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Low-frequency damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets
Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Intermetallics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/intermet
Short communication
Low-frequency damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets M.L. Fang, J. Zhu*, J.H. Li, X.X. Gao State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 17 May 2011 Received in revised form 12 June 2011 Accepted 15 July 2011 Available online 28 August 2011
The damping behavior of heat-treated (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets was studied using a computercontrolled automatic inverted torsion pendulum instruments. The experiments were performed at low frequencies (0.1e11 Hz) and over a wide temperature range (from room temperature to 700 C). The results show that damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys is little affected by cooling rate but strongly depends on temperature and frequency. High temperature damping peak, whose value is in the order of 102, is observed in all annealed alloys and shifts with frequency. In addition, (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys show abnormal modulus behavior during the heating process but behave normally during the cooling process. Thus, the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys is promising and worth paying close attention to enhance this property so as to achieve access in the field of unwanted noise and vibration reduction applications. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A. Magnetic intermetallics B. Internal friction G. Magnetic applications
1. Introduction The FeeGa alloys, as newly developed magnetostrictive materials, exhibit excellent magnetic and mechanical properties. Magnetically, the magnetostriction coefficient of single crystal FeeGa alloys approach 400 ppm along <100> direction with low saturation fields of several hundreds Oesteds [1e3]. Mechanically, the FeeGa alloys are strong (>500 MPa) [4] and ductile (2%) [5,6]. This combination of magnetic and mechanical properties makes FeeGa alloys an alternative to rare-earth based Terfenol-D alloys in engineering applications as to acoustic sensors and generators, linear motors, actuators, damping devices, torque sensors, positioning devices, and so on [7e9]. Though it is known for large magnetostriction, its potential as a damping material is rarely mentioned or involved in literature. It is well-known that ferromagnetic materials are an important class of damping materials. Till now, many researches have been done to FeeAl [10e12], FeeCr [13e16], FeeMn [17,18] and so on. It’s generally thought that the damping mechanism of ferromagnetic materials is the irreversible movement of magnetic domain walls under external stress originating from the coupling between the external stress and the magnetostriction of material. M. Ishimoto et al. [19] have done pioneering research work on the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys and pointed out that the FeeGa alloys were promising high damping materials. In this paper,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 010 62334333; fax: þ86 010 62333447. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Zhu). 0966-9795/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2011.07.013
we measured the damping capacity of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys since these alloys showed a large magnetostriction as well as good machinability with a small addition of Cr. 2. Experimental procedure The (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 ingot of roughly 1000 g was prepared from pure Fe (99.95% purity), Ga (99.995% purity) and master alloy of FeeCr and FeeB under argon atmosphere in a vacuum induction furnace. The cast ingot was homogenized at 1050 C for 1 h before it was hot-forged to a thickness of 5.2 mm at 950 C. The sheet with thickness of 1 mm was obtained by hot rolling (950 C), warm rolling (350 C) and cold rolling. And a precise control of the temperature and the deformation rate was needed in the rolling process. Specimens with dimensions of 70 mm 2 mm were cut from the (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheet along the rolling direction by an electric sparkle machine for damping measurements. Then all specimens were ground on SiC sandpaper from 240# to 1200# to obtain smooth surface. Subsequently, they were heat-treated at 1100 C for 6 h in evacuated quartz tubes, followed by either furnace cooling, or air cooling or water quenching. Damping behavior and dynamic shear modulus were performed on a computer-controlled automatic inverted torsion pendulum instruments using the forced-vibration method with frequencies of f ¼ 0.5e11 Hz. The damping capacity is characterized by tan4, where 4 is the phase lag between the applied cyclic stress and the resulting strain. The shear modulus is calculated from ratio of voltage between stress and strain, thus it is a relative data. The details of this apparatus and the measuring fundamentals can be
M.L. Fang et al. / Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807
a
40
30
heating cooling
-
( 10 )
referred to Ref. [20]. The measurements were carried out under continuous heating at a rate of 3 K/min from 25 C to 700 C. The torsional strain amplitude was 20 106. The experiments were carried out without magnetic field. The damping capacities during heating and cooling process were recorded. 3. Results and discussion
0.20 heating
M
0.18 0.16
20 tan
0.14
10 0
0
0
b
0
150
300 450 T ( C)
600
750
600
750
40
30
heating cooling
20
10
0
0
150
300
450
T ( C) Fig. 2. Damping capacity vs. temperature at 8 Hz in the heating and subsequent cooling cycle for (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys: (a) air-cooled and (b) furnace-cooled.
