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Larval growth comparison of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) and M. nipponense (de Haan)
251
Aquaculture, 95 ( 251-255 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
Larval growth comparison of Mucrob~~c~i~~ rosenbergii (de Man) and IM. nipponense (de Haan) M.H. MacLean and J.H. Brown Institute ofilquaculture,
University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA. UK
(Accepted 27 July 1990)
ABSTRACT MacLean, M.H. and Brown, J.H., 1991. Larvalgrowth comparison ofMucrobruchium Man) and M. nipponense (de Haan). Aquaculture, 95: 251-255.
rosenbergii (de
The survival and development rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. nipponense larvae were compared. M. nipponense was found to have 20% higher survival and a faster rate to metamorphosis than M. rosenbergir. Almost two larval cycles of M. nipponense could be completed within the time required for one cycle with M. rosenbergii. Based on the larval stage alone, culture of M. nipponense is attractive.
INTRODUCTION
Mucrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) has commanded significant attention in tropical freshwater aquaculture research and development. The characteristics that make the culture of this species attractive include ease of breeding in captivity, high hatching rate, absence of major disease problems, high quality meat and, in many countries, high market value. However, the relatively long larval period ( 18-35 days) is a disadvantage to commercial culture. A second species, hitherto relatively unexploited, deserves further consideration. M. nipponense (de Haan) is found throughout the brackish- and freshwaters from North China to Annam, Japan and Taiwan (Holthuis, 1980) and is the major commercial prawn in the Japanese freshwater fisheries (Uno, 197 I). The species has most of the advantages for culture listed for M. rosenbergii, but in addition a lower temperature tolerance, as indicated by its northerly range (growth stops at 15 ‘C and survival is possible to as low as 0044-8486/9
l/$03.50
0 199 1 -
Elsevier Science Publishers
B.V.
252
M.H. MACLEAN AND J.H. BROWN
4’ C (J.T.Y. Wong, personal communication, 1989) ), fewer zoeal stages, and faster larval development (Kwon and Uno, 1969; Uno, 197 1). The main disadvantage of M. nipponense is its smaller adult size (maximum total length 86 mm (Holthuis, 1980) ). The present work was undertaken to compare directly the larval growth of these two species. MATERIALS AND METHODS
M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii larvae were obtained from broodstock held in a recirculating system. Newly hatched larvae were stocked in l-l experimental incubators at a density of 50/l. The clear plastic incubators were randomly distributed in an aerated, heated glass aquarium with a recirculated biological filtration system. Water was delivered to the bottom of each incubator through a plastic tube, and overflowed through mesh screening ( 150 pm) surrounding the upper periphery. Temperature and salinity (Tropic Marine Aquarientechnik) were maintained at 28 + 1 ‘C and 10 2 2 ppt for M. nipponense and 30 t 1‘C and 12 + 2 ppt for M. rosenbergii, optima for each species (New and Singholka, 1982; Wong, 1987). Experiments were conducted under a 12-h light-dark illumination cycle. Larvae were reared with two separate dietary treatments carried out in triplicate for each species. Treatments were based on newly hatched Artemia salina nauplii (San Francisco Bay Brand), an experimental control pellet (Institute of Aquaculture), and a prepared flake (Louisiana State University). Dietary treatments differed only in the mid-day feeding wherein Treatment 1 received pellet and Treatment 2 received flake. Artemia nauplii were supplied twice daily as required to maintain a density of 5-B/ml after feeding. Dry diets were sieved to a size similar to that of Artemia (mean 347.5 pm, range 300-380 pm as measured with a graticule) with an appropriate sieve (255-35 5 pm Endecotts BS4 10) and added on an equal volume basis. Larvae were observed every third day until the appearance of the first postlarvae after which twice daily observations were made. Postlarvae were removed from the incubators upon metamorphosis. The rate of metamorphosis was assessed in several ways: the time to the appearance of the first postlarva (PLl ), the time at which 50% and 90% of the population (as a percent of the final number of postlarvae) had completed metamorphosis (PL50% and PL90%), and the economic time span of metamorphosis (PL90%-PLl ) . Total survival and the rate of metamorphosis were analysed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 summarizes the production data of the trial. Survival to metamorphosis was 20% greater for M. nipponense than M. rosenbergii. Development
LARVALGROWTHOF
MACROBRKHIUA4ROSENBERGII
ANDM. NIPPONENSE
253
TABLE 1 Average (standard deviation) survival and metamorphosis hergii reared on two different diets’
time (d) of M. nipponense and M. row-
M. nipponense Treatment Survival (%)
1
Treatment
59.34” (1.16) 12.67b (0.58) I 5.33b (0.58) I 8.00b (1.00) 5.33
PLI (d) PL50% (d) PL90% (d) PL90%-PL 1 (d )
‘Averages with different superscripts
M rosenbergii 2
37.34b (11.37) 22.67” (0.58) 26.67” (0.58) 32.00 (3.00) 9.33
59.34” (1.16) 12.67b (1.16) 15.67b (0.58) 18.00h (0.00) 5.33
l
15
20
25
1
Treatment 3 38.66b (8.33) 21.67” (0.58) 26.00” (0.00) 33.66’ (1.53) 11.99
in the same row denote statistical difference (Pi 0.0 I ).
