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Level of agreement in Australian football umpire coaches
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Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e32–e66
0.2 and 2.1/1000 h in men, while hip/groin injuries are the 3rd most common injuries in professional soccer. AGP is prevalent in sports involving repeated accelerations, decelerations, kicking and change-of-direction movements. While clinical and radiological examinations may lack the ability to assess pathomechanics, three-dimensional biomechanical movement analysis may offer an appropriate alternative. To date no current research exists which examines the movement strategies of athletes with AGP during the performance of a planned maximum effort change-of-direction task. The primary aim of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of the movement strategies utilized by patients with AGP during a maximum effort change-of-direction task. The secondary aim was to determine if specific anatomical diagnoses are related to a distinct movement strategy. Methods: 322 athletes with a current complaint of longstanding groin pain participated. Structured and standardized clinical assessments and radiological examinations were performed on all participants. Additionally, each participant performed multiple repetitions of a planned maximum effort 110◦ change-of-direction task during which whole-body kinematics were recorded. Kinematic and kinetic data were examined using continuous waveform and sub-group analysis (using gap statistic and hierarchical clustering). Results: Three clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (40%) was characterized by increased knee flexion in both braking and acceleration and higher knee work. Cluster 2 (15%) was characterized by featured increased hip flexion and increased hip work. Cluster 3 (45%) was characterized by featured the highest ankle dorsiflexion and ankle work. All clusters differed strongly in torso and pelvis position. No correlation was observed between movement cluster and clinically assessed location of the participant’s palpation. Discussion: During the performance of a maximum effort change-of-direction task the movement profiles of athletes with long-standing groin pain are distinguishable into three distinct movement strategies, which were not related to clinical diagnoses. Findings may suggest differences in underlying injury mechanism. For example, hip flexion differed strongly between clusters over the whole movement cycle (Cluster 2 > 1 > 3) with mean differences of up to 20◦ . Whilst data relating to the resulting hip joint force is not available for change of direction tasks, studies have demonstrated that any change in hip flexion angle will alter muscular action and ultimately the resultant hip joint force. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.168 146 Level of agreement in Australian football umpire coaches A. Kittel ∗ , N. Macdonald, P. Larkin, M. Spittle, N. Elsworthy College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Australia Introduction: Australian football (AF) umpire coaches provide feedback and analysis on umpire performance, largely based upon decision making accuracy. However, evaluating an umpire’s decision making skill is a subjective process where coaches can potentially differ in their views of certain infringements. The aim of this study is to quantify the levels of agreement between AF umpire coaches during an independent video-based decision making test. Methods: 7 novice coaches from the Essendon District Football League Umpires watched a pool of 100 videos from elite AF matches in a single sitting. Each clip included potential free kick scenarios and coaches were required to determine the “correct” decision
(either a free kick or non-free kick). Coaches were also required to record their rating on the difficulty of the decision as “easy”, “medium”, or “hard”. An adequate level of agreement for both factors was considered to be greater than 70%. Fleiss’ Kappa was also employed to quantify the level of agreement within the coaching panel across the entire collection of decisions. Results: In 72 clips, 5 or more of the 7 raters agreed on the decision, therefore reaching adequate level of agreement for these clips. Of these, 28 reached perfect agreement. Analysis of the overall video demonstrated a fair level of agreement with a Fleiss’ Kappa statistic of k = 0.31. Ratings of difficulty demonstrated poor agreement with 29 clips reaching an adequate level of agreement. Fleiss’ Kappa for difficulty was k = 0.07. Discussion: It was demonstrated that there is a considerable level of variability between AF umpire coaches in their ability to determine free kicks and rating the difficulty of free kick. Facilitating a consistent decision making ability, and difficulty rating amongst coaches will enhance the uniformity of coaches in their evaluation of AF umpire performances. Possibly, a key reason for the high inconsistency among coaches could be due to their status as novice coaches, and the wide range of coaching experience. This data supports the need for a greater level of education for AF umpire coaches in optimising their ability to produce consistent evaluations. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.169 Temporal lower limb barriers and facilitators to participation in targeted lifestyle programs for people with morbid obesity S. Penkala ∗ , A. Chowdhury, S. Walmsley Western Sydney University, Australia Background: The increasing prevalence of obesity world-wide is a serious public health concern. In Australia, 61% of people are overweight or obese impacting on health, social and economic well-being. Morbid obesity in particular doubles health care costs further impacting on mobility, quality of life and mortality. Multiple targeted Lifestyle Weight Loss Programs (LWLP) are particularly beneficial for this population and associated co-morbidities. However, the same co-morbidities and mobility problems can also make participation and sustainability within these life-saving weight loss programs difficult. Understanding the barriers and facilitators for active participation in the physical activity components of these life-saving programs are needed to facilitate ongoing individual and population health care. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to recruit patients participating in a lifestyle weight loss program within a local metabolic unit. Eligibility to participate in the LWLP included a BMI > 40 kg/m2 , and a diagnosis of diabetes or fatty liver. Eleven people participated in focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Colaizzi’s method of descriptive phenomenology data analysis was used to identify meaning units and theme clusters to understand participants’ everyday lived experience and develop a conceptual model. Results: Participants were aged 59.6years (±8.3) with a 12year (IQR 5–25) duration of morbid obesity. Six themes were identified as barriers and four themes as facilitators to physical activity engagement. Lower limb conditions were both barriers and facilitators and will be the focus of this paper. Lower limb conditions included altered sensation associated with neuropathy, pain, swelling, ulcers, cellulitis, osteoarthritis, restless leg syndrome and plantar fasciitis. While these conditions where initial
