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Mass spectroscopy
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B35 (1988) 196-201 North-Holland, Amsterdam
196
BOOK REVIEWS
This section of NIM B will bring reviews of books relevant for the regular readership of the journal. Books for review should be sent to one of the Editors. MASS SPECTROSCOPY by H.E. Duckworth, R.C. Barber and VS. Venkatasubramanian, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1986) pp. xiv + 337, with 137 figures and 2 tables, f35.00 cloth-bound. ISBN 0 521 23294 5 Leuel: Graduate Reviewer: Helge L. Ravn, CERN This comprehensive text on mass spectroscopy is the second edition of H.E. Duckworth’s much praised monograph which appeared more than 30 years ago. Since then the heavy-ion accelerator principles found in the mass spectrometers have developed into a large variety of specialized accelerators and instruments with applications in many fields of physics and industry. Only a few monographs have been written on this subject and all of them have been obliged to make a choice from the enormous variety of mass spectrometers, isotope separators, low energy heavy ion accelerators and their applications between which it is difficult to draw the boundaries. For this revised and completely up to date edition Duckworth has teamed up with two other scientists. They have done the remarkable job of compressing into only 337 pages a very concise survey of a variety of topics. In the choice of material they have leaned heavily on their own areas of specialization and brought out a book on atomic and molecular mass determinations, isotopic abundance measurements and related them to nuclear physics, solid state physics, geophysics, space physics, physical inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. In addition the very extensive bibliography, approximately fifty pages of references, give an opening to the remaining fields which make use of the techniques which originate in mass spectroscopy. This book is aimed not only at the scientists working with the reviewed subjects but also to the ever increasing number of physicists whose work directly or indirectly, employs the techniques and results of mass spectroscopy. The authors have demonstrated a scholarly approach. Students will find it an excellent starting point in the literature of mass spectroscopy. The first four chapters are devoted to an introduction of the basic 0168-583X/88/$03.50 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
beam producing, detection and handling techniques followed by two chapters describing different types of instruments. The remaining seven chapters become more specialized and give a detailed discussion of the chosen applications. It is in this latter half of the book the authors have put the emphasis. The book opens with a short historical introduction in Chapter 1 to the pioneering work of Thompson, Aston, Dempster and Bainbridge before it turns the attention to the definitive work of Herzog and Mattauch that marked the introduction of modem techniques. Chapter 2 deals in very condensed form with positive-ion optics with emphasis of the focusing properties of the magnetic and electrical fields which are used in deflection type mass spectrometers. Also the results of higher order focusing theory are described. Chapter 3 treats ion sources only in the light of what is needed for mass spectroscopy. But the authors succeed in mentioning or referring to almost all types of ion sources in use at accelerators the only exception being negative surface ionization. A short discussion of ion source efficiency would have been of interest in this chapter. Chapter 4 outlines the development of ion detection methods from the early days of photographic methods to modem low noise secondary-electron detectors. Chapters 5 and 6 describe thoroughly all possible kinds of mass spectrometers including the latest quadrupole trap type instruments. Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with the determination of isotopic abundances and atomic masses including those of far unstable nuclei obtained by means of both mass spectrometers and radioactive decay studies. Chapter 9 discusses briefly, mostly with reference to a very complete reference list, the role of mass determinations in nuclear physics. Also the latest developments in the field of on-line mass separators are mentioned. Chapters 10 and 11 reviews the important application of mass spectroscopy in inorganic and organic chemistry. Chapter 12 gives in a very condensed way an opening to the vast field of applications to solid state physics and ion implantation, but omits the important in-
Book Reviews
197
dustrial uses of ion beams. Chapter 13 is about applications in geology and cosmology. Here mass spectroscopy plays an important role in age determinations The rapidly growing use of accelerator mass spectroscopy is not treated in this chapter but only briefly mentioned in chapter 7. Chapter 14 could have been part of chapter 13 since it is treats the study of the upper atmosphere and space research. Of particular interest may be the ~~atu~~tion of the satellite and
spacecraft carried instruments and the results obtained on the constitution of the atmosphere of other planets. The many cross references in the in~~du~ chapters, the very complete reference list and the extensive index is characteristic of a very carefully written book. In summary I found the book interesting especially the main part on the results obtained by mass spectroscopy. I feel that every library and quite a few research workers will like to purchase this mono~aph.