0 = 0
10
Treatment
30
35
MN1 MN2 MR1 Ml32
40
Time (days)
Fig. 1. The rate of development, as cumulative percent metamorphosis of final postlarval stock, of two species of Macrobrachiurn raised on two dietary regimes. Where: MN 1 =M. nipponense on Treatment 1; MN2 = M. nipponense on Treatment 2; MR 1 =M. rosenbergii on Treatment 1; MR2 = M. rosenbergii on Treatment 2.
rate, measured as time to PLl, PL50% and PL90%, was faster, and economic time span of metamorphosis, PL90%-PLl, shorter in M. nipponense. Differences between species were statistically significant (PC 0.0 1 ). Differences between diets were minimal. Fig. 1 presents the cumulative percent metamorphosis and as such supports the data of Table 1. Given the high labour, energy and feed costs associated with larval culture (Aquacop, 1985; Wickins, 1986), the high survival and shorter time to meta-
M.H. MACLEAN AND J.H. BROWN
254 TABLE 2 Approximated rate of 50/l)
comparative
M. nipponense M. rosenbergii
requirements
for the production
of 1000 PL (based on a larval stocking
Larval stock’ (No.)
Labour & energy’ (days)
Artemia salina naupli? (No.x 1000)
1883 2924
18 33
4788 I3629
‘Assuming 59% and 38% survival for M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii, respectively, and system maintenance up to PL90%. ‘To PL90%. ‘Assuming that averaged over the larval period, one feeding of 7 nauplii ml-’ day-’ will maintain sufficiently the A. salina population (based on Manzi and Maddox, 1980).
morphosis for M. nipponense represent a significant economic advantage. Almost two larval cycles to PL90% can be achieved for M. nipponense in the time required for M. rosenbergii to complete a single cycle. Although a detailed economic assessment was not undertaken, the comparative requirements for the production of 1000 PL under the present conditions can be calculated roughly as in Table 2. Based on the larval stage alone, M. nipponense culture is attractive. However, shorter larval life is achieved at the expense of lower fecundity. The average number of larvae hatched is approximately 1500 (Rothbard, 1977) and 35 400 (Hagood and Willis, 1976) for M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii, respectively. This difference in larval fecundity would affect broodstock requirements and hence space, feed and labour in any aquaculture enterprise. Aquaculture species selection is naturally based on those species of high market value which, as noted previously, often translates to large attainable size. Factors such as fecundity and larval development rate also deserve consideration if aquaculture of new species is to be considered. Faster larval development in combination with lower temperature and salinity tolerances suggest that M. nipponense may be a valid candidate for culture, especially outside the tropical belt. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Mucrobruchium work at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, was supported by the Overseas Development Administration of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK (Project Numbers R3874 and R422 1) and with funding from the European Commission (Contract No. TSD.A200 UK [H] ). The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. J.T.Y. Wong, University of Stirling, and Dr. S.P. Meyers, Louisiana State University, for providing the M. nipponense prawns and the flake diet, respectively. The recommendations and support of J.H. MacLean, Dr. A. Chacon-Torres and
LARVAL GROWTH OF M.4CROBRACHIlJM
ROSENBERGII
AND M. NIPPONENSE
255
