- Email: [email protected]
Influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in microstructured fiber
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Infrared Physics & Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/infrared
Influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in microstructured fiber
T
W. Zhanga, , L.P. Guob, X.S. Zhaoc, M.X. Lia, ⁎
⁎
a
School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China No. 81 Zizhuyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 10000, China c State Grid Jilinsheng Electric Power Supply Company, Changchun 130021, China b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Supercontinuum generation Seven-core fiber Fiber length Microhole collapse effect
In this paper, we investigated the influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber. The optimum fiber length was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. The far- and near-field of the beam spot were demonstrated. Under same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input and output surfaces and no collapse effect condition were also discussed.
1. Introduction Supercontinuum could be obtained with narrowband pulses pass through the nonlinear media. The phenomenon was firstly reported in bulk glass [1–3]. Due to the advantages of spatial coherence and broad spectral width, supercontinuum shows wide applications in optical communication and spectral metrology [4–5]. Fiber supercontinuum source was first reported in silica fiber with normal group velocity dispersion regime [6]. The fiber supercontinuum source shows more special properties, such as excellent beam quality, ultrabroad bandwidth and extremely high spectral power density, better than other media [7–9]. Some nonlinear effects in fiber source were recognized as the main reasons for supercontinuum generation, such as Raman scattering, self- and cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing effects [10–12]. Therefore, fiber length and microhole collapse effect were closely to spectral width and beam profile of the fiber supercontinuum sources, which was rarely considered in research. The SC generation had been reported in different kinds of fibers. Kai Jiao et al. had reported a tellurium chalcogenide fiber in double cladding structure, obtained a high coherent MIR SC (from 2.9 to 13.1 μm) [13]. Zahra Eslami et al. had reported an octave-spanning supercontinuum generation from 1200 nm to over 2500 nm in multimode fluoride fiber [14]. Stéphane Coen et al. had reported single-mode white-light supercontinuum generated in a photonic crystal fiber [15]. Guanshi Qin et al. had reported generation of the supercontinuum light expanding from ultraviolet to 6.28 μm in fluoride fiber pumped by a 1450 nm femtosecond laser [16]. Stefan Kedenburg et al. had reported a tunable
⁎
and robust femtosecond supercontinuum source with the maximum spectral width of 2.0 μm [17]. I. Pupeza et al. had reported a sub-twocycle duration and with an average power of 0.1 W and a spectral coverage of 6.8–16.4 μm [18]. These works had reported SC in different kind fibers, but there are still no reports to discuss the microhole collapse effect for SC in microstructured fibers [19–21]. In this paper, we investigated the influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber. The optimum fiber length was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. The far- and near-field of the beam spot were also studied. Under same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input and output surfaces and no collapse effect condition were also discussed. 2. Experimental setup The seven-core fiber is SM-7C1500 (6.1/125) with hexagon plus central core. Six fiber cores are located at corners of a regular hexagon with a central core in the central. The distance between each core is 35 μm. In addition, the mode field diameter and cladding diameter are 6 μm@1550 nm and 125 μm, respectively. The scheme of the supercontinuum generation system is shown in Fig. 1. The laser used in the experiment is a fiber femtosecond laser with center wavelength of 1040 nm. The femtosecond laser used in this work was our home-made laser amplifier. The amplifier consists of a fs laser seed which deliver a pulse width of 779 fs and output power of 100 mW, and the laser amplifier could generate a 78 fs pulse width and
Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (W. Zhang), [email protected] (M.X. Li).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103057 Received 2 August 2019; Received in revised form 26 September 2019; Accepted 26 September 2019 Available online 27 September 2019 1350-4495/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the supercontinuum generation system.
