therapies: Lesson Learned From Published Htas And Studies Aggarwal S1, Topaloglu H1, Kumar S2 1NOVEL Health Strategies, Chevy Chase, MD, USA, 2GLOBAL ACCESS Monitor, Bethesda, MD, USA
Objectives: Ultra orphan therapies are indicated for rare diseases affecting less than a few thousand patients. The annual and lifetime per patient cost of these treatments have generated controversy and policy questions regarding cost effectiveness and reimbursement. The objective of this analysis was to review all available cost effectiveness studies and develop lessons for policy development for ultra orphan therapies. Methods: Fifteen European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ultra orphan drugs were identified and reviewed for their published cost effectiveness through studies in peer-reviewed journals and Health Technology Assessments (HTAs). Data was collected for: (1) Product (2) Indication (3) Model design and assumptions (4) Author of the analysis (manufacturer, HTA or academic group) (5) Cost effectiveness results and (5) Sensitivity analysis results. All cost effectiveness ratios were converted to 2013 US dollar amounts using historical currency conversion rates. Results: For fifteen EMA and FDA approved ultra orphan therapies, eight cost effectiveness studies were identified for seven products (50%). Four of these studies were conducted by the sponsor (as part of the HTA submission), two were conducted by HTAs and two were from academic groups. All models were developed for a life time horizon. In the base case scenario, the median base case incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $591,200 per quality adjusted life years (QALYs) (range: $391,120 to $7,425,000). The sensitivity analyses results had a median ICER of $1,958,674 per QALY, with a maximum ICER of $10,395,000. All reported ICERs exceeded the maximum accepted thresholds for end of life care therapies. Conclusions: Review of cost effectiveness studies for ultra orphan therapies shows that none were able to show ICERs within typical thresholds. These results suggest a need for new policy regarding acceptable threshold, or type of models for assessing the cost effectiveness of ultra orphan therapies.
VA L U E I N H E A LT H 1 8 ( 2 0 1 5 ) A 1 – A 3 0 7
patient costing), more details on the various cost components and sources of data, and considerations for costing based on economic evaluation considerations (e.g. setting, perspective). Conclusions: The 2nd edition of the Guidance Document aims to better assist Canadian researchers in appropriately identifying, measuring, and sourcing the types of costs and resources relevant for economic evaluations.
HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE STUDIES HE1 Health Care Resource Utilization Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Copd: Comparison Of High And Low Utilizers Xu X , Rao Y , Miyasato G Trinity Partners, LLC, Waltham, MA, USA .
.
.
Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the costs attributable to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are projected to be $49.0 billion by 2020. This retrospective claims analysis characterized and compared Medicare beneficiaries with high and low healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) as a means to inform the drivers of this large economic burden. Methods: Medicare beneficiaries with a COPD diagnosis in 2012 were identified in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) claims databases. HCRU groups were defined based on the total payment amount across the inpatient, outpatient and physician office settings; high and low utilizers represented the top and bottom quartiles, respectively. The utilization groups were compared across patient demographics, comorbidities and HCRU using t-tests. A classification tree was fitted to identify the patient risk factors that were the biggest drivers of differences in HCRU. Results: Overall, 257,752 COPD patients were identified, with 64,438 patients in each of the high and low utilization groups. The mean (95% confidence interval) payment amounts for high and low utilizers were $54,176 ($53,847, $54,506) and $1,131 ($1,126, $1,136), respectively. On average, high utilizers had a significantly (p< 0.001) higher number of claims, longer length of stay, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score and more complicated comorbid respiratory conditions and medical procedures (102, 19, 6, 60%, 21%) relative to low utilizers (16, 0, 2, 23%, 4%). The classification tree identified the most important risk factors in differentiating high and low utilizers as CCI score, comorbid anemia, COPD complexity, comorbid pneumonia and heart failure. Conclusions: HCRU among COPD Medicare patients varied greatly, with high utilizers tending to be sicker across all comorbidity measures. The classification tree analysis indicated that comorbidities such as anemia, pneumonia and heart failure are more highly associated with HCRU than demographic factors, such as age, gender and race. HE2 Explaining The Excess Home Health Care Use And Expenditures Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries With Parkinson’s Disease Bhattacharjee S 1, Metzger A 2, Tworek C 1, Wei W 3, Pan X 4, Sambamoorthi U 2 1The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 2West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, 3Sanofi US LLC, Bridgewaters, NJ, USA, 4Evidera LLC, Lexington, MA, USA .
