Integration of advanced oxidation processes at mild conditions in wet scrubbers for odourous sulphur compounds treatment

Chemosphere 109 (2014) 113–119

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Integration of advanced oxidation processes at mild conditions in wet scrubbers for odourous sulphur compounds treatment Esther Vega ⇑, Maria J. Martin, Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain

g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

 All the evaluated AOPs demonstrated

Water treatment cost

60 40

O3

UV/ H2O2

80

UV/ H2O2 / Fe2+

100 % Total Sulphur Compounds Oxidation

to be suitable to remove the studied VSC.  O3 and photo-Fenton are the most efficient treatments for VSC oxidation. 2  The increase in SO4 indicates an important mineralisation degree.  Fenton treatment has lower total cost than the other studied AOPs.

H2O2 / Fe2+

h i g h l i g h t s

20

VSC

0

NO

YES

Space constraints?

VSC

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 9 December 2013 Received in revised form 24 February 2014 Accepted 25 February 2014

Handling Editor: O. Hao Keywords: AOP Sulphur compound Odour Fenton Ozone UV

a b s t r a c t The effectiveness of different advanced oxidation processes on the treatment of a multicomponent aqueous solution containing ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide (0.5 mg L1 of each sulphur compound) was investigated with the objective to assess which one is the most suitable treatment to be coupled in wet scrubbers used in odour treatment facilities. UV/H2O2, Fenton, photo-Fenton and ozone treatments were tested at mild conditions and the oxidation efficiency obtained was compared. The oxidation tests were carried out in magnetically stirred cylindrical quartz reactors using the same molar concentration of oxidants (hydrogen peroxide or ozone). The results show that ozone and photo-Fenton are the most efficient treatments, achieving up to 95% of sulphur compounds oxidation and a mineralisation degree around 70% in 10 min. Furthermore, the total costs of the treatments taking into account the capital and operational costs were also estimated for a comparative purpose. The economic analysis revealed that the Fenton treatment is the most economical option to be integrated in a wet scrubber to remove volatile organic sulphur compounds, as long as there are no space constraints to install the required reactor volume. In the case of reactor volume limitation or retrofitting complexities, the ozone and photo-Fenton treatments should be considered as viable alternatives. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction During the last years, the emission of unpleasant odours produced in waste water treatment plants, among other facilities, ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 972418162; fax: +34 972418150. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Vega). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.061 0045-6535/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

has become a public concern. One of the main causes of malodour episodes in these facilities is the emission of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), especially in the sludge management areas (Dincer and Muezzinoglu, 2008). One of the most extended treatments for the removal of odourous compounds, especially VSCs, is the use of oxidative wet scrubbers using hypochlorite (Van Durme et al., 1992; Kastner

