Improving Landslide Displacement Measurement through Automatic Recording and Statistical Analysis

Improving Landslide Displacement Measurement through Automatic Recording and Statistical Analysis

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541 :RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\(DUWK6FLHQ...

1MB Sizes 0 Downloads 40 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541

:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\(DUWK6FLHQFHV6\PSRVLXP:0(66

,PSURYLQJ/DQGVOLGH'LVSODFHPHQW0HDVXUHPHQWWKURXJK $XWRPDWLF5HFRUGLQJDQG6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLV $QGUHD&DUULD/XFD&KLDSSRQLD5REHUWR*LRYDQHOOLD/DXUD6SDJJLDULD$QGUHD 6HJDOLQLD  a

DICATeA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181/a, 43124, Parma, Italy.

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‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0(66 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015. Keywords:/DQGVOLGHPRQLWRULQJVKDOORZODQGVOLGHDXWRPDWHGLQFOLQRPHWHUV

,QWURGXFWLRQ 0806LVDQLQQRYDWLYHV\VWHPXVHIXOWRPHDVXUHDZLGHUDQJHRIXQGHUJURXQGGDWDDWGLIIHUHQWGHSWK 6HJDOLQL HWDO 7KLVLQVWUXPHQWFRQVLVWVRIVHYHUDOLQVWUXPHQWHG³QRGHV´OLQNHGE\DQHOHFWULFDOFDEOHDQGVXSSRUWHGE\ DNHYODUURSH7KHLQFOLQRPHWHUQRGHVDUHFRQVWLWXWHGE\DQHOHFWURQLFFLUFXLWGHVLJQHGWRDFFRPPRGDWHD0(06 VHQVRU DEOH WR PHDVXUH WKH  FRPSRQHQWV RI (DUWK V JUDYLWDWLRQDO ILHOG DORQJ WKH D[HV RI WKH LQWHUQDO UHIHUHQFH V\VWHP7KHVDPHVHQVRUUHWXUQVDOVRWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHWHUUHVWULDOPDJQHWLFILHOGDOORZLQJWRORFDWHWKHQRGH D[LV ZLWKLQ WKH 1(' (DUWK¶V 5HIHUHQFH 6\VWHP  1RGHV PD\ EH SURYLGHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW LQVWUXPHQWV LQ RUGHU WR UHFRUGYDULRXVNLQGRIGDWDDWWKHVDPHWLPHOLNHGLVSODFHPHQWVWHPSHUDWXUHJURXQGZDWHUOHYHODQGDWPRVSKHULF 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address: DQGUHDVHJDOLQL#XQLSULW

1878-5220 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibilty of the Organizing Commitee of WMESS 2015. doi:10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.091

Andrea Carri et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541

537

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occamurata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



)LJ2QHRIWKH5RFFDPXUDWD¶VGDPDJHGEXLOGLQJ OHIW ODQGVOLGHERXQGDULHV LQUHG DQG0806ORFDWLRQ ULJKW 



 7KH V\VWHP LV FRPSRVHG E\  QRGHV WKDW PRQLWRU GLVSODFHPHQW RQH EDURPHWULF QRGH DQG D SLH]RPHWHU IRU D WRWDOOHQJWKRIPHWHUV,Q)LJXUHZHFDQVHHWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHODQGVOLGHDQGWKHGLIIXVHSUHVHQFHRIFUDFNVRQ RQHRIWKHGDPDJHGEXLOGLQJV 2.2. Tiedoli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

