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Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco
Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco Fahd Darasi a,b,⇑, Mustapha Aksissou a a b
Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco Marine Sciences and Biological Research Authority, Hudaydah, Yemen
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 June 2019 Revised 16 November 2019 Accepted 16 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Coastal fishing Gear Longline Port Tangier Seine nets Trawl nets
a b s t r a c t The port of Tangier, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and the North Atlantic, has an important geographical strategic position. The coastal fishing sector is a main source for a large group of the region’s population. This paper focuses on describing the fishing coastal gear and the available methods known for catching fishes in port Tangier and the components that characterize it (techniques, target species, boats, fishermen). This is done through the analysis of data collected from a survey on the site of the port, which was carried out between May 2018 and August 2018. Costal fishing at the Port of Tangiers is carried out by 206 boats, and is broken down by the type and method of fishing. This fleet mainly targets species of high commercial value. Tangier fishing port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The most productive nets are the purse seines (surface fish), followed by the trawl net (benthic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) and finally longlines (benthic fish and surface fish). This activity ensures the provision of jobs for about 2950 fishermen in this area. The main gear used is longline gear, trawl net, and purse seines net. Ó 2019 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction The coastal fleet provides a significant part of the total catches. Its definition is often based on size, fishing gear, fishing grounds, or length of fishing trips. However, other criteria can also be taken into consideration (Viðarsson et al., 2015). Coastal fisheries are inaugurated by Spanish and Portuguese fishers with 16 m-24 m wooden boats manufactured locally without any catch preservation systems. For targeting pelagic species purse seines are used. As for demersal species longliners, bottom trawls, and driftnets are used. The off-shore industrial fishery, which started in 1972 has grown quickly ever since then (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001; Edwin, 2002; FAO, 2011; Franquesa et al., 2001; Rojo-Diaz and Pitcher, 2005; Tudela et al., 2005). Furthermore, different target species need different fishing gears to effectively catch the species. The fishing gears differ significantly in their structure, methods of operation, standards of catch procedure, and materials utilized. Fishing gears have changed over time, and understanding the habits and behaviours of the various species available in the sea Peer review under responsibility of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (F. Darasi).
has gradually increased, making gears increasingly adaptable to catch the most desirable species (Ferretti, 2011). Purse seiners make short sea trips of not more than 24 h and target small pelagic fish. Trawlers make trips of not more than one week and exploit benthic fish. The longliners target the bottom species and the large pelagic species with high market value. Fisheries production is still dominated by coastal fisheries, and this accounts for 69% of the total catch volume. Small pelagic fish are the main species targeted by the coastal fishing fleets (Boudinar et al., 2015). In Morocco, in the early 1990s, new tuna fishing activities were introduced, reflecting an important increase in these species’ production. Thus, the appearance of drift-netting has led to a remarkable evolution in the Mediterranean swordfish fishing. However, this gear has been banned in national waters since 2012 (INRH, 2015). The coastal fish production in Morocco is dominated primarily by pelagic and benthic fish production. Thus, pelagic and benthic fish production account for 79% of total seafood production in Morocco (MAPM, 2010). There are more than a hundred commercial species of bottom resources (FAO, 1997). On the Moroccan Mediterranean west coast (region of Al Hoceima), the coastal fisheries, which is one of the most important types of fishing, classify the fishing fleet into four types: purse seines, trawlers, longliners, and traditional boats (Malouli, 2004). As part of a study of the port
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005 1687-4285/Ó 2019 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
of Tangier, the coastal fishing gears used were reported to include three types: longlines, trawls and sardine boats, amounting to 267 boats in 2007 (Benhardouze, 2009). The rocky nature of the seabed at this study area gives the advantage to sparidae, scorpionfish and silver sword. Also, the Strait of Gibraltar is a transit point, particularly for large pelagic fish mainly composed of swordfish (Xiphias gladius), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus), marlin (Makaira spp), and minor tunas such as auk (Auxis thazard) and common tunas (Euthynnus alletteratus). This area is characterized by fishing activities that employ a number of labor force and generate many indirect jobs (Lamtai, 2010). Fishery management needs a good understanding of fishing gear because there are variations in the productivity and efficiency of different types of angling gear as well as their versatility to particular conditions. Therefore, this paper focuses on the description of the coastal fishing equipments used in the port of Tangier and the method of working each way with the species caught.
Materials and methods
Results and discussion Fishing fleets The fishing fleet of the port of Tangier comprises five types of vessels (Coastal fishing boats with a length of 12–20 m). These include trawlers, longliners, seiners, deep-sea fishing, and artisanal fishing. The largest fleet is the 94-vessel longline fleet (16.7%), followed by the 75-vessel trawl fleet (13.3%) and the seiners’ fleet with 37 vessels (6.6%) (Fig. 2). Artisanal fishing is practiced by about 355 boats (63%), while the deep-sea fishing is practiced with 2 boats (0.4%). Nearly 96% of the total longliners and 80% of the bottom trawlers in Morocco are working in the Atlantic (MPM, 1990). Crew The number of fishermen per boat is based on the techniques used. Certain techniques also need more fishermen than others such as purse seine, which requires between 25 and 40 fishermen per boat (Table 1).