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et al., 2003; Sanchez et al., 2006; Vilmain et al., 2013). However, the formation of chlorinated by-products in the oxidative process has been reported as a negative aspect by several authors (Myslinski et al., 2000; Lin and Chang, 2005). Thus, other oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (Charron et al., 2004; Couvert et al., 2006; Biard et al., 2009) and ozone (Hwang et al., 1994; Biard et al., 2009), which can promote advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), have been tested. Gaseous VSC removal integrating AOPs with wet scrubbers involves mass transfer with simultaneous reaction due to the generation of highly reactive oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals. These radicals have a higher oxidation potential (2.8 eV) than other oxidising species such as hydrogen peroxide or chlorine (1.78 and 1.36 eV, respectively) (Metcalf, 2003). Because the VSC concentration in the liquid phase decreases as it is degraded, VSC mass transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase is expected to be continuous (Tokumura et al., 2012). The reported studies about coupling AOPs with wet scrubbers have been mainly focused on the removal of chlorinated solvents (Dewulf et al., 2001; Feitz et al., 2002) and aromatic compounds (Tokumura et al., 2012). Concerning sulphur compounds, the coupling of wet scrubber with AOPs has been limited to photocatalysis with TiO2 (Liu et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2012) and the use of O3/H2O2 (Biard et al., 2009, 2011). However, there is a lack of comparative studies about which AOP is the most suitable to be integrated in wet scrubbers, and about the efficiency of AOPs to remove VSC from aqueous solution. Processes such as Fenton (H2O2/Fe2+), photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/ 2+ Fe ), UV/H2O2 or ozonation are included among the most studied AOPs (Parsons, 2004). The effectiveness of most of H2O2-based AOPs is usually improved by acidic conditions. Nevertheless, several authors stated that these processes can be carried out at neutral pH as long as the iron is in low concentration and water contains dissolved organic matter which facilitates that an iron fraction remains in solution due to formation of complexes (Wang, 2008; Vermilyea and Voelker, 2009; De la Cruz et al., 2012). Thus, saving consumption reagents in the pH adjustment leads to a decrease in the process operational costs. The main objective of the present work was to assess which is the optimal AOP that can be coupled into a wet scrubber for odour treatment. Thus, the advanced oxidation of an aqueous multicomponent mixture of VSC composed by ethyl mercaptan (ETM), dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) was investigated. This study was focused on the use of UV/H2O2, H2O2/Fe2+, UV/H2O2/Fe2+ and O3 at mild conditions (room temperature and pressure and pH around neutral). A comparative assessment regarding the oxidation efficiency and the total cost of each treatment was carried out. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Chemicals All sulphur compounds used in this study (ETM, DMS and DMDS) were supplied by Acros Organics (Belgium) and Merck (Germany) with purities higher than 99%. Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation were carried out using iron chloride (FeCl24H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of 30% (w/w) purchased from Panreac and Scharlau (Spain), respectively. 2.2. Experimental setup The experimental set-up, shown in Fig. SM-1 of supplementary material (SM), was used in all oxidation experiments. The steel container can hold up to 6 cylindrical quartz reactors (diameter = 1.8 cm; height = 17.5 cm) which are magnetically stirred and

is equipped with a thermostatic bath. The device can also be fitted with a UV lamp in the centre when required. After adding 25 mL of a synthetic multicomponent solution containing 0.5 mg L1 of each VSC (ETM, DMS and DMDS) in distilled water, the cylindrical quartz reactors were capped with a rubber septum, leaving a headspace volume (HSV) of 5 mL. The gas tightness of the cylindrical reactors was checked. Neither leakage nor permeation were detected since the concentration of the VSC in the HSV remained constant for 30 min. Since the ratio gas-to-liquid volume is low and the solution is stirred, the partition of the VSC among the liquid and gas phases was fast, achieving steady concentration in the HSV is less than 2 min. Furthermore, the analysis of HSV sample according to the previous gas phase calibrations (Vega et al., 2013) revealed that only a small fraction of the VSC initially in solution was transferred to the gas phase (0.4% for ETM and DMDS and 0.3% for DMS). In all oxidation experiments, the oxidant was injected through the rubber septum once the partitioning between liquid and gas phase had reached the steady state. Photoirradiation experiments (UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+) were carried out using a low-pressure Hg lamp TNN 15/32 Heraeus (15 W) with a wavelength emission at 254 nm and an irradiation intensity of 0.07 W cm2. The filled reactors were distributed equidistant around the UV lamp (at 4 cm) and the reactor area belonging to gas phase was covered with aluminium foil in order to avoid the UV oxidation of the VSC in gas phase during the experiments. A reactor was taken off from the container every two minutes and the concentration of VSC was determined as explained in analytical procedures. Triplicate experiments were carried out at 15 °C and at free pH (6.7 ± 0.2). In order to compare the oxidative efficiency of the studied treatments, the same molar concentration of both hydrogen peroxide and ozone (0.20 mM) was used. This corresponds to the stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide needed for the complete oxidation of the synthetic multicomponent solution. The influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration (0.2–4 mM) in the VSC oxidation was tested with UV/H2O2 treatment. In the Fenton treatment (H2O2/Fe2+), the effect of Fe2+ concentration (0.004–0.018 mM) was also studied. In the Fenton treatment, the reactors were covered with aluminium foil to avoid the incidence of the natural light during the reaction. Photo-Fenton treatment was performed in a similar way as Fenton treatment but in the presence of UV light and without aluminium foil covering the liquid phase. The ozone treatment was carried out using the ozone stream, which was generated by ozone generator (Anseros COM-AD-02, Actualia) coupled with Actualia HCM 2003 oxygen concentrator. An ozone flow of 10 g O3 h1 was bubbled in water during a certain time until the amount of ozone in solution, which was measured by the colorimetric indigo method, was 9.8 mg L1 (0.20 mM). After that, the ozone solutions were immediately used in order to avoid the decomposition of the ozone (Lovato et al., 2009). The experimental conditions used for each treatment are summarised in Table SM-1. 2.3. Analytical procedure The VSCs were analysed by gas chromatography (CP-3800, Varian) using a pulse flame photometric detector (PFPD). Further details about the analytical methodology are presented in Table SM-2. For the calibration, 6 standard solutions of VSCs were prepared. The solutions were placed in the quartz reactors with the same headspace-to-liquid ratio under identical temperature and stirring conditions of the oxidation experiments. Once the steady state was reached (2 min), 100 lL of the HSV were sampled and injected into the GC/PFPD. The calibration curves were obtained by plotting the GC/PFPD response against the standard solution