Fig. 2. Output spectrum width verses fiber length. (a) 5 cm; (b) 10 cm; (c) 50 cm; (d) 90 cm; (e) 110 cm; (f) 300 cm. 2
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 3. Typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with different fiber length. (a) 5 cm; (b) 10 cm; (c) 50 cm; (d) 90 cm; (e) 110 cm; (f) 300 cm.
length, especially the far-field spots of the 5 cm and 10 cm fibers. Gaussian distribution of these spots also demonstrated the existence of the same-phase supermode in the seven-core fiber and the self-selective mode in the seven-core fiber of the appropriate design. The beam diameters in Fig. 2 are 4.2 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm. The test distance is 20 cm. Fig. 4 shows the output spectrum width verses pump power. For all spectral width measurement, the fiber length of 110 cm was used. With pump power of 100 mW, 500 mW, 1500 mW, 3000 mW and 6000 mW, the spectrum width of 35 nm, 203 nm, 367 nm, 496 nm and 577 nm were obtained. Due to the gain absorption, the widest spectrum width of 577 nm could be obtained with pump power of 6000 mW. According to the above experimental results, the optimal spectrum width could be obtained with fiber length of 110 cm. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. 3.2. Influence of microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation Fig. 5 shows the output spectrum width verses microhole collapse effect. The fiber length of 110 cm and pump powers of 100 mW and 500 mW were used. The microhole collapse effect on input surface leads to a wider spectral width and a higher coupled power. Therefore, the nonlinear efficiency was higher. The beam diameters in Fig. 5 are 5.0 mm, 4.9 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.8 mm. Fig. 6 shows the typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with microhole collapse effect. From this figure we could see that the microhole collapse effect would not influence the near- and far-field beam profiles. The test distance is 10 cm. Fig. 7 shows the output spectrum width verses pump power with or without microhole collapse effect. The fiber length of 110 cm was used. The higher pump power leads to a wider spectrum width. Under the same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input surface shows a wider spectrum width compared with output surface or no collapse effect condition. The widest supercontinuum spectrum of 715 nm with microhole collapse effect on input surface could be obtained under pump power of 6000 mW.
Fig. 4. Output spectrum width verses pump power.
6 W output power with the repetition rate of 32.5 MHz. Therefore, the peak power of femtosecond laser amplifier is 2.4 × 106 W. Two short focal length lenses of 8 mm and 11 mm were used as focusing lens. The model of our spectrometers is YOKOGAWA AQ6370D with the resolution of ± 0.01 nm, and the model of power meter is Thorlabs PM100D. The beam quality analyzer is Thorlabs BP209. 3. Experimental results 3.1. Influence of fiber length on supercontinuum generation According to accumulated group-velocity and self-phase modulation, the spectral width and beam profile were quite reversed. Therefore, the optimal spectrum width and the according optimum fiber length could be obtained. Fig. 2 shows the output spectrum width verses fiber length. The fiber lengths were 5 cm, 10 cm, 50 cm, 90 cm, 110 cm and 300 cm, respectively. Under pump power of 100 mW, the optimal spectrum width of 35 nm and according fiber length of 110 cm were obtained. The typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with different fiber length were demonstrated in Fig. 3. For all selected fiber lengths, the near-field spots were distributed in seven cores. However, the far-field spots became chaotic with the shortening of the fiber
4. Conclusions In conclusion, fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber were investigated. Combined the group-velocity dispersion and self-phase modulation effects, the optimum fiber length of 110 cm for the widest spectrum width of 35 nm was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. With pump power of 6000 mW,
3
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 5. Output spectrum width verses microhole collapse effect. (a) Output surface with pump power of 100 mW; (b) Output surface with pump power of 500 mW; (c) Input surface with pump power of 100 mW; (d) Input surface with pump power of 500mW.
Fig. 6. Typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with microhole collapse effect. (a) Output surface with pump power of 100mW; (b) Output surface with pump power of 500mW; (c) Input surface with pump power of 100mW; (d) Input surface with pump power of 500mW.
the widest spectrum width of 577 nm was obtained. For all selected fiber lengths, the near-field spots were distributed in seven cores. However, the far-field spots became chaotic with the shortening of the fiber length, especially the far-field spots of the 5 cm and 10 cm fibers. Under the same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input surface
shows a wider spectrum width compared with output surface or no collapse effect condition. The widest supercontinuum spectrum of 715 nm with microhole collapse effect on input surface could be obtained under pump power of 6000 mW.
4
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Fig. 7. Output spectrum width verses pump power with or without microhole collapse effect.
[13]
Funding
[14]
This project is supported by the Excellent Youth Talent Foundation of the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department (Grant No. 20180520176JH).