Study area Fishing coastal gear in the port of Tangier The province of Tangier is situated in the North-West of Morocco, the region of Tangier is distinguished from other regions of the kingdom by its geographical position on the Strait of Gibraltar. The latter constitutes the connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. In addition, its length varies respectively from 14 km to 15 km between Cape Spartel and Cape Trafalgar, and its water depth varies between 80 m and 1200 m (Fig. 1).
Data collection Three types of data were used: 1) Data of the National Fisheries Office to determine the types of boats and kinds of captured fish. 2) Data of the Moroccan Fisheries Department to get the technical characteristics of the equipment and techniques used in the coastal fishing. 3) Data collected from fishermen who were mainly boat owners in the port of Tangier, using a detailed questionnaire with open and closed questions (yes or no). The questionnaire is divided into inquiries regarding the type and characteristics of the gear of coastal fishing, with questions related to the use of fishing gears, captured target species and the number of sailors for each type of fishing methods in the region of Tangier. A survey and interview of 50 fishermen was conducted between May 2018 and August 2018 to achieve the different objectives of this study.
Fig. 1. Map of the area of Tangier (Source Google Map).
Longliners The longline is a gear that includes a main line linked on branched hooks from place to place. It is used to entice fish by bait linked to the hook. Odour emitted from the bait excites the fish to swim towards it and ingest the baited hook with a probability of being caught. Generally, the capacity of medium vessels varies between 10 and 60 tones, with an average of 45 GRT (Gross register tonnage). The average power of the engines used by this fleet is about 190 hp (Table 2). Longline techniques are widely used along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast (INRH, 1998). Each boat has a crew of 13–14 individuals and uses sardines as bait for catching benthic species (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). Technical characteristics Longlines usually consist of a main line that can be either monofilament or multifilament. Accordingly, it is made of synthetic materials like nylon, polyester, polyamide, etc. Sets of hooks are mounted using branch lines (snoods), which are distributed on the Mother line at regular intervals and sufficiently spaced to avoid entanglement during spinning. Other branch lines are normally configured in sections each is referred to as a snoods or ‘‘gangion/ganglions” and are detached by a swivel. In addition, secondary lines called ‘‘float lines” with a buoy or float at the end is
Fig. 2. Composition of the fishing fleet in the port of Tangier in the year 2017 (Source ONP (2017)).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Distribution of fishermen. Boats/Number of fishermen
Seiners
Trawlers
Longliners
Min. Max. Average
20 40 30
10 14 12
8 12 10
Table 2 Technical characteristics of longliners. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
80 300 190
8 16 12
30 60 45
linked to the main line. The gear may be suspended from a drifting line at the surface (surface or pelagic longline) or set at the bottom of the sea (bottom or demersal longline) (Echwikhi, 2011). The bait fixed on the hook is selected based on the target species but also on the availability and cost of the bait. a- Surface Longline: surface longline is used worldwide to catch widespread pelagic and semi-pelagic fish and is effective in catching swordfish, tunas and sharks and others (Doumenge, 1998; Matsuda, 1998). The length of the main line used in the study area varies from 2 km to 5 km. The length of the branch line (snood) is 1.8 m and the distance between two consecutive snoods is about 80 cm. The number of hooks also varies between 2000 and 5000 per line (Benhardouze, 2009). Additionally, they are characterized by sequences of small number of props, and are spaced
by buoys to keep them on the surface. The branch lines are hanging from the main line and the ends are carrying hooks. The number of hooks varies from 1000 to 2000 per line. However, the distance between two successive props, is generally constant and of the order of 30 m – 40 m. The bait used is either sardine, mackerel or cuttlefish (Fig. 3). b- Bottom Longline: bottom longline is used to target the demersal feeding fish, it can be size selective because of the difference in hook size and the species can be organized by the skipper’s experience based on where he shoots his gear at the water depth and the bait used. The bottom longlines are generally small and have mother-line lengths of 8 km-10 km. This approximately supports 1,000–1,500 hooks from size 3/0 to 4/0 (Fig. 4). The bottom longline differs from the surface longline by the following points: - The main line is located a few centimeters from the bottom. This is as a result of the weights (ballasts) placed on all its length. - The length of the main line does not exceed 25 km and the distance between two successive moving snoods is 5 m–7 m. - The distance separating two successive branches is 2 m–3 m.
Table 3 Technical characteristics of trawlers. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
330 550 440
12 20 16
30 100 65
Fig. 3. Surface longline (Beverly et al., 2003).
Fig. 4. Bottom longline (Echwikhi, 2011).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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Fig. 5. Standard otter trawl design of bottom trawl (Weissenberger, 2015).