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concentration (Fig. SM-2). A signal-to-noise between 3 was considered acceptable for estimating the detection limits, which were 10 lg L1 for ETM and DMDS and 20 lg L1 for DMS (Singer, 2001). The sulphur content as sulphate (SO2 4 –S) of the liquid samples was analysed at the end of the reaction according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2010) using ion chromatography (IC) (Metrohm 761-Compact). The detection limit of the method is 0.1 mg L1 of SO2 4 –S. The concentration of ozone dissolved in water was determined by the colorimetric indigo method developed by Bader and Hoigne (1981). Hydrogen peroxide concentration was determined by photometric measurements using a solution of Ti(IV) oxysulphate at 410 nm (Mendham et al., 2000). Dissolved iron concentration was determined by photometric measurements at 540 nm using the Spectroquant Iron test (Merck).

radicals formed per photon absorbed at 254 nm (Eq. (1)) (Tuhkanen, 2004)

H2 O2 þ hm ! 2 OH

ð1Þ

The reactivity of DMS and DMDS with hydroxyl radicals in liquid phase has been previously studied by several authors (Bonifacic et al., 1975a,b). As it is observed, the oxidation percentage of the mentioned compounds is similar, what is in agreement with the published reaction rate constants of DMS and DMDS with hydroxyl radicals ðKDMS=OH ¼ 1:9  1010 M1 s1 and KDMDS=OH ¼ 1:7  1010 M1 s1 Þ. The hydrogen peroxide consumption was around 43% at the end of the reaction (0.086 mM) which is a concentration around 2 times lower than the stoichiometric amount needed for the complete oxidation of the multicomponent VSCs mixture (Table 1). On the other hand, different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.20, 2.00 and 4.00 mM) were tested in order to study the influence of the oxidant concentration in the treatment (Fig. 2A). Higher oxidation percentages were obtained as the hydrogen peroxide concentration was increased up to 2 mM. The highest concentration of hydrogen peroxide (4 mM) did not cause significant improvement either in the oxidation rate or the oxidation percentages at the end of treatments. These results are explained by an excessive hydrogen peroxide concentration which scavenges the radicals according to the Eq. (2) (Tuhkanen, 2004).

3. Results and discussion Fig. 1 shows the oxidation percentage of the studied VSCs (ETM, DMS and DMDS) during the evaluated AOPs. The oxidation percentage was calculated as the % ratio between the concentration of the VSC at a given time and its initial concentration. The oxidation percentage of total sulphur compounds (TSC), which is defined as the sum of ETM, DMS plus DMDS (mg S L1) contained in water, is also plotted.