PHYSICS OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN CRYSTALS Eds. R-A. Johnson and A.N. Orlov, Vol. 13 of Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, General Editors V.M. Agranovich and A.A. Maradudin, (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1986). In the USA and Canada available from Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, pp. xii + 723, hardbound, Dfl. 395-. ISBN O-444-86946-8
They must nevertheless still use a number of results obtained’by electrical resist&y measurements, and it is thus a bit sad that they claim that “The residual electrical resistivity is . . . Ap = Z&p’,, where ci is the concentration of defects of configuration (i), and pi their relative resistivity contribution”. The deviations from the linearity implied by the formula (Matthiesen’s rule) are the main reasons for the difficulties encountered when interpreting electrical resistivity data and hence to a large extent the raison d’etre for the authors own X-ray work. In spite of a few such minor flaws this essay is bound to stand as a basic reference paper for a considerable time. The next chapter by Agranovich and Kirsanov on Production of Radiation Defects by Collision Carcades in Metals is much more problematic. It is interesting because it gives a detailed discussion of the authors own computer simulation work, which to a large extent has been available in Russian only. But it is not detailed enough to inform which interaction potentials were used and whether the simulations were always carried through in three diiensions or, occasionally, in two dimensions only. References to recent Western simulation work (as to most recent Western papers) are very slim. TRIM is not mentioned at all and MARLOWE only through an indirect reference to Heinisch. Much worse, however, is the confusion which is brought to light when inelastic effects are discussed. A rather long quotation is necessary: “The bombarding particle can experience nuclear collisions as well as ones with electrons. The relation between these two main kinds of energy losses, elastic and nonelastic (my emphasis) depends on many factors, primarily on the type and energy of the bombarding particles. It is also important that the relation varies as the bombarding particle penetrates the crystal, i.e. loses its energy, and in some cases its atomic nucleus becomes gradually screened by the captured electrons”. So far, so good, at least to some extent. But this statement is immediately followed by: “Thus, when thermal reactor neutrons, E,, = 0.025 eV pass through structural metals, the energy losses due to elastic scattering are comparable to tbose due to the non-elastic (reviewer’s emphasis) interactions which are the result of the capture reactions”. Are you confused?
Leuel: ~raduate/post~aduate Reuiewer: H.H. Andersen, Copenhagen The present volume is a must for all graduate students and researchers working with Radiation Effects in Solids. They are bound to find at least a few chapters highly interesting, bringing new viewpoints, new facts or well-known facts used in surprising new connections. This opening does not indicate that the reviewer is without critiscism as will to some extent be detailed below. The volume appears within the well-known series Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences. The series has a Soviet and Western general editor as is also the case for the editors of most of the individual volumes including the present one. The volumes are published simultanously in English in the Western Hemisphere and in Russian in the Soviet Union. In the present volume, five chapters are by Western and six by Soviet authors. This will inevitably lead to interesting confrontations of viewpoints, but, together with the dual editorship, give rise to substantial editorial problems. The question may well be raised whether the present volume is a collection of mostly high-quality individual essays or a carefully edited book. The reviewer at least tends to support the first possibility. The book opens with a masterly exposition. Ehrhart, Robrock and Schober on Basic Defects in Metals. It is in the best tradition of Wend’s paper in the Jtilich (1966) proceedings and papers by Young, Baluffi and Shilling in the Argonne (1978) proceedings, which also indicates that the one-interstitial picture is the one presented and discussed. Heavy emphasis is rightly put on results obtained by diffuse X-ray scattering, where the authors of the chapter were among the pioneers.