Table 4 Technical characteristics of purse seines. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
300 600 450
12 22 17
40 110 75
- The hooks used are generally of small sizes and their number may reach 2500. - The species are benthic such as grouper, conger, pageot, redfish, and hake. Trawl net Trawling is an effective fishing technique, and it works by chasing the fish inside the gadget and keeping them there. The trawl can be described as a large cone shaped net towed behind the vessel (Bjordal, 2002). The trawlers operating at port level are generally medium vessels. These vessels also have an average tonnage of about 65 GRT and an engine power of 550 HP, with an average of 440 HP (Table 3). Bottom trawlers are equipped with 120 HP 450 HP diesel engines. (MPM, 1990). Technical characteristics A trawler is a vessel dragging a funnel – shaped net through water to harvest fish or shrimp. It’s towed along the bed of the
sea (Goblirsch and Theberge, 2003). Usually the top panel is longer than the bottom panel, it therefore works as a ‘‘roof” that prevents the fish from fleeing upwards. The average opening of the bottom trawl is 40–60 feet wide and 8–10 feet high. The trawl stays open horizontally by mounting the so-called trawl doors made of large steel plates in front of the trawl. The doors are designed to flow at an angle through the water, causing them to move away from each other. Vertically, by connecting some kind of buoyant unit to the head line usually known as floats, the trawl is kept open. Most vessels are going to shoot and carry their gear across the boat’s stern, shooting the gear by dropping the cod – end over the stern and letting the net run out as the vessel steams forward. Then the trawl doors are attached to the gear via some form of quick release mechanism and the warps are slacked until the gear is on the seabed. They are dragged across the bottom at speed, which ranges between 2 and 5 knots. The duration of a drag depends on the expected density of fish and bottom conditions. During every day trip, the boat undertakes two shots of 3–5 h depending on the availability of fish (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). The wire (combination of wire or chain) can be used to make up the sweeps and bridles between the net and the otterboards. The choice depends on the size of the gear and the type of seabed being trawled over. The length and angle of the sweeps and bridles vary depending on the type of fish the skipper is targeting (Fig. 5). Furthermore, the mesh size used in a bottom trawl will vary with the trawl type. In the top wings, the larger net targeting the round fish may vary in mesh size from 140 mm to 200 mm, with the lower
Fig. 6. The purse seine (Australian Fisheries Management Authority).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 5 Landings composition in Port Tangier (coastal fishing) (+: presence; Families/Species
Bony fish Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Berycidae Beryx decadactylus (Cuvier, 1829) Congridae Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlorophthalmidae Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Bonaparte, 1840) Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus mediterraneus (Cuvier, 1829) Clupeidae Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803) Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1838) Engraulidae Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gadidae Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1826) Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trisopterus capelanus (Lacepede, 1800) Merlucciidae Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) Phycidae Phycis blennoides (Brunnich, 1768) Argentinidae Argentina sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758) Bramidae Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) Carangidae Campogramma glaycos (Lacepede, 1801) Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Haemulidae Plectorhinchus mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850) Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792) Cepolidae Cepola macrophthalma (Linnaeus, 1758) Centracanthidae Centracanthus cirrus (Rafinesque, 1810) Cynoglossidae Cynoglosus canariensis (Steindachner, 1882) Mugilidae Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827) Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) Mullidae Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) Polyprionidae Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Sciaenidae Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) Sciaena umbra (Linnaeus, 1758) Umbrina canariensis (Valenciennes, 1843) Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Umbrina ronchus (Valenciennes, 1843) Scombridae Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepede, 1800) Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)
: absence; Fishing gear: Longliners, Trawl nets, Seine nets). Type of fishing gear Longliners
Trawl nets
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Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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Table 5 (continued) Families/Species
Serranidae Epinephelus sp. Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparidae Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810) Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791) Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) Diplodus sp. (6 sp.) Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) Pagellus bogaraveo (Brunnich, 1768) Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachinidae Trachinus draco (Linnaeus, 1758) Trichiuridae Aphanopus carbo (Lowe, 1839) Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758) Citharidae Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758) Scophthalmidae Lepidorhombus boscii (Risso, 1810) Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis (Walbaum, 1792) Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758) Soleidae Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881) Microchirus variegatus (Donovan, 1808) Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810) Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758) Scorpaenidae Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) Triglidae Triglidae (6 sp.) Lophiidae Lophius budegassa (Spinola, 1807) Lophius piscatorius (Linnaeus, 1758) Zeidae Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758) Cartilaginous fish Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1841) Scyliorhinidae Scyliorhinus sp. (2 sp.) Triakidae Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Centrophoridae Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Squalus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) Dalatiidae Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) Squalidae Squatinidae Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dasyatidae Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatidae Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Rajidae Raja sp. (8 sp.) Cephalopods Octopotidae Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) Sepiidae
Type of fishing gear Longliners
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Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 5 (continued) Families/Species
Sepia sp. Loliginidae Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798)
Type of fishing gear Longliners
Trawl nets
Seine nets
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Ommastrephidae Illex coindetii (Vérany, 1839) Omastrephes bartramii (Le Sueur, 1821) Crustaceans Aristeidae Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) Squillidae Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) Penaeidae Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) Aristeidae Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816)
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Fig. 7. Total production per fleet at the port of Tangier in 2017)Source: ONP(.
wings are slightly less decreasing from 70 mm to 120 mm towards the cod end. For example, bottom trawls are used to catch shrimp, plaice, cod, eel, i.e. any animal living on or above the bed of the sea.