Dr. K. Jauncey are appreciated. The partial financial support of the Fishmongers Company of London is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES Aquacop, 1985. Intensive larval rearing in clear water of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii (de Man, Anuenue Stock) at the Centre Oceanologique du Pacilique. Tahiti. In: J.P. McVey (Editor), CRC Handbook of Mariculture, Vol. 1, Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL, pp. 179-187. Hagood, R.W. and Willis, S.A., 1976. Cost comparisons of rearing larvae of freshwater shrimp. Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. rosenbergii, to juveniles. Aquaculture, 7: 59-74. Holthuis, L.B., 1980. FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 1, Shrimps and Prawns of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Vol. 1, FIR/S125 Vol. 1. FAO, Rome, 271 pp. Kwon. C.S. and Uno, Y., 1969. The larval development of Macrobrachiutn nipponense reared in the laboratory. La Mer, 7 (4): 30-46. Manzi. J.J. and Maddox, M.B., 1980. Requirements for Artetnia nauplii in Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii (de Man ) larviculture. In: G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, 0. Roels and E. Jaspers (Editors), The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol. 3, Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture. Universa Press, Wetteren, pp. 3 13-329. New, M.B. and Singholka, S., 1982. Freshwater Prawn Farming. A Manual for the Culture of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 225, FAO, Rome, 116 pp. Rothbard, S., 1977. Observations on adult forms and experiments in growth of the freshwater shrimp: Macrobrachium nipporzense (de Haan). Bamidgeh, 27 (4): 115- 124. Uno, Y., 197 1. Studies on the aquaculture of Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan) with special reference to breeding cycle, larval development and feeding ecology. La Mer, 9 (2): 123128. Wickins, J.F., 1986. Prawn farming today: opportunities, techniques, and developments. Outlook Agric., 15 (2): 52-60. Wong, J.T.Y.. 1987. Responses to salinity in larvae of a freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan). from Hong Kong. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., 18: 203-207.
Aquaculture, 95 ( 251-255 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
Larval growth comparison of Mucrob~~c~i~~ rosenbergii (de Man) and IM. nipponense (de Haan) M.H. MacLean and J.H. Brown Institute ofilquaculture,
University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA. UK
(Accepted 27 July 1990)
ABSTRACT MacLean, M.H. and Brown, J.H., 1991. Larvalgrowth comparison ofMucrobruchium Man) and M. nipponense (de Haan). Aquaculture, 95: 251-255.
rosenbergii (de
The survival and development rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M. nipponense larvae were compared. M. nipponense was found to have 20% higher survival and a faster rate to metamorphosis than M. rosenbergir. Almost two larval cycles of M. nipponense could be completed within the time required for one cycle with M. rosenbergii. Based on the larval stage alone, culture of M. nipponense is attractive.
INTRODUCTION
Mucrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) has commanded significant attention in tropical freshwater aquaculture research and development. The characteristics that make the culture of this species attractive include ease of breeding in captivity, high hatching rate, absence of major disease problems, high quality meat and, in many countries, high market value. However, the relatively long larval period ( 18-35 days) is a disadvantage to commercial culture. A second species, hitherto relatively unexploited, deserves further consideration. M. nipponense (de Haan) is found throughout the brackish- and freshwaters from North China to Annam, Japan and Taiwan (Holthuis, 1980) and is the major commercial prawn in the Japanese freshwater fisheries (Uno, 197 I). The species has most of the advantages for culture listed for M. rosenbergii, but in addition a lower temperature tolerance, as indicated by its northerly range (growth stops at 15 ‘C and survival is possible to as low as 0044-8486/9
l/$03.50
0 199 1 -
Elsevier Science Publishers
B.V.