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Objectives: This study compared home healthcare use and expenditures among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with and without Parkinson’s disease (PD) and analyzed the extent to which individual-level factors contribute to the excess home healthcare use and expenditures among individuals with PD. Methods: A retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted using Medicare 5% sample claims database with baseline (year 2006) and follow-up (year 2007) period. The study sample included elderly (age > 65 years) fee-forservice Medicare beneficiaries continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B for 2006 and 2007. Elderly Medicare beneficiaries with PD were identified based on the ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes of 332.xx during baseline. All the independent variables were measured during baseline. The dependent variables (home healthcare use and expenditures) were measured in 2007. Logistic regressions and Ordinary Least Square regressions were used to assess the association of PD with home health use and expenditures respectively. Post regression non-linear and linear decomposition techniques were used to understand the extent to which differences in home healthcare use and expenditures among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with and without PD can be explained by individual-level factors. Results: Elderly Medicare beneficiaries with PD had 13.3 percentage point higher home healthcare use, of which 27.5% were explained by differences in characteristics between the two groups. Among home healthcare users, those with PD had greater expenditures ($6,792) compared to those without PD ($4,965). Only 18% of the difference in home healthcare expenditures were explained by differences in characteristics between the two groups. Baseline resource use and comorbidities explained majority of the differences in home healthcare use and expenditures. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of developing interventions such as using appropriate evidence based co-management of multiple chronic conditions and need of interdisciplinary team collaboration to provide better care. HE3 Long-Term Health Care Costs Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Initiating Dpp-4 Inhibitors Farr A M 1, Sheehan J 2, Brouillette M 1, Smith D M 1, Johnston S 1, Kalsekar I 3 1Truven Health Analytics, Bethesda, MD, USA, 2AstraZeneca, Fort Washington, PA, USA, 3AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA .
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Objectives: To compare all-cause and diabetes-related utilization and costs following initiation of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors saxagliptin or sitagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Patients aged 18+ with ≥ 1 prescription claim for saxagliptin or sitagliptin between 1/1/2009 and 1/31/2012 in the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases
were identified. Patients were required to have ≥ 365 day of continuous enrollment prior to and ≥ 730 days after the index date (date of the first claim), a claim with a T2DM diagnosis (ICD-9-CM 250.x0, 250.x2) and no claims for a DPP-4i medication prior to the index date. All-cause and diabetes-related total costs were captured over one-year and two-year follow-up periods. Generalized linear models with log link and gamma distribution were fit to compare costs between the two cohorts, controlling for patient baseline characteristics. Results: The final sample comprised 3,354 saxagliptin initiators and 26,895 sitagliptin initiators. The average age of saxagliptin and sitagliptin initiators was 57 years old and just over 50% were males. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, saxagliptin patients had significantly lower average all-cause medical costs over the one-year ($8,406 vs. $9,368, p< 0.0001) and two-year follow-up ($17,367 vs. $19,410, p< 0.0001) compared with sitagliptin patients. Total costs were lower for saxagliptin initiators over the one-year ($13,644 vs. $14,388, p= 0.0015) and two-year follow-up ($27,491 vs. $29,198, p= 0.0002). Findings were consistent for diabetes-related medical costs (one-year: $2,097 vs. $2,370, p< 0.0001; two-year: $4,312 vs. $4,753, p= 0.0003) and total diabetes-related costs (one-year: $4,210 vs. $4,417, p= 0.0048; two-year: $8,391 vs. $8,701, p= 0.0326). Conclusions: Initiation of treatment with saxagliptin was associated with lower medical costs over one and two years compared with sitagliptin. HE4 Optimizing Cancer Clinical Trials Research Investment Decisions In The United States: A Proof Of Concept Portfolio Management Evaluation Bennette C S 1, Roth J A 2, Basu A 1, Carlson J J 1, Ramsey S 2, Veenstra D L 1 of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA .
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1University
Objectives: Portfolio management is commonly used to prioritize investments within the private sector, but is not used widely to manage public research investments due to the difficulty of defining and quantifying appropriate measures of risk and return. We recently developed a novel tools to estimate the risk and return of publicly funded cancer clinical trials. Our objective was to use these metrics and apply a proof of concept portfolio management approach within SWOG, a large cancer clinical trials cooperative group. Methods: The sample portfolio included 9 randomized Phase II/III clinical trial concepts reviewed by SWOG between 2008-2013, of which 5 were approved and 4 were not. Risk was defined as the probability of insufficient accrual (< 50% of target) and measured using a previously validated prediction model. Value of Information methods were used to estimate societal return, defined both as the population-level expected health benefits (clinical return) or clinical and economic benefits (net return) of acquiring additional information to inform a decision and measured. We compared the risk-adjusted expected returns of the observed portfolio of approved trials to hypothetical alternative portfolios in which different trials might have been funded. Results: The clinical return of SWOG’s sample portfolio was valued at $11.3 billion. A hypothetical alternative portfolio of trials requiring 200 fewer patients than the observed portfolio was expected to have a clinical return of $26.3 billion. The net return of SWOG’s observed sample portfolio was $2.7 billion. An alternative hypothetical portfolio that includes four trials and requires 400 fewer patients than the observed portfolio was expected to have a net return of approximately $9.6 billion. Conclusions: A portfolio management approach appears to be a feasible and potentially useful response to the Institute of Medicine’s call for more systematic approaches to prioritize trials concepts within the cancer clinical trials cooperative groups.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT STUDIES HT1 Systematic Review Of Cost Effectiveness Of Ultra-Orphan Therapies: Lesson Learned From Published Htas And Studies Aggarwal S1, Topaloglu H1, Kumar S2 1NOVEL Health Strategies, Chevy Chase, MD, USA, 2GLOBAL ACCESS Monitor, Bethesda, MD, USA
Objectives: Ultra orphan therapies are indicated for rare diseases affecting less than a few thousand patients. The annual and lifetime per patient cost of these treatments have generated controversy and policy questions regarding cost effectiveness and reimbursement. The objective of this analysis was to review all available cost effectiveness studies and develop lessons for policy development for ultra orphan therapies. Methods: Fifteen European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ultra orphan drugs were identified and reviewed for their published cost effectiveness through studies in peer-reviewed journals and Health Technology Assessments (HTAs). Data was collected for: (1) Product (2) Indication (3) Model design and assumptions (4) Author of the analysis (manufacturer, HTA or academic group) (5) Cost effectiveness results and (5) Sensitivity analysis results. All cost effectiveness ratios were converted to 2013 US dollar amounts using historical currency conversion rates. Results: For fifteen EMA and FDA approved ultra orphan therapies, eight cost effectiveness studies were identified for seven products (50%). Four of these studies were conducted by the sponsor (as part of the HTA submission), two were conducted by HTAs and two were from academic groups. All models were developed for a life time horizon. In the base case scenario, the median base case incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $591,200 per quality adjusted life years (QALYs) (range: $391,120 to $7,425,000). The sensitivity analyses results had a median ICER of $1,958,674 per QALY, with a maximum ICER of $10,395,000. All reported ICERs exceeded the maximum accepted thresholds for end of life care therapies. Conclusions: Review of cost effectiveness studies for ultra orphan therapies shows that none were able to show ICERs within typical thresholds. These results suggest a need for new policy regarding acceptable threshold, or type of models for assessing the cost effectiveness of ultra orphan therapies.