538

Andrea Carri et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541







)LJ)URQWYLHZRI7LHGROLODQGVOLGH OHIW DQGLQGLFDWLRQRIODQGVOLGHERXQGDULHVPRUSKRORJ\DQG0806SRVLWLRQ ULJKW 

2.3 Boschetto %RVFKHWWR PDVO LVDVPDOOVHWWOHPHQWORFDWHGRQWKHOHIWVORSHRIWKHYDOOH\RI73DUPRVVDDWULEXWDU\RI 73DUPDWKHPDLQZDWHUFRXUVHRIWKLVDUHD7KHODQGVOLGHDIIHFWHGVORSHVWDUWVDWDERXWPDVODQGUHDFKHVWKH 3DUPRVVDZDWHUFRXUVHDWDERXWPDVO'XULQJWKHVSULQJRIWKHODQGVOLGHVEHFDPHDFWLYHGDPDJLQJVRPH EXLOGLQJVDQGSRVLQJDVHULRXVWKUHDWWRRWKHUV 6HJDOLQLHWDO 7KHODQGVOLGHG\QDPLFVFDXVHGWKHDFWLYDWLRQ RIDQHZSRUWLRQRIWKHGHEULVFRYHULQFRQFXUUHQFHRIVRPHXQXVXDOO\DEXQGDQWUDLQIDOOV7KHODQGVOLGHG\QDPLFVLV JRYHUQHG E\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI DQ LQWHUPHGLDWH OD\HU RI LQWHQVHO\ IUDFWXUHG URFN ORFDWHG EHWZHHQ WKH  P WKLFN GHEULV FRYHU DQG WKH XQGLVWXUEHG EHGURFN 'XULQJ KHDY\ UDLQ HYHQWV ZDWHU ILOOV WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH OD\HU FDXVLQJ H[FHVVLYH SRUH SUHVVXUH WR GHYHORS FUHDWLQJ DQ XSOLIW IRUFH DFWLQJ RQ WKH GHEULV FRYHU FRXSOHG ZLWK DQ XSZDUG LQILOWUDWLRQWKHVHWZRFRPELQHGDFWLRQVDUHWKHFDXVHVRIWKHREVHUYHGODQGVOLGHGLVSODFHPHQW $0806LQVWDOODWLRQZDVGHSOR\HGWRPRQLWRUERWKODQGVOLGHGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGZDWHUWDEOH0806FKDLQLV FRPSRVHGE\QRGHVRIZKLFKDUHGHGLFDWHGWRGLVSODFHPHQWPRQLWRULQJRQHWRUHFRUGDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUH EDURPHWHU  DQG RQH WR VXSHUYLVH ZDWHU WDEOH SLH]RPHWHU  ,Q )LJXUH  WKH IURQW YLHZ RI WKH ODQGVOLGH DQG VRPH PRUSKRORJ\LQGLFDWLRQDUHVKRZQWREHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHEDFNJURXQGRIWKH0806LQVWDOODWLRQ $QDO\VLVRIFROOHFWHGGDWD $OOGDWDFROOHFWHGZHUHHODERUDWHGXVLQJWKHVDPHWHFKQLTXHVDQGWKHREWDLQHGGLVSODFHPHQWVZHUHGHFRPSRVHG LQ WZR GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQ 1RUWK6RXWK DQG (DVW:HVW $W ILUVW WKH UHVXOWV ZHUH QRW FRPSOHWHO\ UHOLDEOH 7KH DXWRPDWLF LQFOLQRPHWHU FRUUHFWO\ LGHQWLILHG WKH PDLQ VOLGLQJ VXUIDFHV EXW WKH WRWDO DPRXQW RI GLVSODFHPHQW ZHUH RIWHQRYHUVWDWHG VHYHUDOWLPHZHKDGWUDGLWLRQDOLQFOLQRPHWHUVRXWSXWRUWRSRJUDSKLFVXUYH\VWRFRPSDUH DQGWKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI PRYHPHQW GLUHFWLRQ ZDV DIIHFWHG E\ FRQVLGHUDEOH XQFHUWDLQW\ :LWK WLPH D ODUJH DPRXQW RI GDWD