notable that the peak temperature of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys is much lower than its Curie temperature of about 700 C. Moreover, the temperature of valley is in accord with that of small damping peak, while the peak with minimal damping value. However, the DE effect disappears whereas the modulus increases monotonically as specimens cool down. This phenomenon is also present in air-cooled and furnace-cooled specimens. These results indicate that the reduction of damping capacity and the increase of modulus above 150 C may originate from disappearance of immobilization of 90 domain walls, which are responsible for magnetomechanical hysteresis [19]. 3.2. Frequency-dependent damping behavior
M
tan ( 10 )
30
cooling
10
tan ( 10 )
Fig. 1 shows the damping behavior and dynamic shear modulus as a function of temperature in a heatingecooling cycle for waterquenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys at f ¼ 8 Hz. For a given frequency, a small damping peak is observed at about 150 C and a strong damping peak at about 550 C in water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy in the heating process. A similar tendency was also observed by M. Ishimoto [19]. During cooling cycle, the strong damping peak coincides with that of heating process. However, the damping capacity of FeeGa sheets drops as they are cooled down to room temperature. Moreover, the small damping peak disappeared. Yet, the damping capacity of air-cooled and furnace-cooled alloys is insensitive to the temperature variation until it reaches a high temperature of about 400 C, as shown in Fig. 2. Thus, only one strong damping peak can be seen in the present measuring temperature range for them. For air-cooled specimens, the damping capacity during cooling process is nearly the same as that during heating process, with damping peak a little higher and shifting to lower temperature. For furnace-cooled specimens, the height of damping peak during cooling process is enhanced by 34% compared with that during heating process. Since the addition of Cr into FeeGa alloy is small, the effect of Cr on the FeeGa phase diagram can be neglected. According to the FeeGa diagram, phase transformation of (a-Feþa-Fe3Ga) / (a-Fe) takes place at the temperature of about 400 C, which may be accounted for the increase of damping capacity above 400 C. Compared with the damping behavior, (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys, as shown in Fig. 1, show abnormal relationship between modulus and temperature. This effect is much similar to the DE effect, a common phenomenon in ferromagnetic materials. With increasing temperature, the modulus first decreases normally and then increases to a maximum value. After that, the modulus behaves normally. Therefore, a valley and a peak form in the Modulus-Temperature curve at the whole temperature range. It is
40
20
tan
3.1. Temperature dependent damping capacity
1805
0.12 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 T ( C)
Fig. 1. The damping capacity and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature in the heating and subsequent cooling cycle for water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy (f ¼ 8 Hz).
In Figs. 3 and 4, we display the damping behavior and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature for heat-treated (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys at frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 11 Hz. It can be found that the damping level is enhanced with rising frequencies (the results of middle frequencies are not shown here). For water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy, a small damping peak is observed at about 150 C at f ¼ 1 Hz. However, this damping peak is not so evident at f ¼ 11 Hz. But for the furnacecooled and air-cooled alloys, no small damping peak is observed ranging from room temperature to 450 C at all frequencies, as shown in Fig. 4. For all heat-treated specimen, the strong damping peak is observed and frequency-dependent. With increasing frequency, the damping peak shifts to higher temperature and the
1806
M.L. Fang et al. / Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807
0.18
40 M
0.16 1Hz
20
11Hz
M
tan ( 10 )
30
tan
0.14
10 0
0.12 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 T ( C)
0
Fig. 3. The damping capacity and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature for water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy at different frequencies.