[15] [16] [17]
Declaration of Competing Interest
[18]
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
[19]
References
[20]
[1] A. Dubietis, A. Couairon, G. Genty, Supercontinuum generation: introduction, JOSA B 36 (2) (2019) SG1-SG3. [2] C.R. Petersen, N. Prtljaga, M. Farries, et al., Mid-infrared multispectral tissue imaging using a chalcogenide fiber supercontinuum source, Opt. Lett. 43 (5) (2018) 999–1002. [3] X. Luo, T.H. Tuan, T.S. Saini, et al., All-fiber supercontinuum source pumped by
[21]
5
noise-like pulse mode locked laser, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 31 (15) (2019) 1225–1228. D.D. Hudson, S. Antipov, L. Li, et al., Toward all-fiber supercontinuum spanning the mid-infrared, Optica 4 (10) (2017) 1163–1166. D. Jain, R. Sidharthan, P.M. Moselund, et al., Record power, ultra-broadband supercontinuum source based on highly GeO 2 doped silica fiber, Opt. Express 24 (23) (2016) 26667–26677. C. Lin, R.H. Stolen, New nanosecond continuum for excited-state spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28 (4) (1976) 216–218. B. Wetzel, M. Kues, P. Roztocki, et al., Customizing supercontinuum generation via on-chip adaptive temporal pulse-splitting, Nat. Commun. 9 (1) (2018) 4884. D.D. Hickstein, G.C. Kerber, D.R. Carlson, et al., Quasi-phase-matched supercontinuum generation in photonic waveguides, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (5) (2018) 053903. U. Møller, Y. Yu, I. Kubat, et al., Multi-milliwatt mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a suspended core chalcogenide fiber, Opt. Express 23 (3) (2015) 3282–3291. Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Lyngsø, et al., Suppressing short-term polarization noise and related spectral decoherence in all-normal dispersion fiber supercontinuum generation, J. Lightwave Technol. 33 (9) (2015) 1814–1820. X. Qi, S. Chen, Z. Li, et al., High-power visible-enhanced all-fiber supercontinuum generation in a seven-core photonic crystal fiber pumped at 1016 nm, Opt. Lett. 43 (5) (2018) 1019–1022. R. Ma, W.L. Zhang, J.Y. Guo, et al., Decoherence of fiber supercontinuum light source for speckle-free imaging, Opt. Express 26 (20) (2018) 26758–26765. K. Jiao, J. Yao, Z. Zhao, et al., Mid-infrared flattened supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion tellurium chalcogenide fiber, Opt. Express 27 (2019) 2036–2043. Z. Eslami, P. Ryczkowski, C. Amiot, et al., High-power short-wavelength infrared supercontinuum generation in multimode fluoride fiber, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36 (2019) A72–A78. S. Coen, A.H.L. Chau, R. Leonhardt, et al., White-light supercontinuum generation with 60-ps pump pulses in a photonic crystal fiber, Opt. Lett. 26 (2001) 1356–1358. G. Qin, X. Yan, C. Kito, et al., Ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation from ultraviolet to 6.28 μm in a fluoride fiber, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 (2010) 149905. S. Kedenburg, T. Steinle, F. Mörz, et al., High-power mid-infrared high repetitionrate supercontinuum source based on a chalcogenide step-index fiber, Opt. Lett. 40 (2015) 2668–2671. I. Pupeza, D. Sánchez, J. Zhang, et al., High-power sub-two-cycle mid-infrared pulses at 100 MHz repetition rate, Nat. Photon. 9 (11) (2015) 721. S.C. Warren-Smith, K. Schaarschmidt, M. Chemnitz, et al., Tunable multi-wavelength third-harmonic generation using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber, Opt. Lett. 44 (3) (2019) 626–629. H.P.T. Nguyen, T.H. Tong, T.S. Saini, et al., Highly coherent supercontinuum generation in a tellurite all-solid hybrid microstructured fiber pumped at 2 μm, Appl. Phys Express 12 (4) (2019) 042010. H. Sakr, R.A. Hussein, M.F.O. Hameed, et al., Analysis of photonic crystal fiber with silicon core for efficient supercontinuum generation, Optik 182 (2019) 848–857.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Infrared Physics & Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/infrared
Influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in microstructured fiber
T
W. Zhanga, , L.P. Guob, X.S. Zhaoc, M.X. Lia, ⁎
⁎
a
School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China No. 81 Zizhuyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 10000, China c State Grid Jilinsheng Electric Power Supply Company, Changchun 130021, China b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Supercontinuum generation Seven-core fiber Fiber length Microhole collapse effect
In this paper, we investigated the influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber. The optimum fiber length was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. The far- and near-field of the beam spot were demonstrated. Under same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input and output surfaces and no collapse effect condition were also discussed.