3.1. Oxidation by UV/H2O2 treatment

OH þ H2 O2 ! HO2 þ H2 O

ð2Þ

It has to be highlighted that in the UV/H2O2 treatment both the UV photolysis and oxidation by a hydroxyl radical mechanisms take part. Thus, the UV-photolysis was carried out in order to ascertain the contribution of the sole presence of UV light in the UV/H2O2 treatment. In UV treatment (Fig. 3A), the TSC oxidation was around 60% after 10 min of the reaction, while using H2O2 as

Fig. 1A shows the oxidation percentage of the studied VSCs during the UV/H2O2 treatment using 0.20 mM of hydrogen peroxide at neutral pH. At the end of the experiment (10 min) the oxidation percentage of the TSC was around 80%. Photolysis of H2O2 generates hydroxyl radicals by a direct process with a yield of two

100 ETM DMS DMDS TSC

% Oxidation

80 60 40 20

(B) Fenton

(A) UV/H2O2

0 100

% Oxidation

80 60 40 20

(C) Photo-Fenton

(D) Ozone

0 0

2

4

6

Time (min)

8

10

0

2

4

6

8

10

Time (min)

Fig. 1. Oxidation percentages of ETM (circle), DMS (square), DMDS (triangle) and TSC (line) during the studied AOPs at neutral pH: (A) UV/H2O2 treatment with C 0;H2 ;O2 ¼ 0:20 mM; (B) Fenton reaction with C0;H2 ;O2 ¼ 0:20 mM and C0,Fe 2+ = 0.018 mM; (C) photo-Fenton reaction with C0;H2 ;O2 ¼ 0:20 mM and C0,Fe 2+ = 0.018 mM; and (D) ozone treatment with C0;O3 ¼ 0:20 mM. C0,ETM = C0,DMS = C0,DMDS = 0.5 mg L1.

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Table 1 Oxidation percentages of VSC (ETM, DMS, DMDS and TSC), the mineralisation degree achieved and the oxidant consumption percentage of the studied AOPs at 10 min. VSC

UV/H2O2a H2O2/Fe2+b UV/H2O2/Fe2+b O3c a b c

ETM

DMS

DMDS

TSC

78 ± 5 86 ± 5 98 ± 2 98 ± 2

82 ± 6 75 ± 8 98 ± 2 98 ± 2

85 ± 7 80 ± 5 98 ± 1 98 ± 1

80 ± 6 81 ± 6 98 ± 2 98 ± 2

Mineralisation

Oxidant consumption

54 ± 7 58 ± 11 70 ± 10 62 ± 14

43 ± 6 72 ± 5 99 ± 1 99 ± 1

C0;H2 O2 ¼ 0:20 mM. C0;H2 O2 ¼ 0:20 mM and C0,Fe 2+ = 0.018 mM. C0;O3 ¼ 0:20 mM.

100

(A) UV/H2 O2

% Oxidation

80 60 [H2O2]

40

0 mM 0.2 mM 2 mM 4 mM

20 0 100

(B) H 2O2 /Fe2+

% Oxidation

80 60 40

[Fe2+]

20

0 mM 0.004 mM 0.009 mM 0.018 mM

0 100

(C) O3

% Oxidation

80 60 40

[O3]

20

0.02 mM 0.1 mM 0.2 mM 0.4 mM

0

0

2

4

6

8

10

Time (min) Fig. 2. Effect of the reagents concentration: (A) effect of the H2O2 concentration in the oxidation of TSC during UV/H2O2 treatment, (B) effect of the Fe2+ concentration in the oxidation of TSC during Fenton treatment with C0;H2 O2 ¼ 0:20 mM and (C) effect of the O3 concentration of TSC during ozone treatment. C0,TSC = 0.85 mg L1 and neutral pH.