peak value also gets higher. This suggests that the peak is a thermally activated relaxation process [11,12]. Overall, the damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets is little affected by cooling rate as indicated by Figs. 3 and 4. In addition, Fig. 3 shows the influence of frequency on relative modulus. It can be seen that the higher frequency is, the lower modulus will be. But this effect weakens at higher temperature.
a
40
( 10 ) tan
11Hz 10 1Hz 0
0
150
300
450 T ( C)
600
750
450 T ( C)
600
750
40
( 10 )
30
tan
The damping capacity of FeeGa alloys has been investigated in this paper. The results show that the damping behavior of the alloys is little affected by cooling rates. High temperature damping peak, whose value is in the order of 102, is observed in all annealed alloys and dependent on temperature and frequency. In addition, the alloys show abnormal modulus behavior during the heating process. From this point of view, the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys is promising in application to high damping materials and worth of attention. Acknowledgments
References
20
20 11Hz 10 1Hz 0
4. Conclusion
The authors are grateful to State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing for the support of the program and to Mr. Shui Jiapeng (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for measurements of damping capacity.
30
b
According to V. A. Udovenko [21], the high damping capacity of FeeAl at low frequency (Hz range) was induced mainly by energy loss upon the domain walls’ irreversible jump. Since the phase and crystalline structure of FeeGa alloy is very similar to that of FeeAl alloy [11,22]. We take into account that at low temperature, second phase particles disperses in the solid solution matrix and cause a strong pinning of the domain boundary. Thus, the 90 domain boundaries have difficulty in jumping, which result in low level of damping capacity. When the pinning effect of particles on the domain boundaries weakens at higher temperature, the alloy goes into a high damping state.
0
150
300
Fig. 4. Damping capacity vs. temperature at different frequencies in the heating process for (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys: (a) air-cooled and (b) furnace-cooled.
[1] Clark AE, Restorff JB, Wun-Fogle M, Lograsso TA, Schlagel DL. Magnetostrictive properties of body-centered cubic FeeGa and FeeGaeAl alloys. IEEE Trans Magn 2000;36:3238e40. [2] Cullen JR, Clark AE, Wun-Fogle M, Restorff JB, Lograsso TA. Magnetoelasticity of FeeGa and FeeAl alloys. J Magn Magn Mater 2001;226e230:948e9. [3] Clark AE, Hathaway KB, Wun-Fogle M, Restorff JB, Lograsso TA, Keppens VM, et al. Extraordinary magnetoelasticity and lattice softening in bcc FeeGa alloys. J Appl Phys 2003;93:8621e3. [4] Guruswamy S, Srisukhumbowornchai N, Clark AE, Restorff JB, Wun-Fogle M. Strong, ductile, and low-field-magnetostrictive alloys based on FeeGa. Scripta Mater 2000;43:239e44. [5] Li J, Gao X, Zhu J, Li J, Zhang M. Ductility enhancement and magnetostriction of polycrystalline FeeGa based alloys. J Alloy Compd 2009;484:203e6. [6] Li JH, Gao XX, Zhu J, Bao XQ, Xia T, Zhang MC. Ductility, texture and large magnetostriction of FeeGa-based sheets. Scripta Mater 2010;63:246e9. [7] Clark AE, Wun-Fogle M, Restorff JB, Lograsso TA. Magnetostrictive properties of Galfenol alloys under compressive stress. Mater Trans 2002;43:881e6. [8] Ueno T, Summers E, Higuchi T. Machining of ironegallium alloy for microactuator. Sensor Actuat A 2007;137:134e40. [9] Ueno T, Summers E, Wun-Fogle M, Higuchi T. Micro-magnetostrictive vibrator using ironegallium alloy. Sensor Actuat A 2008;148:280e4. [10] Golovin IS, Golovina SB, Strahl A, Neuhäuser H, Pavlova TS, Golovin SA, et al. Anelasticity of Fe3Al intermetallic compounds. Scripta Mater 2004;50: 1187e92. [11] Golovin IS, Neuhäuser H, Rivière A, Strahl A. Anelasticity of FeeAl alloys, revisited. Intermetallics 2004;12:125e50. [12] Zhou ZC, Han FS, Gao ZY. The internal friction peaks correlated to the relaxation of Al atoms in FeeAl alloys. Acta Mater 2004;52:4049e54. [13] Azcoitia C, Karimi A. Magnetomechanical damping in FeeCr alloys and effect of Al and Mo addition. J Alloy Compd 2000;310:160e4. [14] Karimi A, Azcoitia C, Degauque J. Relationships between magnetomechanical damping and magnetic properties of FeeCr(Al, Mo) alloys. J Magn Magn Mater 2000;215:601e3. [15] Wang W, Zhou B. The correlation of damping capacity with grain-boundary precipitates in FeeCr-based damping alloys annealed at high temperature. Mater Sci Eng A 2004;366:45e9. [16] Zhou Z. High-temperature background damping in a Fee25Cre5Al alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 2008;472:166e9. [17] Watanabe Y, Sato H, Nishino Y, Kim I. Training effect on damping capacity in Fee20 mass% Mn binary alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 2008;490:138e45.