1. Introduction Supercontinuum could be obtained with narrowband pulses pass through the nonlinear media. The phenomenon was firstly reported in bulk glass [1–3]. Due to the advantages of spatial coherence and broad spectral width, supercontinuum shows wide applications in optical communication and spectral metrology [4–5]. Fiber supercontinuum source was first reported in silica fiber with normal group velocity dispersion regime [6]. The fiber supercontinuum source shows more special properties, such as excellent beam quality, ultrabroad bandwidth and extremely high spectral power density, better than other media [7–9]. Some nonlinear effects in fiber source were recognized as the main reasons for supercontinuum generation, such as Raman scattering, self- and cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing effects [10–12]. Therefore, fiber length and microhole collapse effect were closely to spectral width and beam profile of the fiber supercontinuum sources, which was rarely considered in research. The SC generation had been reported in different kinds of fibers. Kai Jiao et al. had reported a tellurium chalcogenide fiber in double cladding structure, obtained a high coherent MIR SC (from 2.9 to 13.1 μm) [13]. Zahra Eslami et al. had reported an octave-spanning supercontinuum generation from 1200 nm to over 2500 nm in multimode fluoride fiber [14]. Stéphane Coen et al. had reported single-mode white-light supercontinuum generated in a photonic crystal fiber [15]. Guanshi Qin et al. had reported generation of the supercontinuum light expanding from ultraviolet to 6.28 μm in fluoride fiber pumped by a 1450 nm femtosecond laser [16]. Stefan Kedenburg et al. had reported a tunable
⁎
and robust femtosecond supercontinuum source with the maximum spectral width of 2.0 μm [17]. I. Pupeza et al. had reported a sub-twocycle duration and with an average power of 0.1 W and a spectral coverage of 6.8–16.4 μm [18]. These works had reported SC in different kind fibers, but there are still no reports to discuss the microhole collapse effect for SC in microstructured fibers [19–21]. In this paper, we investigated the influences of fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber. The optimum fiber length was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. The far- and near-field of the beam spot were also studied. Under same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input and output surfaces and no collapse effect condition were also discussed. 2. Experimental setup The seven-core fiber is SM-7C1500 (6.1/125) with hexagon plus central core. Six fiber cores are located at corners of a regular hexagon with a central core in the central. The distance between each core is 35 μm. In addition, the mode field diameter and cladding diameter are 6 μm@1550 nm and 125 μm, respectively. The scheme of the supercontinuum generation system is shown in Fig. 1. The laser used in the experiment is a fiber femtosecond laser with center wavelength of 1040 nm. The femtosecond laser used in this work was our home-made laser amplifier. The amplifier consists of a fs laser seed which deliver a pulse width of 779 fs and output power of 100 mW, and the laser amplifier could generate a 78 fs pulse width and
Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (W. Zhang), [email protected] (M.X. Li).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103057 Received 2 August 2019; Received in revised form 26 September 2019; Accepted 26 September 2019 Available online 27 September 2019 1350-4495/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the supercontinuum generation system.
Fig. 2. Output spectrum width verses fiber length. (a) 5 cm; (b) 10 cm; (c) 50 cm; (d) 90 cm; (e) 110 cm; (f) 300 cm. 2
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 3. Typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with different fiber length. (a) 5 cm; (b) 10 cm; (c) 50 cm; (d) 90 cm; (e) 110 cm; (f) 300 cm.