and Akpati, 1995). The purse seiners leaves the port with a crew of 15–25 fishermen on board (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). Technical specifications
Purse seines Such gear is commonly used in coastal waters, where the bottom and surface serve as natural dams to prevent fish from leaving the area enclosed by the net. Only one trade is practiced by the sardinian fleet throughout the year, and the purse seines are the least numerous in the port of Tangier. This is because the area of Tangier is generally of rocky nature. These vessels have an average tonnage of about 75 GRT and an engine power of 600 HP, with an average of 330 HP (Table 4). Purse seines are characterized by a line at the bottom of the net that is utilized to close off the escape route. Light may likewise be utilized to draw in the objective species. Nonetheless, seines are expensive and require highly skilled operators (Eyo
Fish assembly searching includes fish species and assessing school sizes to determine their catchability. This is the main part of a purse seine operation before encircling. The purse seine set is placed around a detected fish school. Following that, the net is then closed below the school by hauling the purse line running through the rings (pursing) (Fig. 6). Visual clues (birds, bubbles on the water surface) and echo sounders are used to detect fish stocks. They use a net that is 250 m–400 m long, 40 m–50 m purse depth, and 10 mm–12 mm mesh size. Usually, trips do not exceed 12 h (Assabir, 1985). A purse seine consists of a long netting wall framed with floatline and leadline (usually equal to or longer than the previous one). It also has purse rings hanging from the lower edge of the gear, running through a line made of steel wire or rope
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
and allowing the net to be pursued. It is usually located at one end of the net and forms the pocket in which the catch is grouped. This method allows a large amount of fish to be caught. It is the most efficient equipment for catching pelagic species of all sizes from small sardines to large tunas. The composition of the landings in the port of Tangier Tangier fishing port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The most plentiful species among fishes, sharks, rays, crustaceans and cephalopods were chosen. These species are divided into the following groups (Table 5). The trawl net recorded most species followed by longlines and finally purse Seines. The most productive nets are the purse seines (surface fish), followed by the trawl net (benthic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) and finally longlines (benthic fish and surface fish) (Fig. 7). Conclusion The coastal fishing equipment in the Port of Tangier is divided into three main groups: longliners, trawlers, and purse seines. This activity consists of 206 boats and is practiced by about 2,950 fishermen. This port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The techniques of longliners are mainly practiced in the region of Tangier because of the nature of the region that is rich in fish, in particular to Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Serranidae (Serranus cabrilla), Scorpaenidae (Scorpaena porcus), and Tuna (Sarda sarda and, Thunnus thynnus). The technique of purse seine used to create jobs for large a number of fishermen (25–40 by boat). The most caught species by this technique are Sparidae, clupeidae (Sardina pilchardus), carangidae (Trachinotus ovatus), and small Tunas (Sarda sarda). Also, the technique of trawlers creates jobs of 10–14 fishermen by boat. The species caught by the trawl includes the Serranidae (Epinephelus sp.), Cephalopods (Octopotidae, Sepiidae), and Crustaceans (Penaeidae) shrimp. References Assabir, A., 1985. Les sennes coulissantes utilisées au Maroc pour les petits pélagiques. Institut Scientifique des Pêches Maritimes, Casablanca. 3, 17 pp. Baddyr, M., Guénette, S., 2001. The Fisheries off the Atlantic Coast of Morocco 1950– 1997. Fisheries off the Moroccan Coast, p. 191. Bjordal, A., 2002. The use of technical measures in responsible fisheries: regulation of fishing gear. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, pp. 21–48.
Benhardouze, W., 2009. Statut et Conservation des Tortues Marines au Maroc. Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco, p. 165. Thèse de Doctorante Sciences Biologiques. Beverly, S., Chapman L., Sokimi, W., 2003. Horizontal longline fishing methods and techniques: a manual for fishermen, pp. 1–130. Boudinar, B., Bergeron J., Côté, S., 2015. Portrait du secteur de pêche maritime au Maroc. Doumenge, F., 1998. L’histoire des pêches thonières. Document ICCAT 50 (2), 753– 803. Echwikhi, K., 2011. Prises Accessoires des Tortues Marines dans les Pêcheries du Sud-Est Tunisien: Taux de Captuer, Mortalite et Mesures de Reduction Des Captuers. Université de Sfax Faculté des Sciences de. Sfax Institut. Tunisie. Edwin, L., 2002. FAO Classification of Fishery Vessel Types. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology. Eyo, J.E., Akpati, C.I., 1995. Fishing gears and methods. In: Proceedings of the UNDPSponsored Training Workshop on Artisanal Fisheries Development. Held at University of Nigeria, Nsukka, pp. 143–159. FAO, 2011. Profils Des Pêches et Aquaculture Par Pays–Maroc. FAO, 1997. Les pêches en Méditerranée: éléments d’information sur le contexte halieutique et les enjeux économiques de leur aménagement, p. 2. Franquesa, R., Malouli I. M., Alarcón J. A., 2001. Feasibility assessment for a database on socio-economic indicators for Mediterranean fisheries. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, Studies and Reviews, N°71, FAO, Rome, 51 p. Ferretti, M., 2011. Second section – Chapter 4 – Capture fisheries: Fishing systems and technology pp. 185–230. Goblirsch, G., Theberge, S., 2003. Getting to Know Oregon’s Commercial Fisheries: Trawlers [Electronic version]. Sea Grant Publications Oregon State University, Oregon. INRH, 1998. Situation actuelle de la pêche artisanale en Méditerranée Marocaine. Régional Centre de Nador, Maroc. INRH/DRH, 2015. Rapport annuel de l’Etat des stocks et des pêcheries marocaines 2015. 295 p. Lamtai, A., 2010. Analyse de la chaîne de valeur de la dorade rose (Pagellus bogaraveo) de Dikky (Maroc), Thèse de Master, Université de Barcelone, CIHEAM-IAMZ. Malouli, I.M., 2004. Etude de l’environnement socio-économique de la côtière du Parc National d’Alhoceima. INRH. Matsuda, Y., 1998. History of the Japanese Tuna Fisheries and a Japanese perspective on Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 50 (2), 733– 751. MPM, 1990. Le Maroc maritime. Guide pratique du secteur maritime. Ministère des Pêches Maritimes, 971 pp. MAPM, Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche Maritime, 2010. Département de la Pêche Maritime. La Mer en Chiffres et Rapport D’activités, Rabat, Maroc. ONP, 2017. Données statistiques de Office National de la Pêche de Tanger. Rojo, D.P, Pitcher, T.J., 2005. An estimation of compliance of the fisheries of Morocco with article 7 (Fisheries Management) of the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing. 23 p. Tudela, S., Kai, A.K., Maynou, F., El Andalossi, M., Guglielmi, P., 2005. Driftnet Fishing and Biodiversity Conservation: the case study of the large-scale Moroccan driftnet fleet operating in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean). Biol. Conserv. 121 (1), 65–78. Viðarsson, J.R., Þórðarson, G, Henriksen, E., Iversen, A., Djurhuus, D., Berthelsen T., Manue H., Brown T., Decker D., 2015. Coastal Fisheries in the North Atlantic, pp. 1–56. Weissenberger, J., 2015. Understanding fisheries technical rules. Eur. Parliamentary Res. Service, 1–28.