M.L. Fang et al. / Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807 [18] Watanabe Y, Sato H, Nishino Y, Kim I. Effects of training temperature on damping capacity in thermally cycled Fee20 mass%Mn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 2009;521e52:376e9. [19] Ishimoto M, Numakura H, Wuttig M. Magnetoelastic damping in FeeGa solidsolution alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 2006;442:195e8. [20] Han F, Zhu Z, Liu C, Gao J. Damping behavior of foamed aluminum. Metall Mater Trans A 1999;30:771e6.
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[21] Udovenko VA, Chudakov IB, Polyakova NA. Mechanism for the high damping state in alloys of the FeeAl system. In: Wolffenden A, Kinra VK, editors. M3D III. Philadelphia: Mechanics and Mechanisms of Material Damping, ASTM; 1997. p. 204e13. [22] Ikeda O, Kainuma R, Ohnuma I, Fukamichi K, Ishida K. Phase equilibria and stability of ordered b.c.c. phases in the Fe-rich portion of the FeeGa system. J Alloy Compd 2002;347:198e205.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Intermetallics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/intermet
Short communication
Low-frequency damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets M.L. Fang, J. Zhu*, J.H. Li, X.X. Gao State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 17 May 2011 Received in revised form 12 June 2011 Accepted 15 July 2011 Available online 28 August 2011
The damping behavior of heat-treated (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets was studied using a computercontrolled automatic inverted torsion pendulum instruments. The experiments were performed at low frequencies (0.1e11 Hz) and over a wide temperature range (from room temperature to 700 C). The results show that damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys is little affected by cooling rate but strongly depends on temperature and frequency. High temperature damping peak, whose value is in the order of 102, is observed in all annealed alloys and shifts with frequency. In addition, (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys show abnormal modulus behavior during the heating process but behave normally during the cooling process. Thus, the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys is promising and worth paying close attention to enhance this property so as to achieve access in the field of unwanted noise and vibration reduction applications. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A. Magnetic intermetallics B. Internal friction G. Magnetic applications
1. Introduction The FeeGa alloys, as newly developed magnetostrictive materials, exhibit excellent magnetic and mechanical properties. Magnetically, the magnetostriction coefficient of single crystal FeeGa alloys approach 400 ppm along <100> direction with low saturation fields of several hundreds Oesteds [1e3]. Mechanically, the FeeGa alloys are strong (>500 MPa) [4] and ductile (2%) [5,6]. This combination of magnetic and mechanical properties makes FeeGa alloys an alternative to rare-earth based Terfenol-D alloys in engineering applications as to acoustic sensors and generators, linear motors, actuators, damping devices, torque sensors, positioning devices, and so on [7e9]. Though it is known for large magnetostriction, its potential as a damping material is rarely mentioned or involved in literature. It is well-known that ferromagnetic materials are an important class of damping materials. Till now, many researches have been done to FeeAl [10e12], FeeCr [13e16], FeeMn [17,18] and so on. It’s generally thought that the damping mechanism of ferromagnetic materials is the irreversible movement of magnetic domain walls under external stress originating from the coupling between the external stress and the magnetostriction of material. M. Ishimoto et al. [19] have done pioneering research work on the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys and pointed out that the FeeGa alloys were promising high damping materials. In this paper,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 010 62334333; fax: þ86 010 62333447. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Zhu). 0966-9795/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2011.07.013