length, especially the far-field spots of the 5 cm and 10 cm fibers. Gaussian distribution of these spots also demonstrated the existence of the same-phase supermode in the seven-core fiber and the self-selective mode in the seven-core fiber of the appropriate design. The beam diameters in Fig. 2 are 4.2 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.8 mm, 3.7 mm, 3.8 mm. The test distance is 20 cm. Fig. 4 shows the output spectrum width verses pump power. For all spectral width measurement, the fiber length of 110 cm was used. With pump power of 100 mW, 500 mW, 1500 mW, 3000 mW and 6000 mW, the spectrum width of 35 nm, 203 nm, 367 nm, 496 nm and 577 nm were obtained. Due to the gain absorption, the widest spectrum width of 577 nm could be obtained with pump power of 6000 mW. According to the above experimental results, the optimal spectrum width could be obtained with fiber length of 110 cm. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. 3.2. Influence of microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation Fig. 5 shows the output spectrum width verses microhole collapse effect. The fiber length of 110 cm and pump powers of 100 mW and 500 mW were used. The microhole collapse effect on input surface leads to a wider spectral width and a higher coupled power. Therefore, the nonlinear efficiency was higher. The beam diameters in Fig. 5 are 5.0 mm, 4.9 mm, 4.8 mm, 4.8 mm. Fig. 6 shows the typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with microhole collapse effect. From this figure we could see that the microhole collapse effect would not influence the near- and far-field beam profiles. The test distance is 10 cm. Fig. 7 shows the output spectrum width verses pump power with or without microhole collapse effect. The fiber length of 110 cm was used. The higher pump power leads to a wider spectrum width. Under the same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input surface shows a wider spectrum width compared with output surface or no collapse effect condition. The widest supercontinuum spectrum of 715 nm with microhole collapse effect on input surface could be obtained under pump power of 6000 mW.
Fig. 4. Output spectrum width verses pump power.
6 W output power with the repetition rate of 32.5 MHz. Therefore, the peak power of femtosecond laser amplifier is 2.4 × 106 W. Two short focal length lenses of 8 mm and 11 mm were used as focusing lens. The model of our spectrometers is YOKOGAWA AQ6370D with the resolution of ± 0.01 nm, and the model of power meter is Thorlabs PM100D. The beam quality analyzer is Thorlabs BP209. 3. Experimental results 3.1. Influence of fiber length on supercontinuum generation According to accumulated group-velocity and self-phase modulation, the spectral width and beam profile were quite reversed. Therefore, the optimal spectrum width and the according optimum fiber length could be obtained. Fig. 2 shows the output spectrum width verses fiber length. The fiber lengths were 5 cm, 10 cm, 50 cm, 90 cm, 110 cm and 300 cm, respectively. Under pump power of 100 mW, the optimal spectrum width of 35 nm and according fiber length of 110 cm were obtained. The typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with different fiber length were demonstrated in Fig. 3. For all selected fiber lengths, the near-field spots were distributed in seven cores. However, the far-field spots became chaotic with the shortening of the fiber
4. Conclusions In conclusion, fiber length and microhole collapse effect on supercontinuum generation in seven-core fiber were investigated. Combined the group-velocity dispersion and self-phase modulation effects, the optimum fiber length of 110 cm for the widest spectrum width of 35 nm was obtained under pump power of 100 mW. The higher pump power leads to a wider output spectrum width. With pump power of 6000 mW,
3
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 5. Output spectrum width verses microhole collapse effect. (a) Output surface with pump power of 100 mW; (b) Output surface with pump power of 500 mW; (c) Input surface with pump power of 100 mW; (d) Input surface with pump power of 500mW.
Fig. 6. Typical beam profiles of near- and far-field with microhole collapse effect. (a) Output surface with pump power of 100mW; (b) Output surface with pump power of 500mW; (c) Input surface with pump power of 100mW; (d) Input surface with pump power of 500mW.
the widest spectrum width of 577 nm was obtained. For all selected fiber lengths, the near-field spots were distributed in seven cores. However, the far-field spots became chaotic with the shortening of the fiber length, especially the far-field spots of the 5 cm and 10 cm fibers. Under the same pump power, microhole collapse effect on input surface
shows a wider spectrum width compared with output surface or no collapse effect condition. The widest supercontinuum spectrum of 715 nm with microhole collapse effect on input surface could be obtained under pump power of 6000 mW.
4
Infrared Physics and Technology 102 (2019) 103057
W. Zhang, et al.
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Fig. 7. Output spectrum width verses pump power with or without microhole collapse effect.
[13]
Funding
[14]
This project is supported by the Excellent Youth Talent Foundation of the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department (Grant No. 20180520176JH).