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco Fahd Darasi a,b,⇑, Mustapha Aksissou a a b
Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco Marine Sciences and Biological Research Authority, Hudaydah, Yemen
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 13 June 2019 Revised 16 November 2019 Accepted 16 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Coastal fishing Gear Longline Port Tangier Seine nets Trawl nets
a b s t r a c t The port of Tangier, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and the North Atlantic, has an important geographical strategic position. The coastal fishing sector is a main source for a large group of the region’s population. This paper focuses on describing the fishing coastal gear and the available methods known for catching fishes in port Tangier and the components that characterize it (techniques, target species, boats, fishermen). This is done through the analysis of data collected from a survey on the site of the port, which was carried out between May 2018 and August 2018. Costal fishing at the Port of Tangiers is carried out by 206 boats, and is broken down by the type and method of fishing. This fleet mainly targets species of high commercial value. Tangier fishing port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The most productive nets are the purse seines (surface fish), followed by the trawl net (benthic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) and finally longlines (benthic fish and surface fish). This activity ensures the provision of jobs for about 2950 fishermen in this area. The main gear used is longline gear, trawl net, and purse seines net. Ó 2019 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction The coastal fleet provides a significant part of the total catches. Its definition is often based on size, fishing gear, fishing grounds, or length of fishing trips. However, other criteria can also be taken into consideration (Viðarsson et al., 2015). Coastal fisheries are inaugurated by Spanish and Portuguese fishers with 16 m-24 m wooden boats manufactured locally without any catch preservation systems. For targeting pelagic species purse seines are used. As for demersal species longliners, bottom trawls, and driftnets are used. The off-shore industrial fishery, which started in 1972 has grown quickly ever since then (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001; Edwin, 2002; FAO, 2011; Franquesa et al., 2001; Rojo-Diaz and Pitcher, 2005; Tudela et al., 2005). Furthermore, different target species need different fishing gears to effectively catch the species. The fishing gears differ significantly in their structure, methods of operation, standards of catch procedure, and materials utilized. Fishing gears have changed over time, and understanding the habits and behaviours of the various species available in the sea Peer review under responsibility of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (F. Darasi).
has gradually increased, making gears increasingly adaptable to catch the most desirable species (Ferretti, 2011). Purse seiners make short sea trips of not more than 24 h and target small pelagic fish. Trawlers make trips of not more than one week and exploit benthic fish. The longliners target the bottom species and the large pelagic species with high market value. Fisheries production is still dominated by coastal fisheries, and this accounts for 69% of the total catch volume. Small pelagic fish are the main species targeted by the coastal fishing fleets (Boudinar et al., 2015). In Morocco, in the early 1990s, new tuna fishing activities were introduced, reflecting an important increase in these species’ production. Thus, the appearance of drift-netting has led to a remarkable evolution in the Mediterranean swordfish fishing. However, this gear has been banned in national waters since 2012 (INRH, 2015). The coastal fish production in Morocco is dominated primarily by pelagic and benthic fish production. Thus, pelagic and benthic fish production account for 79% of total seafood production in Morocco (MAPM, 2010). There are more than a hundred commercial species of bottom resources (FAO, 1997). On the Moroccan Mediterranean west coast (region of Al Hoceima), the coastal fisheries, which is one of the most important types of fishing, classify the fishing fleet into four types: purse seines, trawlers, longliners, and traditional boats (Malouli, 2004). As part of a study of the port
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005 1687-4285/Ó 2019 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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of Tangier, the coastal fishing gears used were reported to include three types: longlines, trawls and sardine boats, amounting to 267 boats in 2007 (Benhardouze, 2009). The rocky nature of the seabed at this study area gives the advantage to sparidae, scorpionfish and silver sword. Also, the Strait of Gibraltar is a transit point, particularly for large pelagic fish mainly composed of swordfish (Xiphias gladius), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus), marlin (Makaira spp), and minor tunas such as auk (Auxis thazard) and common tunas (Euthynnus alletteratus). This area is characterized by fishing activities that employ a number of labor force and generate many indirect jobs (Lamtai, 2010). Fishery management needs a good understanding of fishing gear because there are variations in the productivity and efficiency of different types of angling gear as well as their versatility to particular conditions. Therefore, this paper focuses on the description of the coastal fishing equipments used in the port of Tangier and the method of working each way with the species caught.