we measured the damping capacity of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys since these alloys showed a large magnetostriction as well as good machinability with a small addition of Cr. 2. Experimental procedure The (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 ingot of roughly 1000 g was prepared from pure Fe (99.95% purity), Ga (99.995% purity) and master alloy of FeeCr and FeeB under argon atmosphere in a vacuum induction furnace. The cast ingot was homogenized at 1050 C for 1 h before it was hot-forged to a thickness of 5.2 mm at 950 C. The sheet with thickness of 1 mm was obtained by hot rolling (950 C), warm rolling (350 C) and cold rolling. And a precise control of the temperature and the deformation rate was needed in the rolling process. Specimens with dimensions of 70 mm 2 mm were cut from the (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheet along the rolling direction by an electric sparkle machine for damping measurements. Then all specimens were ground on SiC sandpaper from 240# to 1200# to obtain smooth surface. Subsequently, they were heat-treated at 1100 C for 6 h in evacuated quartz tubes, followed by either furnace cooling, or air cooling or water quenching. Damping behavior and dynamic shear modulus were performed on a computer-controlled automatic inverted torsion pendulum instruments using the forced-vibration method with frequencies of f ¼ 0.5e11 Hz. The damping capacity is characterized by tan4, where 4 is the phase lag between the applied cyclic stress and the resulting strain. The shear modulus is calculated from ratio of voltage between stress and strain, thus it is a relative data. The details of this apparatus and the measuring fundamentals can be
M.L. Fang et al. / Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807
a
40
30
heating cooling
-
( 10 )
referred to Ref. [20]. The measurements were carried out under continuous heating at a rate of 3 K/min from 25 C to 700 C. The torsional strain amplitude was 20 106. The experiments were carried out without magnetic field. The damping capacities during heating and cooling process were recorded. 3. Results and discussion
0.20 heating
M
0.18 0.16
20 tan
0.14
10 0
0
0
b
0
150
300 450 T ( C)
600
750
600
750
40
30
heating cooling
20
10
0
0
150
300
450
T ( C) Fig. 2. Damping capacity vs. temperature at 8 Hz in the heating and subsequent cooling cycle for (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys: (a) air-cooled and (b) furnace-cooled.
notable that the peak temperature of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys is much lower than its Curie temperature of about 700 C. Moreover, the temperature of valley is in accord with that of small damping peak, while the peak with minimal damping value. However, the DE effect disappears whereas the modulus increases monotonically as specimens cool down. This phenomenon is also present in air-cooled and furnace-cooled specimens. These results indicate that the reduction of damping capacity and the increase of modulus above 150 C may originate from disappearance of immobilization of 90 domain walls, which are responsible for magnetomechanical hysteresis [19]. 3.2. Frequency-dependent damping behavior
M
tan ( 10 )
30
cooling
10
tan ( 10 )
Fig. 1 shows the damping behavior and dynamic shear modulus as a function of temperature in a heatingecooling cycle for waterquenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys at f ¼ 8 Hz. For a given frequency, a small damping peak is observed at about 150 C and a strong damping peak at about 550 C in water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy in the heating process. A similar tendency was also observed by M. Ishimoto [19]. During cooling cycle, the strong damping peak coincides with that of heating process. However, the damping capacity of FeeGa sheets drops as they are cooled down to room temperature. Moreover, the small damping peak disappeared. Yet, the damping capacity of air-cooled and furnace-cooled alloys is insensitive to the temperature variation until it reaches a high temperature of about 400 C, as shown in Fig. 2. Thus, only one strong damping peak can be seen in the present measuring temperature range for them. For air-cooled specimens, the damping capacity during cooling process is nearly the same as that during heating process, with damping peak a little higher and shifting to lower temperature. For furnace-cooled specimens, the height of damping peak during cooling process is enhanced by 34% compared with that during heating process. Since the addition of Cr into FeeGa alloy is small, the effect of Cr on the FeeGa phase diagram can be neglected. According to the FeeGa diagram, phase transformation of (a-Feþa-Fe3Ga) / (a-Fe) takes place at the temperature of about 400 C, which may be accounted for the increase of damping capacity above 400 C. Compared with the damping behavior, (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys, as shown in Fig. 1, show abnormal relationship between modulus and temperature. This effect is much similar to the DE effect, a common phenomenon in ferromagnetic materials. With increasing temperature, the modulus first decreases normally and then increases to a maximum value. After that, the modulus behaves normally. Therefore, a valley and a peak form in the Modulus-Temperature curve at the whole temperature range. It is
40
20
tan
3.1. Temperature dependent damping capacity
1805
0.12 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 T ( C)
Fig. 1. The damping capacity and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature in the heating and subsequent cooling cycle for water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy (f ¼ 8 Hz).