[15] [16] [17]
Declaration of Competing Interest
[18]
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
[19]
References
[20]
[1] A. Dubietis, A. Couairon, G. Genty, Supercontinuum generation: introduction, JOSA B 36 (2) (2019) SG1-SG3. [2] C.R. Petersen, N. Prtljaga, M. Farries, et al., Mid-infrared multispectral tissue imaging using a chalcogenide fiber supercontinuum source, Opt. Lett. 43 (5) (2018) 999–1002. [3] X. Luo, T.H. Tuan, T.S. Saini, et al., All-fiber supercontinuum source pumped by
[21]
5
noise-like pulse mode locked laser, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 31 (15) (2019) 1225–1228. D.D. Hudson, S. Antipov, L. Li, et al., Toward all-fiber supercontinuum spanning the mid-infrared, Optica 4 (10) (2017) 1163–1166. D. Jain, R. Sidharthan, P.M. Moselund, et al., Record power, ultra-broadband supercontinuum source based on highly GeO 2 doped silica fiber, Opt. Express 24 (23) (2016) 26667–26677. C. Lin, R.H. Stolen, New nanosecond continuum for excited-state spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28 (4) (1976) 216–218. B. Wetzel, M. Kues, P. Roztocki, et al., Customizing supercontinuum generation via on-chip adaptive temporal pulse-splitting, Nat. Commun. 9 (1) (2018) 4884. D.D. Hickstein, G.C. Kerber, D.R. Carlson, et al., Quasi-phase-matched supercontinuum generation in photonic waveguides, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (5) (2018) 053903. U. Møller, Y. Yu, I. Kubat, et al., Multi-milliwatt mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a suspended core chalcogenide fiber, Opt. Express 23 (3) (2015) 3282–3291. Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Lyngsø, et al., Suppressing short-term polarization noise and related spectral decoherence in all-normal dispersion fiber supercontinuum generation, J. Lightwave Technol. 33 (9) (2015) 1814–1820. X. Qi, S. Chen, Z. Li, et al., High-power visible-enhanced all-fiber supercontinuum generation in a seven-core photonic crystal fiber pumped at 1016 nm, Opt. Lett. 43 (5) (2018) 1019–1022. R. Ma, W.L. Zhang, J.Y. Guo, et al., Decoherence of fiber supercontinuum light source for speckle-free imaging, Opt. Express 26 (20) (2018) 26758–26765. K. Jiao, J. Yao, Z. Zhao, et al., Mid-infrared flattened supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion tellurium chalcogenide fiber, Opt. Express 27 (2019) 2036–2043. Z. Eslami, P. Ryczkowski, C. Amiot, et al., High-power short-wavelength infrared supercontinuum generation in multimode fluoride fiber, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36 (2019) A72–A78. S. Coen, A.H.L. Chau, R. Leonhardt, et al., White-light supercontinuum generation with 60-ps pump pulses in a photonic crystal fiber, Opt. Lett. 26 (2001) 1356–1358. G. Qin, X. Yan, C. Kito, et al., Ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation from ultraviolet to 6.28 μm in a fluoride fiber, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 (2010) 149905. S. Kedenburg, T. Steinle, F. Mörz, et al., High-power mid-infrared high repetitionrate supercontinuum source based on a chalcogenide step-index fiber, Opt. Lett. 40 (2015) 2668–2671. I. Pupeza, D. Sánchez, J. Zhang, et al., High-power sub-two-cycle mid-infrared pulses at 100 MHz repetition rate, Nat. Photon. 9 (11) (2015) 721. S.C. Warren-Smith, K. Schaarschmidt, M. Chemnitz, et al., Tunable multi-wavelength third-harmonic generation using exposed-core microstructured optical fiber, Opt. Lett. 44 (3) (2019) 626–629. H.P.T. Nguyen, T.H. Tong, T.S. Saini, et al., Highly coherent supercontinuum generation in a tellurite all-solid hybrid microstructured fiber pumped at 2 μm, Appl. Phys Express 12 (4) (2019) 042010. H. Sakr, R.A. Hussein, M.F.O. Hameed, et al., Analysis of photonic crystal fiber with silicon core for efficient supercontinuum generation, Optik 182 (2019) 848–857.