Materials and methods
Results and discussion Fishing fleets The fishing fleet of the port of Tangier comprises five types of vessels (Coastal fishing boats with a length of 12–20 m). These include trawlers, longliners, seiners, deep-sea fishing, and artisanal fishing. The largest fleet is the 94-vessel longline fleet (16.7%), followed by the 75-vessel trawl fleet (13.3%) and the seiners’ fleet with 37 vessels (6.6%) (Fig. 2). Artisanal fishing is practiced by about 355 boats (63%), while the deep-sea fishing is practiced with 2 boats (0.4%). Nearly 96% of the total longliners and 80% of the bottom trawlers in Morocco are working in the Atlantic (MPM, 1990). Crew The number of fishermen per boat is based on the techniques used. Certain techniques also need more fishermen than others such as purse seine, which requires between 25 and 40 fishermen per boat (Table 1).
Study area Fishing coastal gear in the port of Tangier The province of Tangier is situated in the North-West of Morocco, the region of Tangier is distinguished from other regions of the kingdom by its geographical position on the Strait of Gibraltar. The latter constitutes the connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. In addition, its length varies respectively from 14 km to 15 km between Cape Spartel and Cape Trafalgar, and its water depth varies between 80 m and 1200 m (Fig. 1).
Data collection Three types of data were used: 1) Data of the National Fisheries Office to determine the types of boats and kinds of captured fish. 2) Data of the Moroccan Fisheries Department to get the technical characteristics of the equipment and techniques used in the coastal fishing. 3) Data collected from fishermen who were mainly boat owners in the port of Tangier, using a detailed questionnaire with open and closed questions (yes or no). The questionnaire is divided into inquiries regarding the type and characteristics of the gear of coastal fishing, with questions related to the use of fishing gears, captured target species and the number of sailors for each type of fishing methods in the region of Tangier. A survey and interview of 50 fishermen was conducted between May 2018 and August 2018 to achieve the different objectives of this study.
Fig. 1. Map of the area of Tangier (Source Google Map).
Longliners The longline is a gear that includes a main line linked on branched hooks from place to place. It is used to entice fish by bait linked to the hook. Odour emitted from the bait excites the fish to swim towards it and ingest the baited hook with a probability of being caught. Generally, the capacity of medium vessels varies between 10 and 60 tones, with an average of 45 GRT (Gross register tonnage). The average power of the engines used by this fleet is about 190 hp (Table 2). Longline techniques are widely used along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast (INRH, 1998). Each boat has a crew of 13–14 individuals and uses sardines as bait for catching benthic species (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). Technical characteristics Longlines usually consist of a main line that can be either monofilament or multifilament. Accordingly, it is made of synthetic materials like nylon, polyester, polyamide, etc. Sets of hooks are mounted using branch lines (snoods), which are distributed on the Mother line at regular intervals and sufficiently spaced to avoid entanglement during spinning. Other branch lines are normally configured in sections each is referred to as a snoods or ‘‘gangion/ganglions” and are detached by a swivel. In addition, secondary lines called ‘‘float lines” with a buoy or float at the end is
Fig. 2. Composition of the fishing fleet in the port of Tangier in the year 2017 (Source ONP (2017)).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Distribution of fishermen. Boats/Number of fishermen
Seiners
Trawlers
Longliners
Min. Max. Average
20 40 30
10 14 12
8 12 10
Table 2 Technical characteristics of longliners. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
80 300 190
8 16 12
30 60 45
linked to the main line. The gear may be suspended from a drifting line at the surface (surface or pelagic longline) or set at the bottom of the sea (bottom or demersal longline) (Echwikhi, 2011). The bait fixed on the hook is selected based on the target species but also on the availability and cost of the bait. a- Surface Longline: surface longline is used worldwide to catch widespread pelagic and semi-pelagic fish and is effective in catching swordfish, tunas and sharks and others (Doumenge, 1998; Matsuda, 1998). The length of the main line used in the study area varies from 2 km to 5 km. The length of the branch line (snood) is 1.8 m and the distance between two consecutive snoods is about 80 cm. The number of hooks also varies between 2000 and 5000 per line (Benhardouze, 2009). Additionally, they are characterized by sequences of small number of props, and are spaced
by buoys to keep them on the surface. The branch lines are hanging from the main line and the ends are carrying hooks. The number of hooks varies from 1000 to 2000 per line. However, the distance between two successive props, is generally constant and of the order of 30 m – 40 m. The bait used is either sardine, mackerel or cuttlefish (Fig. 3). b- Bottom Longline: bottom longline is used to target the demersal feeding fish, it can be size selective because of the difference in hook size and the species can be organized by the skipper’s experience based on where he shoots his gear at the water depth and the bait used. The bottom longlines are generally small and have mother-line lengths of 8 km-10 km. This approximately supports 1,000–1,500 hooks from size 3/0 to 4/0 (Fig. 4). The bottom longline differs from the surface longline by the following points: - The main line is located a few centimeters from the bottom. This is as a result of the weights (ballasts) placed on all its length. - The length of the main line does not exceed 25 km and the distance between two successive moving snoods is 5 m–7 m. - The distance separating two successive branches is 2 m–3 m.