539

Andrea Carri et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541

EHFRPH DYDLODEOH DQG DQDO\]LQJ WKHP RYHU D ORQJHU WLPH VSDQ ZH REVHUYHG DQG SRLQWHG RXW GLIIHUHQW NLQG RI SUREOHPVVXFKDV x WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQFDXVHLQWHUIHUHQFHZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHKDUGZDUHV\VWHPRIWKHQRGHEHFDXVHWKH DQDO\VLVVRIWZDUHGLGQRWFRQVLGHUWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ x 6\VWHP FDOLEUDWLRQ ZDV FDUULHGRXW RQO\ DW URRPWHPSHUDWXUH 7KLV GLG QRW DOORZ XV WR DQDO\]H WKH FROOHFWHG GDWDDSSURSULDWHO\DWGLIIHUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHV x 7KH HSR[\ UHVLQ ZKLFK FRQVWLWXWHV WKH IUDPH RI WKH QRGH LV VXEMHFW WR VKULQNDJH 7KH SHUVLVWHQFH RI VXFK HIIHFWWKDWFDXVHVXQH[SHFWHGWHQVLRQLQWKHKDUGZDUHFRPSRQHQWVLQVLGHWKHQRGHVDQGLWLQGXFHVHUURUVLQWKH UHDGLQJVGHSHQGVXSRQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKWKHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQDUHWDNLQJSODFH x 7KH LQVWDOODWLRQ SURFHGXUH XVXDOO\ ILQH JUDYHO RU FHPHQWEHQWRQLWH PL[WXUH ZHUH XVHG WR ILOO XS WKH VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH ERUH ZDOO DQG WKH QRGHV )XUWKHU VWDELOL]DWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO LQ WKH GD\V DIWHU WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ FDXVHGPLVOHDGLQJGLVSODFHPHQWVFDOFXODWLRQWKDWZHUHQRWGXHWKHVORSHPRYHPHQWV

)LJ)URQWYLHZRIWKH%RVFKHWWRODQGVOLGHFURZQ OHIW DQGDHULDOYLHZRIODQGVOLGHPRUSKRORJ\DQG0806ORFDWLRQ ULJKW  



7DE(UURUVREVHUYHGDQGYHULILHGDWWKHGLIIHUHQWLQVWDOODWLRQWHVWLQJVLWHV  5RFFDPXUDWD 7LHGROL %RVFKHWWR 7HPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQFH ; ;  ,QDGHTXDWHFDOLEUDWLRQ ; ; ; 5HVLQVKULQNDJH ; ;  ,QVWDOODWLRQIDXOWV ; ; ;

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

540

Andrea Carri et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541

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



)LJ'LVSODFHPHQWVLQ5RFFDPXUDWD OHIW DQG7LHGROL ULJKW DUHVKRZQ%OXHOLQHDUHGHSLFWLQJ1RUWK6RXWKGLVSODFHPHQWVZKLOHUHGOLQHV UHIHUWR(DVW:HVWGLVSODFHPHQWV

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

Andrea Carri et al. / Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015) 536 – 541

541

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

 )LJ'LVSODFHPHQW1RUWK6RXWK EOXHOLQH DQG(VW:HVW UHGOLQH LQ %RVFKHWWR

)LJ 'LVSODFHPHQW1RUWK6RXWK EOXHOLQH DQG(VW:HVW UHGOLQH LQ DQLQVWDOODWLRQRIDQHZJHQHUDWLRQLQVWUXPHQW

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



6HJDOLQL$&KLDSSRQL/3DVWDULQL%&DULQL&  $XWRPDWHG,QFOLQRPHWHU0RQLWRULQJ%DVHGRQ0LFUR(OHFWUR0HFKDQLFDO6\VWHP 7HFKQRORJ\ $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG 9HULILFDWLRQ ,Q /DQGVOLGH 6FLHQFH IRU D 6DIHU *HRHQYLURQPHQW YRO  S  /21'21 6SULQJHU 9HUODJ,6%1GRL 6HJDOLQL$&KHOOL$3DVWDULQL%*LRYDQHOOL5  7KH%RVFKHWWRODQGVOLGHPRQLWRULQJQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ5HQG 2QOLQH*HRO,W‹6RFLHWj*HRORJLFD,WDOLDQD5RPD 6HJDOLQL$*LDQL*3)HUUHUR$0  *HRPHFKDQLFDOVWXGLHVRQVORZVORSHPRYHPHQWVLQ3DUPD$SHQQLQH(QJLQHHULQJJHRORJ\   S(OVHYLHUGRLMHQJJHR 6HJDOLQL$&KLDSSRQL/'UXVD0DQG3DVWDULQL%  1HZLQFOLQRPHWHUGHYLFHIRUPRQLWRULQJRIXQGHUJURXQGGLVSODFHPHQWVDQG ODQGVOLGHDFWLYLW\.RPXQLNDFLHYRO8QLYHUVLW\RI=LOLQD,661 'UXVD0&KHEHQ9,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ2I7'57HFKQRORJ\)RU0RQLWRULQJRI1HJDWLYH)DFWRUVRI6ORSH'HIRUPDWLRQV,Q3URFHHGLQJVRI 6*(0,661-XQH9ROSS'2,VJHPVY