In Figs. 3 and 4, we display the damping behavior and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature for heat-treated (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys at frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 11 Hz. It can be found that the damping level is enhanced with rising frequencies (the results of middle frequencies are not shown here). For water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy, a small damping peak is observed at about 150 C at f ¼ 1 Hz. However, this damping peak is not so evident at f ¼ 11 Hz. But for the furnacecooled and air-cooled alloys, no small damping peak is observed ranging from room temperature to 450 C at all frequencies, as shown in Fig. 4. For all heat-treated specimen, the strong damping peak is observed and frequency-dependent. With increasing frequency, the damping peak shifts to higher temperature and the
1806
M.L. Fang et al. / Intermetallics 19 (2011) 1804e1807
0.18
40 M
0.16 1Hz
20
11Hz
M
tan ( 10 )
30
tan
0.14
10 0
0.12 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 T ( C)
0
Fig. 3. The damping capacity and dynamic modulus as a function of temperature for water-quenched (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloy at different frequencies.
peak value also gets higher. This suggests that the peak is a thermally activated relaxation process [11,12]. Overall, the damping behavior of (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 sheets is little affected by cooling rate as indicated by Figs. 3 and 4. In addition, Fig. 3 shows the influence of frequency on relative modulus. It can be seen that the higher frequency is, the lower modulus will be. But this effect weakens at higher temperature.
a
40
( 10 ) tan
11Hz 10 1Hz 0
0
150
300
450 T ( C)
600
750
450 T ( C)
600
750
40
( 10 )
30
tan
The damping capacity of FeeGa alloys has been investigated in this paper. The results show that the damping behavior of the alloys is little affected by cooling rates. High temperature damping peak, whose value is in the order of 102, is observed in all annealed alloys and dependent on temperature and frequency. In addition, the alloys show abnormal modulus behavior during the heating process. From this point of view, the damping capacity of FeeGa alloys is promising in application to high damping materials and worth of attention. Acknowledgments
References
20
20 11Hz 10 1Hz 0
4. Conclusion
The authors are grateful to State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing for the support of the program and to Mr. Shui Jiapeng (Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for measurements of damping capacity.
30
b
According to V. A. Udovenko [21], the high damping capacity of FeeAl at low frequency (Hz range) was induced mainly by energy loss upon the domain walls’ irreversible jump. Since the phase and crystalline structure of FeeGa alloy is very similar to that of FeeAl alloy [11,22]. We take into account that at low temperature, second phase particles disperses in the solid solution matrix and cause a strong pinning of the domain boundary. Thus, the 90 domain boundaries have difficulty in jumping, which result in low level of damping capacity. When the pinning effect of particles on the domain boundaries weakens at higher temperature, the alloy goes into a high damping state.
0
150
300
Fig. 4. Damping capacity vs. temperature at different frequencies in the heating process for (Fe83Ga17)97.25Cr2B0.75 alloys: (a) air-cooled and (b) furnace-cooled.
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