Table 3 Technical characteristics of trawlers. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
330 550 440
12 20 16
30 100 65
Fig. 3. Surface longline (Beverly et al., 2003).
Fig. 4. Bottom longline (Echwikhi, 2011).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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Fig. 5. Standard otter trawl design of bottom trawl (Weissenberger, 2015).
Table 4 Technical characteristics of purse seines. Technical characteristics
Power (HP)
Length (m)
GRT
Minimum Maximum Average
300 600 450
12 22 17
40 110 75
- The hooks used are generally of small sizes and their number may reach 2500. - The species are benthic such as grouper, conger, pageot, redfish, and hake. Trawl net Trawling is an effective fishing technique, and it works by chasing the fish inside the gadget and keeping them there. The trawl can be described as a large cone shaped net towed behind the vessel (Bjordal, 2002). The trawlers operating at port level are generally medium vessels. These vessels also have an average tonnage of about 65 GRT and an engine power of 550 HP, with an average of 440 HP (Table 3). Bottom trawlers are equipped with 120 HP 450 HP diesel engines. (MPM, 1990). Technical characteristics A trawler is a vessel dragging a funnel – shaped net through water to harvest fish or shrimp. It’s towed along the bed of the
sea (Goblirsch and Theberge, 2003). Usually the top panel is longer than the bottom panel, it therefore works as a ‘‘roof” that prevents the fish from fleeing upwards. The average opening of the bottom trawl is 40–60 feet wide and 8–10 feet high. The trawl stays open horizontally by mounting the so-called trawl doors made of large steel plates in front of the trawl. The doors are designed to flow at an angle through the water, causing them to move away from each other. Vertically, by connecting some kind of buoyant unit to the head line usually known as floats, the trawl is kept open. Most vessels are going to shoot and carry their gear across the boat’s stern, shooting the gear by dropping the cod – end over the stern and letting the net run out as the vessel steams forward. Then the trawl doors are attached to the gear via some form of quick release mechanism and the warps are slacked until the gear is on the seabed. They are dragged across the bottom at speed, which ranges between 2 and 5 knots. The duration of a drag depends on the expected density of fish and bottom conditions. During every day trip, the boat undertakes two shots of 3–5 h depending on the availability of fish (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). The wire (combination of wire or chain) can be used to make up the sweeps and bridles between the net and the otterboards. The choice depends on the size of the gear and the type of seabed being trawled over. The length and angle of the sweeps and bridles vary depending on the type of fish the skipper is targeting (Fig. 5). Furthermore, the mesh size used in a bottom trawl will vary with the trawl type. In the top wings, the larger net targeting the round fish may vary in mesh size from 140 mm to 200 mm, with the lower
Fig. 6. The purse seine (Australian Fisheries Management Authority).
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 5 Landings composition in Port Tangier (coastal fishing) (+: presence; Families/Species
Bony fish Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Berycidae Beryx decadactylus (Cuvier, 1829) Congridae Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) Chlorophthalmidae Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Bonaparte, 1840) Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus mediterraneus (Cuvier, 1829) Clupeidae Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Alosa fallax (Lacepede, 1803) Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1838) Engraulidae Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Gadidae Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1826) Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trisopterus capelanus (Lacepede, 1800) Merlucciidae Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) Phycidae Phycis blennoides (Brunnich, 1768) Argentinidae Argentina sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758) Bramidae Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) Carangidae Campogramma glaycos (Lacepede, 1801) Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Haemulidae Plectorhinchus mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850) Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825) Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792) Cepolidae Cepola macrophthalma (Linnaeus, 1758) Centracanthidae Centracanthus cirrus (Rafinesque, 1810) Cynoglossidae Cynoglosus canariensis (Steindachner, 1882) Mugilidae Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827) Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) Mullidae Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) Polyprionidae Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Sciaenidae Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) Sciaena umbra (Linnaeus, 1758) Umbrina canariensis (Valenciennes, 1843) Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Umbrina ronchus (Valenciennes, 1843) Scombridae Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepede, 1800) Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)
: absence; Fishing gear: Longliners, Trawl nets, Seine nets). Type of fishing gear Longliners
Trawl nets
+
+
+
+
+
+
Seine nets
+ + + + + +
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Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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Table 5 (continued) Families/Species
Serranidae Epinephelus sp. Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparidae Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810) Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791) Diplodus cervinus (Lowe, 1838) Diplodus sp. (6 sp.) Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) Pagellus bogaraveo (Brunnich, 1768) Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trachinidae Trachinus draco (Linnaeus, 1758) Trichiuridae Aphanopus carbo (Lowe, 1839) Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758) Citharidae Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758) Scophthalmidae Lepidorhombus boscii (Risso, 1810) Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis (Walbaum, 1792) Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758) Soleidae Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881) Microchirus variegatus (Donovan, 1808) Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810) Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858) Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758) Scorpaenidae Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) Triglidae Triglidae (6 sp.) Lophiidae Lophius budegassa (Spinola, 1807) Lophius piscatorius (Linnaeus, 1758) Zeidae Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758) Cartilaginous fish Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1841) Scyliorhinidae Scyliorhinus sp. (2 sp.) Triakidae Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Centrophoridae Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Squalus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) Dalatiidae Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) Squalidae Squatinidae Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dasyatidae Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) Myliobatidae Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) Rajidae Raja sp. (8 sp.) Cephalopods Octopotidae Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) Sepiidae
Type of fishing gear Longliners
Trawl nets
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Seine nets
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Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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F. Darasi, M. Aksissou / Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 5 (continued) Families/Species
Sepia sp. Loliginidae Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798)
Type of fishing gear Longliners
Trawl nets
Seine nets
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
Ommastrephidae Illex coindetii (Vérany, 1839) Omastrephes bartramii (Le Sueur, 1821) Crustaceans Aristeidae Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) Squillidae Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) Penaeidae Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) Aristeidae Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816)
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Fig. 7. Total production per fleet at the port of Tangier in 2017)Source: ONP(.