a radical promoter (UV/H2O2), the oxidation was increased up to 80%. These results clearly point out that the effect of the UV photolysis is significant in the UV/H2O2. Furthermore, similar trends in the oxidation profiles were observed for ETM and DMDS achieving oxidation efficiencies around 70% and 80%, respectively, after 10 min. It was observed that ETM and DMDS were rapidly oxidised in the first minutes of the experiment. About 40% of DMS was

oxidised in 10 min and the oxidation profile was more linear compared to the others compounds. The observed trends for each VSC are in agreement with their UV absorbance at 254 nm (Fig. 3B). The studied compounds absorb different amounts of radiation at 254 nm, being DMDS the compound which absorbs more radiation and DMS which absorbs less. So DMDS can absorb more photons at this wavelength with more energy to rise to excited electronic states which yields the S–S bond cleavage (Bookwalter et al., 1995). 3.2. Oxidation by H2O2/Fe2+ and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ treatments Fig. 1B shows the oxidation percentage of the studied VSCs during the Fenton treatment using 0.20 mM of hydrogen peroxide, 0.018 mM of iron and neutral pH. At the end of the experiment, the oxidation percentage of the TSC was around 81% and the hydrogen peroxide consumption was 72% (0.14 mM) (Table 1). This consumption is higher than in UV/H2O2 treatment and closer to the theoretical amount needed for a total mineralisation of the VSCs. During the Fenton treatment hydroxyl radicals are generated through a well-known mechanism (Pignatello et al., 2006) which is summarised with the Eqs. (3), (4).

Fe2þ þ H2 O2 ! Fe3þ þ  OH þ OH

ð3Þ

Fe3þ þ H2 O2 ! Fe2þ þ Hþ þ HOO

ð4Þ

It has to be highlighted that the difference in oxidation efficiencies among the three compounds is lower for Fenton treatment compared with UV/H2O2. This fact points out a significant effect of the UV photolysis on VSC removal. Thus, the VSCs are oxidised to the same extent in those treatments where the effect of light is reduced. As it has been mentioned previously, the Fenton treatment is much more efficient at acid pH since iron remains in solution. If the amount of iron used is low and/or organic matter is present, as in the case of this experiment, it is possible that iron could form complexes and remains partially in solution. In order to check this, the precipitated iron fraction in this experiment before adding the hydrogen peroxide was analysed. The measurement of the dissolved iron concentration was carried out after filtering at 0.2 lm the synthetic multicomponent solution with 0.018 mM of Fe2+ at neutral pH. The obtained results revealed that more than 95% of the initial iron content was in solution before the addition of hydrogen peroxide. On the other hand, different Fe2+ concentrations (0.004, 0.009 and 0.018 mM) were tested in order to study their influence in the Fenton treatment at neutral pH. As it was expected, the increase in the dosage of Fe2+ caused a higher oxidation percentage of the VSCs (Fig. 2B). Blanks experiments were carried out in order to determine the effect of the sole presence of H2O2 (0.20 mM) or Fe2+ (0.018 mM) on the VSC oxidation. In both cases, the contribution to the VSCs oxidation was negligible in agreement with the results reported by Couvert et al. (2006).

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100

Logarithm epsilon

% Oxidation

80

4

(A)

ETM DMS DMDS TSC

60 40

(B)

ETM DMS DMDS

3

2

1

20 0 0

2

4

6

8

10

Time (min)

0 200

220

240

260

280

300

Wavelength (nm)

Fig. 3. UV treatment: (A) oxidation percentages of ETM (circle), DMS (square), DMDS (triangle) and TSC (line) and (B) UV/VIS spectrum of the studied VSCs. C0,ETM = C0,DMS = C0,DMDS = 0.5 mg L1 and neutral pH.

In order to evaluate the oxidation of VSC with the photo-Fenton treatment, the established doses of H2O2 (0.20 mM) and Fe2+ (0.018 mM) were used. The oxidation percentages of TSC during photo-Fenton treatment are also shown in Fig. 1C. The oxidation of TSC after 2 min of reaction was above 40% in the case of the Fenton treatment while it was higher than 75% by the simultaneous presence of the UV light and Fenton’s reagents. The consumption of the hydrogen peroxide at 10 min of the photo-Fenton reaction was complete (0.2 mM) (Table 1). The important improvement observed in VSC oxidation in photo-Fenton reaction is due to the photocatalytic reduction of the Fe3+ generated back to Fe2+, resulting in an overall increase in the production of hydroxyls radicals (Eqs. (3) and (5)) as compared to Fenton treatment (Eqs. (3), (4)).