252
M.H. MACLEAN AND J.H. BROWN
4’ C (J.T.Y. Wong, personal communication, 1989) ), fewer zoeal stages, and faster larval development (Kwon and Uno, 1969; Uno, 197 1). The main disadvantage of M. nipponense is its smaller adult size (maximum total length 86 mm (Holthuis, 1980) ). The present work was undertaken to compare directly the larval growth of these two species. MATERIALS AND METHODS
M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii larvae were obtained from broodstock held in a recirculating system. Newly hatched larvae were stocked in l-l experimental incubators at a density of 50/l. The clear plastic incubators were randomly distributed in an aerated, heated glass aquarium with a recirculated biological filtration system. Water was delivered to the bottom of each incubator through a plastic tube, and overflowed through mesh screening ( 150 pm) surrounding the upper periphery. Temperature and salinity (Tropic Marine Aquarientechnik) were maintained at 28 + 1 ‘C and 10 2 2 ppt for M. nipponense and 30 t 1‘C and 12 + 2 ppt for M. rosenbergii, optima for each species (New and Singholka, 1982; Wong, 1987). Experiments were conducted under a 12-h light-dark illumination cycle. Larvae were reared with two separate dietary treatments carried out in triplicate for each species. Treatments were based on newly hatched Artemia salina nauplii (San Francisco Bay Brand), an experimental control pellet (Institute of Aquaculture), and a prepared flake (Louisiana State University). Dietary treatments differed only in the mid-day feeding wherein Treatment 1 received pellet and Treatment 2 received flake. Artemia nauplii were supplied twice daily as required to maintain a density of 5-B/ml after feeding. Dry diets were sieved to a size similar to that of Artemia (mean 347.5 pm, range 300-380 pm as measured with a graticule) with an appropriate sieve (255-35 5 pm Endecotts BS4 10) and added on an equal volume basis. Larvae were observed every third day until the appearance of the first postlarvae after which twice daily observations were made. Postlarvae were removed from the incubators upon metamorphosis. The rate of metamorphosis was assessed in several ways: the time to the appearance of the first postlarva (PLl ), the time at which 50% and 90% of the population (as a percent of the final number of postlarvae) had completed metamorphosis (PL50% and PL90%), and the economic time span of metamorphosis (PL90%-PLl ) . Total survival and the rate of metamorphosis were analysed by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 summarizes the production data of the trial. Survival to metamorphosis was 20% greater for M. nipponense than M. rosenbergii. Development
LARVALGROWTHOF
MACROBRKHIUA4ROSENBERGII
ANDM. NIPPONENSE
253
TABLE 1 Average (standard deviation) survival and metamorphosis hergii reared on two different diets’
time (d) of M. nipponense and M. row-
M. nipponense Treatment Survival (%)
1
Treatment
59.34” (1.16) 12.67b (0.58) I 5.33b (0.58) I 8.00b (1.00) 5.33
PLI (d) PL50% (d) PL90% (d) PL90%-PL 1 (d )
‘Averages with different superscripts
M rosenbergii 2
37.34b (11.37) 22.67” (0.58) 26.67” (0.58) 32.00 (3.00) 9.33
59.34” (1.16) 12.67b (1.16) 15.67b (0.58) 18.00h (0.00) 5.33
l
15
20
25
1
Treatment 3 38.66b (8.33) 21.67” (0.58) 26.00” (0.00) 33.66’ (1.53) 11.99
in the same row denote statistical difference (Pi 0.0 I ).
0 = 0
10
Treatment
30
35
MN1 MN2 MR1 Ml32
40
Time (days)
Fig. 1. The rate of development, as cumulative percent metamorphosis of final postlarval stock, of two species of Macrobrachiurn raised on two dietary regimes. Where: MN 1 =M. nipponense on Treatment 1; MN2 = M. nipponense on Treatment 2; MR 1 =M. rosenbergii on Treatment 1; MR2 = M. rosenbergii on Treatment 2.
rate, measured as time to PLl, PL50% and PL90%, was faster, and economic time span of metamorphosis, PL90%-PLl, shorter in M. nipponense. Differences between species were statistically significant (PC 0.0 1 ). Differences between diets were minimal. Fig. 1 presents the cumulative percent metamorphosis and as such supports the data of Table 1. Given the high labour, energy and feed costs associated with larval culture (Aquacop, 1985; Wickins, 1986), the high survival and shorter time to meta-
M.H. MACLEAN AND J.H. BROWN
254 TABLE 2 Approximated rate of 50/l)
comparative
M. nipponense M. rosenbergii
requirements
for the production
of 1000 PL (based on a larval stocking
Larval stock’ (No.)