wings are slightly less decreasing from 70 mm to 120 mm towards the cod end. For example, bottom trawls are used to catch shrimp, plaice, cod, eel, i.e. any animal living on or above the bed of the sea.
and Akpati, 1995). The purse seiners leaves the port with a crew of 15–25 fishermen on board (Baddyr and Guénette, 2001). Technical specifications
Purse seines Such gear is commonly used in coastal waters, where the bottom and surface serve as natural dams to prevent fish from leaving the area enclosed by the net. Only one trade is practiced by the sardinian fleet throughout the year, and the purse seines are the least numerous in the port of Tangier. This is because the area of Tangier is generally of rocky nature. These vessels have an average tonnage of about 75 GRT and an engine power of 600 HP, with an average of 330 HP (Table 4). Purse seines are characterized by a line at the bottom of the net that is utilized to close off the escape route. Light may likewise be utilized to draw in the objective species. Nonetheless, seines are expensive and require highly skilled operators (Eyo
Fish assembly searching includes fish species and assessing school sizes to determine their catchability. This is the main part of a purse seine operation before encircling. The purse seine set is placed around a detected fish school. Following that, the net is then closed below the school by hauling the purse line running through the rings (pursing) (Fig. 6). Visual clues (birds, bubbles on the water surface) and echo sounders are used to detect fish stocks. They use a net that is 250 m–400 m long, 40 m–50 m purse depth, and 10 mm–12 mm mesh size. Usually, trips do not exceed 12 h (Assabir, 1985). A purse seine consists of a long netting wall framed with floatline and leadline (usually equal to or longer than the previous one). It also has purse rings hanging from the lower edge of the gear, running through a line made of steel wire or rope
Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005
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and allowing the net to be pursued. It is usually located at one end of the net and forms the pocket in which the catch is grouped. This method allows a large amount of fish to be caught. It is the most efficient equipment for catching pelagic species of all sizes from small sardines to large tunas. The composition of the landings in the port of Tangier Tangier fishing port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The most plentiful species among fishes, sharks, rays, crustaceans and cephalopods were chosen. These species are divided into the following groups (Table 5). The trawl net recorded most species followed by longlines and finally purse Seines. The most productive nets are the purse seines (surface fish), followed by the trawl net (benthic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods) and finally longlines (benthic fish and surface fish) (Fig. 7). Conclusion The coastal fishing equipment in the Port of Tangier is divided into three main groups: longliners, trawlers, and purse seines. This activity consists of 206 boats and is practiced by about 2,950 fishermen. This port registered the landing of more than 55 families and more than 90 species of fishery resources. The techniques of longliners are mainly practiced in the region of Tangier because of the nature of the region that is rich in fish, in particular to Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Serranidae (Serranus cabrilla), Scorpaenidae (Scorpaena porcus), and Tuna (Sarda sarda and, Thunnus thynnus). The technique of purse seine used to create jobs for large a number of fishermen (25–40 by boat). The most caught species by this technique are Sparidae, clupeidae (Sardina pilchardus), carangidae (Trachinotus ovatus), and small Tunas (Sarda sarda). Also, the technique of trawlers creates jobs of 10–14 fishermen by boat. The species caught by the trawl includes the Serranidae (Epinephelus sp.), Cephalopods (Octopotidae, Sepiidae), and Crustaceans (Penaeidae) shrimp. References Assabir, A., 1985. Les sennes coulissantes utilisées au Maroc pour les petits pélagiques. Institut Scientifique des Pêches Maritimes, Casablanca. 3, 17 pp. Baddyr, M., Guénette, S., 2001. The Fisheries off the Atlantic Coast of Morocco 1950– 1997. Fisheries off the Moroccan Coast, p. 191. Bjordal, A., 2002. The use of technical measures in responsible fisheries: regulation of fishing gear. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, pp. 21–48.
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Please cite this article as: F. Darasi and M. Aksissou, Longline, trawl, and purse seine in coastal fishing of Tangier port in North-West of Morocco, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.11.005