196
BOOK REVIEWS
This section of NIM B will bring reviews of books relevant for the regular readership of the journal. Books for review should be sent to one of the Editors. MASS SPECTROSCOPY by H.E. Duckworth, R.C. Barber and VS. Venkatasubramanian, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1986) pp. xiv + 337, with 137 figures and 2 tables, f35.00 cloth-bound. ISBN 0 521 23294 5 Leuel: Graduate Reviewer: Helge L. Ravn, CERN This comprehensive text on mass spectroscopy is the second edition of H.E. Duckworth’s much praised monograph which appeared more than 30 years ago. Since then the heavy-ion accelerator principles found in the mass spectrometers have developed into a large variety of specialized accelerators and instruments with applications in many fields of physics and industry. Only a few monographs have been written on this subject and all of them have been obliged to make a choice from the enormous variety of mass spectrometers, isotope separators, low energy heavy ion accelerators and their applications between which it is difficult to draw the boundaries. For this revised and completely up to date edition Duckworth has teamed up with two other scientists. They have done the remarkable job of compressing into only 337 pages a very concise survey of a variety of topics. In the choice of material they have leaned heavily on their own areas of specialization and brought out a book on atomic and molecular mass determinations, isotopic abundance measurements and related them to nuclear physics, solid state physics, geophysics, space physics, physical inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. In addition the very extensive bibliography, approximately fifty pages of references, give an opening to the remaining fields which make use of the techniques which originate in mass spectroscopy. This book is aimed not only at the scientists working with the reviewed subjects but also to the ever increasing number of physicists whose work directly or indirectly, employs the techniques and results of mass spectroscopy. The authors have demonstrated a scholarly approach. Students will find it an excellent starting point in the literature of mass spectroscopy. The first four chapters are devoted to an introduction of the basic 0168-583X/88/$03.50 0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
beam producing, detection and handling techniques followed by two chapters describing different types of instruments. The remaining seven chapters become more specialized and give a detailed discussion of the chosen applications. It is in this latter half of the book the authors have put the emphasis. The book opens with a short historical introduction in Chapter 1 to the pioneering work of Thompson, Aston, Dempster and Bainbridge before it turns the attention to the definitive work of Herzog and Mattauch that marked the introduction of modem techniques. Chapter 2 deals in very condensed form with positive-ion optics with emphasis of the focusing properties of the magnetic and electrical fields which are used in deflection type mass spectrometers. Also the results of higher order focusing theory are described. Chapter 3 treats ion sources only in the light of what is needed for mass spectroscopy. But the authors succeed in mentioning or referring to almost all types of ion sources in use at accelerators the only exception being negative surface ionization. A short discussion of ion source efficiency would have been of interest in this chapter. Chapter 4 outlines the development of ion detection methods from the early days of photographic methods to modem low noise secondary-electron detectors. Chapters 5 and 6 describe thoroughly all possible kinds of mass spectrometers including the latest quadrupole trap type instruments. Chapters 7 and 8 are concerned with the determination of isotopic abundances and atomic masses including those of far unstable nuclei obtained by means of both mass spectrometers and radioactive decay studies. Chapter 9 discusses briefly, mostly with reference to a very complete reference list, the role of mass determinations in nuclear physics. Also the latest developments in the field of on-line mass separators are mentioned. Chapters 10 and 11 reviews the important application of mass spectroscopy in inorganic and organic chemistry. Chapter 12 gives in a very condensed way an opening to the vast field of applications to solid state physics and ion implantation, but omits the important in-
Book Reviews
197
dustrial uses of ion beams. Chapter 13 is about applications in geology and cosmology. Here mass spectroscopy plays an important role in age determinations The rapidly growing use of accelerator mass spectroscopy is not treated in this chapter but only briefly mentioned in chapter 7. Chapter 14 could have been part of chapter 13 since it is treats the study of the upper atmosphere and space research. Of particular interest may be the ~~atu~~tion of the satellite and
spacecraft carried instruments and the results obtained on the constitution of the atmosphere of other planets. The many cross references in the in~~du~ chapters, the very complete reference list and the extensive index is characteristic of a very carefully written book. In summary I found the book interesting especially the main part on the results obtained by mass spectroscopy. I feel that every library and quite a few research workers will like to purchase this mono~aph.