Labour & energy’ (days)
Artemia salina naupli? (No.x 1000)
1883 2924
18 33
4788 I3629
‘Assuming 59% and 38% survival for M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii, respectively, and system maintenance up to PL90%. ‘To PL90%. ‘Assuming that averaged over the larval period, one feeding of 7 nauplii ml-’ day-’ will maintain sufficiently the A. salina population (based on Manzi and Maddox, 1980).
morphosis for M. nipponense represent a significant economic advantage. Almost two larval cycles to PL90% can be achieved for M. nipponense in the time required for M. rosenbergii to complete a single cycle. Although a detailed economic assessment was not undertaken, the comparative requirements for the production of 1000 PL under the present conditions can be calculated roughly as in Table 2. Based on the larval stage alone, M. nipponense culture is attractive. However, shorter larval life is achieved at the expense of lower fecundity. The average number of larvae hatched is approximately 1500 (Rothbard, 1977) and 35 400 (Hagood and Willis, 1976) for M. nipponense and M. rosenbergii, respectively. This difference in larval fecundity would affect broodstock requirements and hence space, feed and labour in any aquaculture enterprise. Aquaculture species selection is naturally based on those species of high market value which, as noted previously, often translates to large attainable size. Factors such as fecundity and larval development rate also deserve consideration if aquaculture of new species is to be considered. Faster larval development in combination with lower temperature and salinity tolerances suggest that M. nipponense may be a valid candidate for culture, especially outside the tropical belt. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Mucrobruchium work at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, was supported by the Overseas Development Administration of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK (Project Numbers R3874 and R422 1) and with funding from the European Commission (Contract No. TSD.A200 UK [H] ). The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. J.T.Y. Wong, University of Stirling, and Dr. S.P. Meyers, Louisiana State University, for providing the M. nipponense prawns and the flake diet, respectively. The recommendations and support of J.H. MacLean, Dr. A. Chacon-Torres and
LARVAL GROWTH OF M.4CROBRACHIlJM
ROSENBERGII
AND M. NIPPONENSE
255
Dr. K. Jauncey are appreciated. The partial financial support of the Fishmongers Company of London is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES Aquacop, 1985. Intensive larval rearing in clear water of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii (de Man, Anuenue Stock) at the Centre Oceanologique du Pacilique. Tahiti. In: J.P. McVey (Editor), CRC Handbook of Mariculture, Vol. 1, Crustacean Aquaculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL, pp. 179-187. Hagood, R.W. and Willis, S.A., 1976. Cost comparisons of rearing larvae of freshwater shrimp. Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. rosenbergii, to juveniles. Aquaculture, 7: 59-74. Holthuis, L.B., 1980. FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 1, Shrimps and Prawns of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Vol. 1, FIR/S125 Vol. 1. FAO, Rome, 271 pp. Kwon. C.S. and Uno, Y., 1969. The larval development of Macrobrachiutn nipponense reared in the laboratory. La Mer, 7 (4): 30-46. Manzi. J.J. and Maddox, M.B., 1980. Requirements for Artetnia nauplii in Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii (de Man ) larviculture. In: G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, 0. Roels and E. Jaspers (Editors), The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol. 3, Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture. Universa Press, Wetteren, pp. 3 13-329. New, M.B. and Singholka, S., 1982. Freshwater Prawn Farming. A Manual for the Culture of Macrobrachiutn rosenbergii. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 225, FAO, Rome, 116 pp. Rothbard, S., 1977. Observations on adult forms and experiments in growth of the freshwater shrimp: Macrobrachium nipporzense (de Haan). Bamidgeh, 27 (4): 115- 124. Uno, Y., 197 1. Studies on the aquaculture of Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan) with special reference to breeding cycle, larval development and feeding ecology. La Mer, 9 (2): 123128. Wickins, J.F., 1986. Prawn farming today: opportunities, techniques, and developments. Outlook Agric., 15 (2): 52-60. Wong, J.T.Y.. 1987. Responses to salinity in larvae of a freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan). from Hong Kong. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., 18: 203-207.