Fe3þ þ H2 O þ hm ! Fe2þ þ Hþ þ  OH

ð5Þ

3.3. Oxidation by ozone treatment Ozone can react through two pathways with organic substrates in water: direct oxidation with molecular ozone which is slow compared to hydroxyl radical oxidation and oxidation through hydroxyl radicals formed by ozone decomposition. In the case of VSCs the differences between both oxidation mechanisms can be important. As an example, for DMS the rate constant in aqueous phase with hydroxyl radical is higher by two orders of magnitude than that with ozone (KDMS=OH ¼ 1:9  1010 M1 s1 and KDMS=O3 ¼ 4:0 108 M1 s1 ) (Bonifacˇic´ et al., 1975a; Lee and Zhou, 1994). Under acidic conditions the ozone pathway is of primary importance while under conditions such as high pH, exposure to UV or addition of hydrogen peroxide, the hydroxyl radical oxidation dominates. The oxidation percentages obtained by the ozone treatment using 0.20 mM of ozone are shown in Fig. 1D. The results show a complete oxidation of sulphur compounds from the fourth minute of the treatment. The consumption of ozone was complete at the end of the reaction (Table 1). The fast oxidation percentages achieved with ozone, similar or even higher than those observed in other oxidation treatments with well-known radical mechanisms such as Fenton and photo-Fenton experiments, could indicate that the reaction was mainly driven by a radical mechanism instead of oxidation by molecular ozone. The increase of the ozone dosage to 0.4 mM (Fig. 2C) yielded the complete oxidation of VSCs at the beginning of the experiment while the TSC were not oxidised by the lowest concentration of ozone (0.02 mM). It is also interesting to note that the plateau reached in the TSC oxidation percentage using 0.1 mM which is explained by the absence of ozone at this time due to the complete decomposition/consumption of ozone in water solution.

4. Treatment comparison All the processes were evaluated and compared by means of the efficiencies observed and the estimated total cost of each treatment. Table 1 shows the oxidation percentages of ETM, DMS, DMDS and the TSC, the mineralisation degree achieved and the oxidant consumption percentage for the tested treatments at 10 min. Despite the different oxidation efficiencies among the studied compounds in the early stages of treatments, these differences were reduced at 10 min, achieving oxidation percentages above 75% for all tested treatments. Certainly, the photo-Fenton and the ozone were the treatments which achieved the highest oxidation percentage at 10 min. The degradation of the TSC is also evaluated and similar results were observed. The sulphur content as sulphate (SO2 4 –S) of the aqueous phase at the end of each experiment was analysed to determine the mineralisation degree under the experimental conditions tested. Taking into account the initial total amount of sulphur compounds contained in water (0.85 mg S L1) and the amount of sulphur as sulphate obtained at the end of the treatments, the sulphur mass balance was calculated. The results indicated that around 70% and 60% of the initial sulphur content was mineralised and was found as SO2 in the 4 solution by means of the photo-Fenton and ozone treatments, respectively. These results are in agreement with the study of Ma et al. (2013) who revealed that the oxidation of ETM by hydroxyl radicals yields the production of sulphate ions. Contrarily, these results are not in concordance with Krüger et al. (2009) who stated that most of SO2 produced in the DMDS oxidation by means of Fenton process was volatilised, while a small amount was solubilised as SO2 4 . The formation of the sulphate ions points to the cleavage of the C–S, S–S and S–H bonds in the studied oxidation processes. During the different treatments, neither elemental sulphur nor peaks associated to other sulphur compounds were detected. This is explained either by the possible formation of soluble non-volatile sulphur compounds which would not be transferred to the headspace and/or the low concentration of the generated sulphur compounds which could be below the detection limits of GC/PFPD as well as the IC. In the case of UV/H2O2 and Fenton treatments, the mineralisation degrees (54% and 58% respectively) were similar despite having different hydrogen peroxide consumptions (43% and 72%). This fact is explained by the competition for hydroxyl radial between Fe2+ and organic sulphur compounds in solution, leading to the non-productive decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and thereby consuming more amount of it (Neyens and Baeyens, 2003). On the other hand, during the different AOPs the pHs were reduced among 0.2–0.5 pH units at the end of the reaction. This could be caused mainly by the generation of SO2 4 or the formation of