PHYSICS OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN CRYSTALS Eds. R-A. Johnson and A.N. Orlov, Vol. 13 of Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, General Editors V.M. Agranovich and A.A. Maradudin, (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1986). In the USA and Canada available from Elsevier Science Publisher, New York, pp. xii + 723, hardbound, Dfl. 395-. ISBN O-444-86946-8
They must nevertheless still use a number of results obtained’by electrical resist&y measurements, and it is thus a bit sad that they claim that “The residual electrical resistivity is . . . Ap = Z&p’,, where ci is the concentration of defects of configuration (i), and pi their relative resistivity contribution”. The deviations from the linearity implied by the formula (Matthiesen’s rule) are the main reasons for the difficulties encountered when interpreting electrical resistivity data and hence to a large extent the raison d’etre for the authors own X-ray work. In spite of a few such minor flaws this essay is bound to stand as a basic reference paper for a considerable time. The next chapter by Agranovich and Kirsanov on Production of Radiation Defects by Collision Carcades in Metals is much more problematic. It is interesting because it gives a detailed discussion of the authors own computer simulation work, which to a large extent has been available in Russian only. But it is not detailed enough to inform which interaction potentials were used and whether the simulations were always carried through in three diiensions or, occasionally, in two dimensions only. References to recent Western simulation work (as to most recent Western papers) are very slim. TRIM is not mentioned at all and MARLOWE only through an indirect reference to Heinisch. Much worse, however, is the confusion which is brought to light when inelastic effects are discussed. A rather long quotation is necessary: “The bombarding particle can experience nuclear collisions as well as ones with electrons. The relation between these two main kinds of energy losses, elastic and nonelastic (my emphasis) depends on many factors, primarily on the type and energy of the bombarding particles. It is also important that the relation varies as the bombarding particle penetrates the crystal, i.e. loses its energy, and in some cases its atomic nucleus becomes gradually screened by the captured electrons”. So far, so good, at least to some extent. But this statement is immediately followed by: “Thus, when thermal reactor neutrons, E,, = 0.025 eV pass through structural metals, the energy losses due to elastic scattering are comparable to tbose due to the non-elastic (reviewer’s emphasis) interactions which are the result of the capture reactions”. Are you confused?
Leuel: ~raduate/post~aduate Reuiewer: H.H. Andersen, Copenhagen The present volume is a must for all graduate students and researchers working with Radiation Effects in Solids. They are bound to find at least a few chapters highly interesting, bringing new viewpoints, new facts or well-known facts used in surprising new connections. This opening does not indicate that the reviewer is without critiscism as will to some extent be detailed below. The volume appears within the well-known series Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences. The series has a Soviet and Western general editor as is also the case for the editors of most of the individual volumes including the present one. The volumes are published simultanously in English in the Western Hemisphere and in Russian in the Soviet Union. In the present volume, five chapters are by Western and six by Soviet authors. This will inevitably lead to interesting confrontations of viewpoints, but, together with the dual editorship, give rise to substantial editorial problems. The question may well be raised whether the present volume is a collection of mostly high-quality individual essays or a carefully edited book. The reviewer at least tends to support the first possibility. The book opens with a masterly exposition. Ehrhart, Robrock and Schober on Basic Defects in Metals. It is in the best tradition of Wend’s paper in the Jtilich (1966) proceedings and papers by Young, Baluffi and Shilling in the Argonne (1978) proceedings, which also indicates that the one-interstitial picture is the one presented and discussed. Heavy emphasis is rightly put on results obtained by diffuse X-ray scattering, where the authors of the chapter were among the pioneers.