Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders

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Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders Rhandi Christensen, Michael Van Ameringen, Geoffrey Hall

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PII: DOI: Reference:

S0925-4927(15)00092-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.04.004 PSYN10354

To appear in:

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

Received date: 14 February 2014 Revised date: 9 November 2014 Accepted date: 17 April 2015 Cite this article as: Rhandi Christensen, Michael Van Ameringen, Geoffrey Hall, Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.04.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders Rhandi Christensen a*, Michael Van Ameringenb, Geoffrey Hallc a

Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

b

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton,

Ontario, Canada c

Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton,

Ontario, Canada

Corresponding Author: Rhandi Christensen, PhD, Anxiety Treatment & Research Centre Fontbonne Building, F418-1, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 301 James Street South, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 3B6, Tel: 647-389-9776; Fax: 905-540-6533; Email: [email protected]

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Laterality

Right

Right

Right

Right

Right

Right

Right

Right

Right

Left

Left

Left

Left

Coordinates (x,y,z)

69, -44, 6

62, -44, 45

57, 22, -6

47, -2, -30

44, 16, 27

44, 1, 0

44, -32, -21

23, 16, -30

11, 31, -9

-10, 34, 39

-34, -59, 64

-31, 4, -30

-61, -8, -3

Superior temporal gyrus, BA 21

Superior temporal gyrus, BA 38

Superior parietal lobule, BA 7

Medial frontal gyrus, BA 8

Anterior cingulate, BA 32

Superior temporal gyrus, BA 38

Fusiform gyrus, BA 20

Insula, BA 13

Middle frontal gyrus, BA 46

Inferior temporal gyrus, BA 20

Inferior frontal gyrus, BA 47

Inferior parietal lobule, BA 40

Superior temporal gyrus, BA 22

Region

Table 3. Results of ANOVA – group differences to emotional faces vs. neutral faces

-4.8

-4.7

4.3

3.8

-4.8

-5.5

-6.3

-5.5

-4.9

-5.4

-5.8

4.4

5.8

F

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p <0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

P-value

Right

Left

Left

17, 52, -19

-65, -2, 39

-64, -62, 21

Right

41, -17, -30

Laterality

Coordinates (x,y,z)

superior temporal gyrus, BA 39

precentral gyrus, BA 6

superior frontal gyrus, BA 11

inferior temporal gyrus, BA 20

Region

Table 4. Results of ANOVA – Group × happy/angry interaction

4.0

6.2

4.9

4.4

F

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

P-value

Angry

vs.

baseline

Whole-

brain

mask

baseline

vs.

Happy

Contrast

Mask

-56, -41, 1 43, -23, -3

> O

> O

-5, 2, 28 -1, -30, 18

> O

> O

44, -46, 23

44, -44, 22

> O

> O

39, 38, 9

-3, -31, 17

> O

> O

-3, 11, 24

> O

42, -24, -3

(x,y,z)

response

> O

Coordinates

BOLD

Table 5. Between-group results (n=39)

6876

1993

19195

867

4684

20522

1082

2101

8159

493

voxels

Number of

Left

Left

Right

Right

Left

Right

Right

Right

Left

Left

Laterality

Posterior cingulate, BA23

Cingulate gyrus, BA24

Superior temporal gyrus, BA13

Insula, BA13

Middle temporal gyrus, BA22

Superior temporal gyrus, BA13

Middle frontal gyrus, BA10

Insula, BA13

Posterior cingulate, BA23

Anterior cingulate, BA33

Region

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

P-value

-26, -15, -11 20, -15, -12 -25, -15, -11 18, -18, -15

> O

> O

> O

> O

Happy

vs.

485

1308

644

1520

727

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

Abbreviations – BA: Brodmann area; BOLD: Blood oxygenation level dependent.

baseline

37, 37, 7

> O

Parahippocampal gyrus, BA35

Hippocampus

Parahippocampal gyrus, BA28

Hippocampus

Middle frontal gyrus, BA10

%'''(

%'''(

%'''4

%'''4

K'''(

vs. blank

brain

vs. blank

Happy

Angry

Whole-

mask

Contrast

Mask

27, -19, -22 -39, -16, -30 26, 38, 30

Activation

Activation

Activation

Activation

-15, -22, 13

-3, 13, 28

-13, 11, 31

Activation

Activation

11, 10, 30

Activation

-7, 57, 26

(x,y,z)

response

Activation

Coordinates

BOLD

4979

1166

2386

7793

1356

490

820

16282

voxels

Number of

High-risk children without a current psychiatric disorder (n=7)

Table 6. Within-group results

Left

Left

Right

Left

Right

Left

Right

right

Left and

Laterality

Thalamus

Cingulate gyrus, BA24

Superior frontal gyrus, BA9

Inferior temporal gyrus, BA20

Parahippocampal gyrus, BA36

Cingulate gyrus, BA24

Cingulate gyrus, BA24

Superior frontal gyrus, BA9

Region

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

K'''(

P-value

vs. blank

Activation

-29, -13, -24

-8, 46, 36

Activation 1553

7768

9317

Angry

vs. blank

Whole-

brain

mask

Contrast

Mask

-12, 34, 21

-14, -29, 47

Deactivation

-41, -33, 48

Deactivation

Activation

-44, -13, -29

(x,y,z)

response

Activation

Coordinates

BOLD

82459

1414

1392

730

voxels

Number of

High-risk children with a current psychiatric disorder (n=13)

mask

interest

of-

Region- Angry

-38, -28, 36

Activation

Left

Left

Left

Left

Laterality

Left

Left

Left

precuneus BA7

Paracentral lobule, BA5 and

superior frontal gyrus, BA10

Anterior cingulate, BA32 and

Inferior parietal lobule, BA40

Inferior temporal gyrus, BA20

Region

Hippocampus

Superior frontal gyrus, BA8

Postcentral gyrus, BA2

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

P-value

p=0.003

K'''(

K'''(

vs. blank

489

2076

3800

836

637

2847

Left

Right

Right

Left

Right

Right

Abbreviations – BA: Brodmann area; BOLD: blood oxygenation level dependent.

mask

interest

of-

-37, -14, -28

38, -3, 43

Deactivation

Activation

7, -39, 43

Deactivation

Region- Angry

-10, -28, 41

Deactivation

vs. blank

33, 15, 14

Deactivation

24, 49, 15

Happy

Deactivation

Uncus, BA20

Middle frontal gyrus, BA6

Cingulate gyrus, BA31

Cingulate gyrus, BA31

Insula, BA13

Superior frontal gyrus, BA10

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

p<0.001

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Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders

Increased activity of frontal and limbic regions to emotional stimuli in children at-risk for anxiety disorders

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