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Table 2 Design parameters (pseudo-first order kinetics (k), the required time for 90% oxidation of TSC (t90) and reactor volume (Vreactor)) and the total costs of the studied AOPs.

UV/H2O2a H2O2/Fe2+b UV/H2O2/Fe2+b O3c a b c

k (min1)

t90 (min)

Vreactor (m3)

Total cost (€ m3) Amortised

Operational

Water treatment

0.17 0.20 0.77 0.88

13.39 11.18 2.98 2.60

40.17 33.54 8.94 7.80

0.141 0.048 0.058 0.041

0.241 0.009 0.061 0.091

0.384 0.058 0.120 0.133

C0;H2 O2 ¼ 0:20 mM. C0;H2 O2 ¼ 0:20 mM and C0,Fe 2+ = 0.018 mM. C 0;O3 ¼ 0:20 mM.

short chain organic acids. Ma et al. (2013) detected the formation of acetic acid during the first stages of the oxidation of ETM with hydroxyl radicals. The application of AOPs in a full-scale system depends on the economic viability. Although the costs in full-scale systems are related to the nature and concentration of pollutant, the effluent flow rate and the configuration of the reactor (Andreozzi et al., 1999), the costs estimation in lab-scale systems can be considered exclusively for comparative purpose. A cost estimation of different AOPs was calculated taking into account both capital cost (amortised annual capital cost) and operating cost (reagents and electrical cost) according to the methodology proposed by Mahamuni and Adewuyi (2010). The reagents and electricity consumptions were estimated based on a design flow of 0.05 m3 s1 of treated water (flow rate in wet scrubber installed in a wastewater treatment plant in Barcelona, which treats 11.6 m3 s1 of gas). The pseudo-first order rate constants (k, min1) were estimating using the half-life (t0.5, min) of the TSC during each reaction. For the economical assessment, a 90% of VSC removal efficiency was considered. Table 2 shows the design parameters such as k, the required time for 90% oxidation of TSC (t90) and reactor volume, used to calculate the water treatment cost. Moreover, the amortised costs of the investment and the operational costs of each treatment are also presented. Specific details about the economic analysis are presented in Table SM-3. Larger reactor volumes are required for UV/H2O2 and Fenton (40.2 and 33.5 m3, respectively) as compared with photo-Fenton (8.9 m3) and ozone (7.8 m3) according to the kinetic rates obtained in these treatments. The UV/H2O2 treatment shows the highest cost (0.384 € m3) because of the large reactor volume required and the high energy consumption. On the other hand, Fenton treatment has the lowest cost (0.058 € m3) since low power is required for this treatment. The energy consumption of photo-Fenton and ozone treatments involves a higher water treatment cost (0.120 and 0.133 € m3, respectively). It has to be highlighted that the reactor volume plays an important role in the full-scale design. Although the cost of these treatments are twice that of Fenton cost, photo-Fenton and ozone could be the most interesting option when in the engineering design there are space constraints or retrofitting complexities. 5. Conclusions The effectiveness of different AOPs on the oxidation of a multicomponent aqueous solution containing ETM, DMS and DMDS was investigated with the objective to asses which is the most suitable treatment to be coupled in a wet scrubber used in odour treatment facilities. UV/H2O2, Fenton, photo-Fenton and ozone were tested at mild conditions and the oxidation efficiencies obtained in each treatment were compared. The studied AOPs at mild conditions demonstrated to be suitable for removal of the studied VSCs. Photo-Fenton and ozone were the more efficient treatments,

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