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20S (2017) e32–e66
0.2 and 2.1/1000 h in men, while hip/groin injuries are the 3rd most common injuries in professional soccer. AGP is prevalent in sports involving repeated accelerations, decelerations, kicking and change-of-direction movements. While clinical and radiological examinations may lack the ability to assess pathomechanics, three-dimensional biomechanical movement analysis may offer an appropriate alternative. To date no current research exists which examines the movement strategies of athletes with AGP during the performance of a planned maximum effort change-of-direction task. The primary aim of this study is to provide a descriptive analysis of the movement strategies utilized by patients with AGP during a maximum effort change-of-direction task. The secondary aim was to determine if specific anatomical diagnoses are related to a distinct movement strategy. Methods: 322 athletes with a current complaint of longstanding groin pain participated. Structured and standardized clinical assessments and radiological examinations were performed on all participants. Additionally, each participant performed multiple repetitions of a planned maximum effort 110◦ change-of-direction task during which whole-body kinematics were recorded. Kinematic and kinetic data were examined using continuous waveform and sub-group analysis (using gap statistic and hierarchical clustering). Results: Three clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (40%) was characterized by increased knee flexion in both braking and acceleration and higher knee work. Cluster 2 (15%) was characterized by featured increased hip flexion and increased hip work. Cluster 3 (45%) was characterized by featured the highest ankle dorsiflexion and ankle work. All clusters differed strongly in torso and pelvis position. No correlation was observed between movement cluster and clinically assessed location of the participant’s palpation. Discussion: During the performance of a maximum effort change-of-direction task the movement profiles of athletes with long-standing groin pain are distinguishable into three distinct movement strategies, which were not related to clinical diagnoses. Findings may suggest differences in underlying injury mechanism. For example, hip flexion differed strongly between clusters over the whole movement cycle (Cluster 2 > 1 > 3) with mean differences of up to 20◦ . Whilst data relating to the resulting hip joint force is not available for change of direction tasks, studies have demonstrated that any change in hip flexion angle will alter muscular action and ultimately the resultant hip joint force. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.168 146 Level of agreement in Australian football umpire coaches A. Kittel ∗ , N. Macdonald, P. Larkin, M. Spittle, N. Elsworthy College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Australia Introduction: Australian football (AF) umpire coaches provide feedback and analysis on umpire performance, largely based upon decision making accuracy. However, evaluating an umpire’s decision making skill is a subjective process where coaches can potentially differ in their views of certain infringements. The aim of this study is to quantify the levels of agreement between AF umpire coaches during an independent video-based decision making test. Methods: 7 novice coaches from the Essendon District Football League Umpires watched a pool of 100 videos from elite AF matches in a single sitting. Each clip included potential free kick scenarios and coaches were required to determine the “correct” decision
(either a free kick or non-free kick). Coaches were also required to record their rating on the difficulty of the decision as “easy”, “medium”, or “hard”. An adequate level of agreement for both factors was considered to be greater than 70%. Fleiss’ Kappa was also employed to quantify the level of agreement within the coaching panel across the entire collection of decisions. Results: In 72 clips, 5 or more of the 7 raters agreed on the decision, therefore reaching adequate level of agreement for these clips. Of these, 28 reached perfect agreement. Analysis of the overall video demonstrated a fair level of agreement with a Fleiss’ Kappa statistic of k = 0.31. Ratings of difficulty demonstrated poor agreement with 29 clips reaching an adequate level of agreement. Fleiss’ Kappa for difficulty was k = 0.07. Discussion: It was demonstrated that there is a considerable level of variability between AF umpire coaches in their ability to determine free kicks and rating the difficulty of free kick. Facilitating a consistent decision making ability, and difficulty rating amongst coaches will enhance the uniformity of coaches in their evaluation of AF umpire performances. Possibly, a key reason for the high inconsistency among coaches could be due to their status as novice coaches, and the wide range of coaching experience. This data supports the need for a greater level of education for AF umpire coaches in optimising their ability to produce consistent evaluations. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.169 Temporal lower limb barriers and facilitators to participation in targeted lifestyle programs for people with morbid obesity S. Penkala ∗ , A. Chowdhury, S. Walmsley Western Sydney University, Australia Background: The increasing prevalence of obesity world-wide is a serious public health concern. In Australia, 61% of people are overweight or obese impacting on health, social and economic well-being. Morbid obesity in particular doubles health care costs further impacting on mobility, quality of life and mortality. Multiple targeted Lifestyle Weight Loss Programs (LWLP) are particularly beneficial for this population and associated co-morbidities. However, the same co-morbidities and mobility problems can also make participation and sustainability within these life-saving weight loss programs difficult. Understanding the barriers and facilitators for active participation in the physical activity components of these life-saving programs are needed to facilitate ongoing individual and population health care. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to recruit patients participating in a lifestyle weight loss program within a local metabolic unit. Eligibility to participate in the LWLP included a BMI > 40 kg/m2 , and a diagnosis of diabetes or fatty liver. Eleven people participated in focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Colaizzi’s method of descriptive phenomenology data analysis was used to identify meaning units and theme clusters to understand participants’ everyday lived experience and develop a conceptual model. Results: Participants were aged 59.6years (±8.3) with a 12year (IQR 5–25) duration of morbid obesity. Six themes were identified as barriers and four themes as facilitators to physical activity engagement. Lower limb conditions were both barriers and facilitators and will be the focus of this paper. Lower limb conditions included altered sensation associated with neuropathy, pain, swelling, ulcers, cellulitis, osteoarthritis, restless leg syndrome and plantar fasciitis. While these conditions where initial